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CHAPTER 3

MATRIALS AND METHODS

The materials used and the methods adopted for preparation of

samples are presented in this chapter.

3.1 MATERIALS

Cotton fibre was used to produce yarns for this study.

Table 3.1 Material properties
Count (Ne)/ 20 C 32 C 40 C 36 Chy 41 Chy 100Cw
Properties
Cotton variety S6 S6 S6 S6 S6 +Bunny DCH32
+Bunny
2.5% Span length 26 28 28 29.5 29.5 32
(mm)
Fineness 4.2 4.0 4.0 3.85 3.85 3.2
(g/inch)

Table 3.2 Details of ring spinning machine particulars used for the
production of yarn samples

Make LMW
Model LR-6/S
Cradle length 36 mm
Type of drafting 3 over 3
Roller dia - bottom 27-27-27 mm
Roller dia - top 30-27-30 mm

Table 3.3 Details of process parameters used for the production of yarn
samples
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Count/Proces 20 Ne 32 Ne 40 Ne 36 Ne 41 Ne 100 Ne
s Carded Carded Carded Combed Combed Combed
parameters hosiery hosiery warp
TPI 15.6 21.5 23.5 19.5 22.1 47.47
TM 3.5 3.8 3.71 3.25 3.41 4.14
Spacer 4.0 3.5 3.25 3.25 3.25 3.00
size(mm)
Roving Hank 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0

3.2 METHODS

The method of yarn produced by help of (i) without pin-spacer

(Normal spacer) is shown in Figure 3.1,(ii) With existing Rieter pin-spacer is
shown in Figure 3.2 and (iii) with modified pin spacer. is shown in Figure 3.3.

Figure 3.1 Without pinspacer in front zone

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Figure 3.1 With pinspacer in front zone

Figure 3.3 With modified pinspacer in front zone

3.3 DESIGN MODIFICATION

Synthetic rubber cot would be mounted over the pin by which overall
diameter of the pin will be increased. In the drafting zone, fibres are directed to
have better guidance with the help of modified pin spacer. Increase in
controlling force on the floating fibers can be achieved by increasing diameter
of the pin. Point contacts between floating fibre and rubber material during
drafting can be increased in modified pin spacer as compared to the pin spacer.
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This frictional contact helps to prevent floating fibres getting accelerated earlier.
In this way, drafting wave formation can be reduced and yarn regularity can be
increased.

3.3.1 Specifications of Synthetic Rubber Material

Synthetic rubber material was mounted over 2.5 mm circular pin spacer.

Material : Hollow Synthetic Rubber cot

Mounting Machine Type : Cots mounting machine
Wall thickness : 0.75mm
Shore hardness : 70
Finished inner diameter : 2.5 mm
Finished outer diameter : 4.0 mm

3.4 EXPREMENTAL PROCEDURE

The yarn samples were produced as per the specifications given in

Table 3.1.

Table 3.1 Process parameters of yarn samples

20 Ne carded Normal spacer

Pinspacer
Modified pinspacer.
30 Ne carded Normal spacer
Pinspacer
Modified pinspacer.
40 Ne carded Normal spacer
Pinspacer
Modified pinspacer.
36 Ne combed hosiery Normal spacer
Pinspacer
Modified pinspacer.
41 Ne combed hosiery Normal spacer
Pinspacer
Modified pinspacer.
100 Ne combed warp Normal spacer
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Pinspacer
Modified pinspacer.

3.5 TESTING

Instron tester is used to measure the friction of yarn over the

Pinspacer and Modified pinspacer. Yarn samples have been tested for
unevenness, imperfections and hairiness using evenness tester and yarn strength
using single yarn strength tester. The tests have been carried out using standard
test procedures.

3.5.1 Yarn to Pinspacer and Yarn to Modified pinspacer friction

Test method : ASTM D3412 -01xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Principle : Capston type
Input tension: 5 gram
Angle of wrap: 360
Yarn sliding speed:100mm/min
Material : Yarn to Pinspacer
Yarn to Modified pinspacer

image
3.5.1 Unevenness, Imperfections, Hairiness

[ASTM D1425 -96]

Instrument Name : PREMIER IQ
No of specimen tested from
each package : 1
No of packages tested : 10
Recommended strand speed : 400m/min
Evaluating time : 2.5 min
Testing length : 1000m
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3.5.2 Single yarn strength test

[ASTM D2256 -02]

Instrument Name : TENSOMAXX
No of specimen tested from
each package
No of packages tested
Recommended strand speed
Testing length
Principle
3.5.2 Count and Lea strength tester
: 3
: 30
: 5000mm/min
: 500mm5mm
: Constant rate of elongation

Instrument Name : STATEX

Testing range : up to 500 lbs(up to 250 kgs)

Traverse speed: Constant 300mm/min

no. of test /specimen

Principle: Constant rate of loading