InternalOversightandConstitutionalPolicing

OfficeofInternalOversight

UseofForceStatisticalAnalysis20122016
DeadlyandNondeadlyUseofForce

LasVegasMetropolitanPoliceDepartment
Joseph Lombardo, Sheriff

Contents
Introduction..................................................................................................................................................3
ExecutiveSummary.......................................................................................................................................4
DeadlyUseofForceOverview......................................................................................................................6
TypesofDispatchedEvents..........................................................................................................................7
SettingsandOutcomesofOISIncidents.......................................................................................................8
OfficerInvolvement......................................................................................................................................8
TimeonScenePriortoInitialShotsFired.....................................................................................................9
OnSceneSupervision.................................................................................................................................10
OfficerCharacteristicsAge/Race/Ethnicity/Gender...................................................................................10
OfficerTenure.............................................................................................................................................11
OfficerDutyAssignments...........................................................................................................................11
ClassificationsofOfficers(Rank).................................................................................................................12
FirearmsEmployedbyOfficers...................................................................................................................12
SummaryofShotsFiredbyOfficers............................................................................................................13
DistanceofInitialShotsFiredbyOfficers...................................................................................................13
FootPursuits...............................................................................................................................................14
LessLethalityForce.....................................................................................................................................14
SubjectCharacteristicsAge/Race/Ethnicity/Gender..................................................................................14
CriminalBackgroundsofSubjects...............................................................................................................15
ConditionofSubjects(Drugs/Alcohol)........................................................................................................15
MentalStateofSubjects.............................................................................................................................16
SubjectWeapon..........................................................................................................................................17
SummaryofShotsFiredbySubjects...........................................................................................................18
TimeIntervalsbetweenPersonOrientedOISIncidents.............................................................................18
Month,DayofWeek,andTimeofDayofOISIncidents............................................................................18
LocationsofOISIncidents...........................................................................................................................19
NonShootingDeadlyForceEvents.............................................................................................................23
UseofDeadlyForceonAnimals.................................................................................................................23
CriticalIncidentReviewProcess.................................................................................................................23
NonDeadlyUseofForceOverview............................................................................................................25
BodyWornCameras...................................................................................................................................27

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CallsforService...........................................................................................................................................27
AreaofAssignment.....................................................................................................................................27
ForceTypeUsed..........................................................................................................................................28
Injuries........................................................................................................................................................28
AssessmentandActionsofSubject............................................................................................................28
AllegationsofExcessiveForce....................................................................................................................29
AppendixA..................................................................................................................................................30

Introduction

The Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department (LVMPD) is committed to being transparent and
accountable in all aspects of use of force. The force investigation model used by LVMPD is one of
continuous,criticalselfanalysisthatresultsinadjustmentstotraining,policy,andeducationwithinthe
agency.Asaresultofthisprocess,in2016,LVMPDhad10incidentsofdeadlyforcebyofficers,thelowest
numberofofficerinvolvedshootings(OIS)in20years.

Aspartofourcommitmenttothecommunityweserve,werecognizeourobligationtodocument,analyze,
andpubliclyreportdataonpoliceuseofforceincidents.TheInternalOversightandConstitutionalPolicing
Bureaus Use of Force Statistical Analysis report reflects the Departments continued willingness and
responsibilitytobuildcommunitytrustandenhanceoverallpoliceservice.

Thepurposeoftheanalysiswithinthisreportistofurtherrefinepoliceresponsesinthefieldwiththe
hopeofpreventingharmtobothcitizensandofficers.Assessingthefactorssurroundingadeadlyforce
encounterisanimportantsteptowardensuringthesafestpossibleoutcomeforallinvolved.Thisreport
containssummarydataintendedtotrack,evaluate,andrespondwithimprovementsinpolicetraining
andpracticesasitrelatestobothdeadlyandnondeadlyuseofforce.Thebodyofthisreportidentifies
demographics,categorizesinteractions,anddescribesthe circumstancessurroundingtheincidents,as
wellasthecollectiveprofilesoftheindividualsinvolved.

Theinformationinthisreportprovidestremendousvaluebyinformingtheagencyofemergingtrends
andidentifyingtrainingneeds.Theendgoalistoidentifyareasofimprovementfortheindividualofficers
performanceandoverallagencypolicy,practices,andtraining.Ultimately,officersaretoresorttodeadly
force only after tremendous restraint and consideration of all reasonable alternatives. LVMPD police
officersaretaughttorespectthesanctityofhumanlifeaboveallelse.

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Executive Summary

The sixth annual Use of Force Statistical Analysis prepared by the bureau of Internal Oversight and
ConstitutionalPolicingexaminesfiveyearsofOISsfortheperiodof20122016.TheExecutiveSummary
isintendedtohighlightthemostsignificantfindings,trends,patterns,orissuesdocumentedinthebody
of the report. Where appropriate, explanations are provided regarding measures introduced by the
Departmenttoaddress,andinsomecases,mitigateidentifiedmattersofconcern.

There were a total of 66 personoriented OISs during 20122016. In 2016, there were 10 OISs
whichwas6lessthanthepreviousyear.ThenumberofOISsin2016wasthelowestinthepast
fiveyears.TheaveragenumberofOISsbetween2012and2016was13.OISsrangedfromalow
of10(2016)toahighof16(2014,2015).(SeeDeadlyUseofForceOverview,p.6)

The number of OISs that began as citizen CallsforService (CFS), particularly violent calls, has
increasedoverthepastfiveyears,whilethenumberofOISsthatbeganasofficerinitiatedcalls
hasdeclinedsignificantly.In2016,90%ofOISsbeganasacitizenCFSand89%wereviolentin
nature.PersonwithaGunandAssault/BatterywithaGunCFSresultedinthemostOISsin
2016.(SeeTypesofDispatchedEvents,p.7)

Duringthepastfiveyears,80%ofpersonorientedOISsoccurredoutdoorswhile20%occurred
indoors.Theyear2016wasconsistentwiththistrendwith90%ofOISsoccurringoutdoors.(See
SettingsandOutcomesofOISIncidents,p.8)

Approximately56%ofOISsinvolvedoneofficer.During2016,70%involvedoneofficerand30%
involvedtwoormoreofficers,comparedto44%involvingoneofficer,and56%involvingtwoor
moreofficersin2015.(OfficerInvolvement,p.8)

Officersusedtheirhandgunin78%oftheOISsduringthepastfiveyears.Involvedofficersused
their handgun in 89% of the OISs in 2016, which is an increase from the previous years. (See
FirearmsEmployedbyOfficers,p.12)

Theactualnumberofshotsfiredbyindividualofficersin2016rangedfrom1to18.Theeighteen
shotsfiredbytheinvolvedofficerwasthefifthhighestnumberofshotsfiredduringthereporting
period. In 2013, an involved officer fired thirtythree shots. (See Summary of Shots Fired by
Officers,p.13)

Overall,themajorityofsubjectswereintheir20s.In4%ofOISs,subjectswereundertheageof
20.In2016,themajorityofthesubjects(60%)wereintheir20sand30s.Thepredominantrace
ofOISsubjectsduringthepastfiveyearswaswhite(45%).In2016,only10%ofthesubjectswere
white which was a significant decrease from 2014 (71%) and 2015 (50%). Black subjects
accounted for 40% of the 2016 OISs, a slight increase from the overall trend (30%) for the
reportingperiod.Malescomprised90%ofOISssubjectsduringthisreportingperiod.(SeeSubject
CharacteristicsAge/Race/Ethnicity/Gender,p.14)

Thenumberofsubjectswhosementalstatewasclassifiedasbeingmentallyunstable,agitated,
suicidal,orexpressedsuicidebycopintentionshasincreasedsince2011.In2016,therewasa

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deviation in this trend in which 80% of the subjects appeared normal. (See Mental State of
Subjects,p.16)

Subjectswerearmedin91%oftheOISsinthefiveyearreportingperiod.In2016,allsubjects
werearmed.Subjectsarmedwithalonggun(rifle,shotgun)haveincreasedsince2013.However,
therewasonlyoneOISincidentwherethesubjectwasarmedwithalonggunin2016.Firearm
usagehasincreasedsteadilyfrom65%in2012to90%in2016.(SeeSubjectWeapon,p.17)

ThenumberofsubjectswhoshotatofficersduringtheOISincidenthasfluctuatedduringthe
fiveyearperiod.Theincidentrateofsubjectswhoshotatofficerspeakedin2013(38%)andhas
graduallydeclinedfrom35%in2014to30%in2016.Subjectsshot153roundsatofficersfrom
20122016.Twelveofficerswereinjuredorkilledfromshotsfiredatthemduringthefiveyear
reportingperiod.(SeeSummaryofShotsFiredbySubjects,p.18)

During20122016,deadlyforcewasusedon25animals.Therewerenoanimalshootsin2016.
Thenumberofuseofforceincidentsinvolvingananimalhasdecreased55%since2012.(SeeUse
ofDeadlyForceonAnimals,p.23)

The Departments nondeadly use of force incidents have decreased by 8% over the past five
years.Nondeadlyforceincidentshavedecreasedby42%from1,345in2008,atenyearhigh,to
775 in 2016, a tenyear low. This decrease occurred despite an increase in the number of
commissionedpersonnelfrom3,190to3,491duringthesameperiod(SeeNonDeadly Useof
ForceOverview,p.25)

Asignificantportion(66%)ofnondeadlyuseofforceincidentsoccurredinareacommands.This
is primarily due to the number of citizen contacts associated with the area commands in
comparisontootherpolicebureaus(16%)andthedetentioncenter(18%).Sixareacommands
displayedadownwardtrendinthenumberofuseofforceincidents.(SeeAreaofAssignment,p.
27)

Thenumberofofficerinjuriesresultingfromauseofforceincidentincreasedbytwentyeight
from2015(173)to2016(201).Thenumberofofficersseekingtreatmentatahospitalforaninjury
resultingfromanondeadlyuseofforceincidentincreasedbyeleven.(SeeInjuries,p.28)

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Deadly Use of Force Overview

Therewereatotalof66personorientedOISsduring20122016.In2016,therewere10OISswhichwas
6lessthantheprevious year.The numberofOISsin2016wasthelowestinthe pastfiveyears.The
averagenumberofOISsbetween2012and2016was13.OISsrangedfromalowof10(2016)toahighof
16(2014,2015)(Figure1).

Figure1.20122016NumberofPersonOrientedOISsandOutcomes

ThenumberofcriminalhomicidesandaggravatedassaultsoccurringinClarkCounty,Nevadamaybea
goodindicatortopredictthenumberofOISsthatwilloccurinayear.Therateofaggravatedassaults
reportedbyLVMPDshowedaslightpositivecorrelationtothenumberofOISsthatoccurredfrom2012
2015, meaning as aggravated assaults increased, the number of OISs had marginally increased.
Conversely,in2016,astherateofaggravatedassaultsincreased,thenumberofOISsdecreasedto10,a
tenyearlow.NeitheraggravatedassaultsnorcriminalhomicidesappearedtobeapredictorforOISsin
2016aspreviouslyseenfrom20122015(Figure2).Criminalhomicidesincreased19%andaggravated
assaultsincreasedroughly18%in2016.

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Figure2.20122016PersonOrientedOISs.ComparisonofAggravatedAssaults,CriminalHomicides,andOISs

Types of Dispatched Events

The400codesassignedtoeventslooselyidentifythetypesofsituationspoliceofficersmayencounter
when responding to CFS. These codes can be categorized into two types: officerinitiated/proactive
policingandcitizeninitiatedcalls,knownasCFS.CitizenCFScanbefurthercategorizedintoviolentcalls
andnonviolentcalls.ThenumberofOISsthatbeganascitizenCFS,particularlyviolentcalls,hasincreased
over the past five years, while the number of OISs that began as officerinitiated calls has declined
significantly.In2016,90%ofOISsbeganasacitizenCFSand89%wereviolentinnature(Figure3).Person
withaGunandAssault/BatterywithaGunCFSresultedinthemostOISsin2016.

During 20132015, LVMPD required commissioned personnel to complete Procedural Justice through
NonBiasedBasedPolicingtraininginadditiontotheannualAdvancedOfficerSkillsTraining(AOST)and
RealityBasedTraining(RBT).Thistrainingcontinuestobemandatoryforallnewcommissionedpersonnel
duringthepoliceacademy.

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Figure3.20122016PersonOrientedOISsandRateofDispatchedEventType.ComparisonofCitizenCFS,Officerinitiated
CodesandViolentCodes

Settings and Outcomes of OIS Incidents

Duringthepastfiveyears,80%ofpersonorientedOISsoccurredoutdoorswhile20%occurredindoors.
Theyear2016wasconsistentwiththistrendwith90%ofOISsoccurringoutdoors.

WheretheOISsettingoccursdoesnotappeartoaffecttheoutcomelethality.Overall,46%ofOISsthat
occurredindoorsand42%ofOISsthatoccurredoutdoorsresultedinafatality.For2016,therewasone
indoor OIS and that resulted in a nonfatal outcome. The shorter distances separating officers and
subjects, and the confining nature of most indoor spaces may have contributed to deadlier indoor
encounters.ThefatalnumberofoutdoorOISssignificantlydecreasedfrom69%in2015to33%in2016.
ThisdecreasemaybeattributedtonothavinganySpecialWeaponsandTactics(SWAT)OISsin2016.In
2015,therewerefourSWATOISs.

Officer Involvement

Approximately56%ofOISsinvolvedoneofficer.During2016,70%involvedoneofficerand30%involved
twoormoreofficers,comparedto44%and56%,respectively,in2015(Figure4).

Themajorityof2016OISsinvolvedoneofficer.OneOISinvolvedtwoofficersandtwoOISsinvolvedfour
officers.In2015,SWATwasinvolvedin45%ofOISswheremultipleofficerswereinvolvedwhereasthere
werenoSWATofficersinvolvedinanyOISin2016.Thefrequencyof2016OISsthatinvolvedtwoormore
officershadasimilarlowratein2014.

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Roughly22%oftheofficerswhodischargedtheirweaponduringthepastfiveyearshavehadaprevious
OISoverthecourseoftheircareerwiththeDepartment(25of112officers).

Figure4.20122016PersonOrientedOISIncidents.ComparisonofNumberofInvolvedOfficersandRateofSingleOfficer
Incidents

Time on Scene Prior to Initial Shots Fired

The trend toward longer times on scene prior to the OIS continued from 2014. Typically, 67% of OISs
occurredafterofficershadbeenon6minutesormore.In2016,80%ofOISsoccurredafterofficershad
beenthereforover6minutes.TheincreasecanbeexplainedbyafewOISsin2014and2015thatwere
120minutesorlonger,involvingbarricadedsubjectsandSWAT.MostOISs(26%)occurredwithin1660
minutesofofficersarrivingonscene.In2016,thetrendcontinuedwith50%oftheOISsoccurringwithin
thattimeframe.

As reported in previous Deadly Force reports, it is appropriate to assume the fatality rate increases
substantiallywhentheincidentsarenotresolvedquickly.OISsinwhichtheinitialshotswerefiredwithin
thefirstfiveminuteswerelesslikelytoresultinafatality.Inthelastfiveyears,thefatalityrateofOISs
thatwereshorterindurationwas27%.ThefatalityrateofOISsthatwerelongerinduration(sixormore
minutes)was52%.

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OnScene Supervision

Policesupervisorsarrivedonscenepriortodeadlyforcebeingusedonanaverageof32%oftheOISs
duringthefiveyearreportingperiod.Thepresenceofasupervisoronscenepriortotheuseofdeadly
forceincreasedin20142015comparedto20122013.In2016,asupervisorarrivedpriortotheuseof
deadlyforceon30%oftheOISs,adecreasefrom38%in2015.

TheOISsinwhichsupervisorswereonscenetendedtobelengthy(morethan30minutes,onaverage).
Generally,fatalOISoutcomesaremorelikelywhenofficersinvolvedhavetimetoorganizeandprepare
themselvesinresponsetodangeroussituations.Thisistobeexpected.Higherlethalityratesaretypically
associatedwithOISsthatarenotresolvedquickly.

Cautionisadvisedbeforedrawingconclusionsregardingthevalueofsupervisorstomanageaswellas
defusevolatilesituations.Thescopeofthisstudydoesnotextendbeyondexamininganextremelylimited
numberofincidentsthatrisetothelevelofanOIS.

Officer Characteristics Age/Race/Ethnicity/Gender

The average age of involved officers has decreased slightly during the five year reporting period. The
average age of the involved officers in 2016 (37 years) was slightly higher than the average age of all
involved officers during 20122014 (36 years) but lower than the average age in 2015 (38 years).
Separatingintoagegroupings,thelargestnumberofofficerswereintheir30s(43%),followedbyofficers
intheir40s(27%),20s(24%),and50s(6%).In2016,theproportionofofficersintheir30swashigher
(59%)comparedtotheoveralltrend(43%)in20122016.

Thepredominantraceofinvolvedofficersduringthepastfiveyearswaswhite(80%).In2016,77%ofthe
involvedofficerswerewhite,whichisconsistentwiththefiveyeartrend.Theracialmakeupofinvolved
officerswasfairlyconsistentwiththeracialmakeupofofficersemployedbytheDepartment.

Thepredominantgenderofinvolvedofficerswasmale(95%),withfemaleofficerscomprisingonly5%of
the personoriented OISs. The largest proportion of female officers involved (3) in the past five years
occurred in 2014. In both 2015 and 2016, personoriented OISs involved only male officers. The
proportion of female officers involved in OISs in 2016 did not reflect the proportion of female
commissionedpersonnelontheDepartment(Figure5).

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Figure5.InvolvedOfficerGenderandRaceComparedtoLVMPDCommissionedPersonnelDemographics

Officer Tenure

The average tenure of officers involved in OISs during 20122016 has remained consistent, varying by
threeyears(between7and10years).Theaveragetenureremainedthesamein2016at10years.The
tenureofthoseinvolvedofficersrangedfromalowof1yeartoahighof24yearswithLVMPD.

Thetenureoftheinvolvedofficersmirroredthetenurecharacteristicsofthepatrolofficersstationedat
areacommands.Theyearsofserviceprofileofcommissionedpersonnelatareacommandscontinuedto
reflectthenumberofnewpoliceofficershiredbytheDepartmentbetween2005and2010.Recentlythe
Departmentbeganhiringnewofficersandtheaveragetenureofinvolvedofficersisexpectedtodecrease
inthenextcoupleofyears.

Officer Duty Assignments

Theproportionofinvolvedofficersassignedtoareacommandsincreasedin2016(76%),comparedto
2015(64%).Typically,74%ofinvolvedofficersareassignedtoanareacommand.Theincreaseofarea
commandOISswasduetoadecreaseofSWATOISs.EightSWATofficerswereinvolvedinOISsin2015,
comparedtozeroSWATofficersin2016.Usually,26%ofinvolvedofficerscomefromSpecialized
Units/Bureaus.In2016,theTrafficBureauhadtwoofficersandtheHomicideSexCrimesBureauhad
oneofficer.Asidefromareacommands,officersassignedtotheCriminalApprehensionTeam(CAT),
SWATandK9weremostlikelytobeinvolvedinanOISduringthefiveyearreportingperiod.

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Classifications of Officers (Rank)

The majority of officers who were involved in OISs were classified as POIIs (87%) at the time of the
shootings. POIIs are officers with more than one year of service beyond Field Training. POIIs were
involved in 82% of OISs in 2016. POIs were involved in 6% of the OISs in 2016, whereas POIs were
involvedin21%oftheOISsin2015.TherateofsergeantsinvolvedinOISswas7%duringthepastfive
years.

Firearms Employed by Officers

ThepredominantfirearmusedbyofficersinanOISistheirhandgun.Officersusedtheirhandgunin78%
oftheOISsduringthepastfiveyears.Involvedofficersusedtheirhandgunin89%oftheOISsin2016,
whichisanincreasefrompreviousyears(Figure6).Departmentpolicydictatesthatofficersmaydeploy
their rifle based on distance, available cover, and the tactical situation presented. The use of rifles by
officersinvolvedinOISssteadilyincreasedoverthepastyearsto32%in2015.Thoseinvolvedofficers,all
assignedtoSWAT,shotsubjectsatlongdistances.In2016,theuseofarifleoccurredinonlyoneOIS
where thepatrolofficer wasrespondingtoaviolentCFS. Thesubjectwasarmedwitha rifleandwas
shootingatarrivingofficers.

Figure6.20122016PersonOrientedOISs.ComparisonoftheRateofWeaponsUsedbytheInvolvedOfficers

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Summary of Shots Fired by Officers

Therewereatotalof112officerswhofiredshotsinthefiveyearreportingperiod.Theaveragenumber
ofshotsfiredperofficerdidnotvarygreatly.Seventeenpoliceofficers,directlyinvolvedinOISsduring
2016,fired125rounds,whichisanaverageofsevenroundsperofficerandthirteenroundsperincident.
Theoverallaverageremainedrelativelyconsistentat57shotsperofficer.In2016,theaveragenumber
ofroundsfiredperincidentwas13rounds.Thisisthelargestaveragenumberofroundsfiredperincident
inthefiveyearreportingperiod.Thesmallestaveragenumberofroundsfiredperincident(8rounds)
occurredin2014and2015(Figure7).

Figure7.20122016PersonOrientedOISs.ShotsFiredPerOfficerandOIS

Theactualnumberofshotsfiredbyindividualofficersin2016rangedfrom1to18.Theeighteenshots
firedbytheinvolvedofficerwasthefifthhighestnumberofshotsfiredduringthereportingperiod.In
2013,aninvolvedofficer firedthirtythreeshots. Typically,86%ofinvolved officersfired between19
roundsand14%ofinvolvedofficersfired10ormorerounds.

Distance of Initial Shots Fired by Officers

Thelargestaveragedistanceofinitialshotsfiredbyinvolvedofficerswiththeirhandgunoccurredin2016.
The average distance with a handgun increased from 22 feet in 2015 to 40 feet in 2016. The longest
distanceofinitialshotsfiredbyanofficerwithahandgunoccurredin2016at132feet,thelongestsince
2014at108feet.Duringthepastfiveyears,whenthesubjectwasarmedwithafirearm,themajorityof
officersshottheirhandgunfrom11to25feet.Whenthesubjectwasarmedwithaknife,themajorityof
involvedofficersshottheirhandgunfrom1to10feet.

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Thelargestaveragedistanceofinitialshotsfiredbyinvolvedofficerswiththeirlonggunoccurredin2015.
Theaveragedistancewithalonggundecreasedfrom183feetin2015to128feetin2016.Thelongest
distanceofinitialshotsfiredbyanofficerwithalonggunoccurredin2014at333feet.Duringthepast
fiveyears,whenthesubjectwasarmedwithafirearm,themajorityofofficersshot theirlonggunat
distancesover101feet.Whenthesubjectwasarmedwithaknife(oneincidentin2013),theinvolved
officershottheirlonggunatdistanceslessthan10feet.

Foot Pursuits

Afootpursuitpreceded18%ofOISsduringthepastfiveyears.ThelargestproportionofOISspreceded
byafootpursuitoccurredin2014(25%)andthesmallestproportionoccurredin2016(10%).Whenafoot
pursuitprecededtheOIS,therewerethreefatalOISsin2015,themostinthefiveyearperiod.In2013
and2016,therewerezerofatalitieswhenafootpursuitprecededtheOIS.

Less Lethality Force

TheDepartment'sguidelinesfordeployinglesslethaltoolsarebasedonthelevelofthreatthesubject
posestothepublicandofficers.Typically,lessthan14%ofOISsinvolvedtheengagementoflesslethal
tools.In2014,25%oftheinvolvedofficersdeployedlesslethaltoolsintheirOISwhichdeviatedfromthe
trend.Duringthepastfiveyears,theElectronicControlDevice(ECD)wasthemostcommonlyusedless
lethal tool (36%), followed by the lessthanlethal (beanbag) shotgun, Vehicle Strikes, and Stationary
Vehicle Immobilization Technique (pinching). K9 and vehicle techniques such as low speed Precision
InterventionTechnique(PIT)maneuversweredeployedmarginallyduringthereportingperiod.In2016,
lesslethaltoolsweredeployedbutnonewereappliedinanOIS.

Inthefiveyearreportingperiod,lesslethalitytoolsweremostlikelytobeusedwhenthesubjectwas
armedwithafirearm(73%),followedbyaknifeorsharpobject(27%).Whenthesubjectwasarmedwith
aknife,alessthanlethal(beanbag)shotgunwasthetoolofchoice.Whenencounteringasubjectarmed
withafirearm,officerschoseECDsmoreoften.

Subject Characteristics Age/Race/Ethnicity/Gender

Theaverage ageofthe OISsubjectrangedbetween33and37yearsduring thereporting period.The

averageageofsubjectsassociatedwith2016OISs(33years)wasthesameasin2013.Thesubject'sage
rangedfromthelowof18years(twoOISs,2015and2016)tothehighof58yearsin2014.Overall,the
majorityofsubjectswereintheir20s.In4%ofOISs,subjectswereundertheageof20.In2016,the
majorityofsubjects(60%)wereintheir20sand30s.

ThepredominantraceofOISsubjectsduringthepastfiveyearswaswhite(45%).In2016,only10%ofthe
subjectswerewhite,whichwasasignificantdecreasefrom2014(71%)and2015(50%).Blacksubjects
accountedfor40%ofthe2016OISs,aslightincreasefromtheoveralltrend(30%)forthereportingperiod.
The2016breakdownofthesubjectsraceisnotconsistentwiththeracialdemographicsofClarkCounty,
Nevadainthatblacksubjectswereoverrepresentedandwhitesubjectswereunderrepresented.Thisisa

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starkcontrastwhencomparedtothethreepreviousyearswherethemajorityofOISsubjectswerewhite.
In2016,Hispanicsubjectsaccountedfor30%oftheOISs,aslightincreasefromtheoveralltrend(21%),
butconsistentinrepresentingtheracialdemographicsforClarkCounty,Nevada.

OISsubjectswerepredominantlymale.Malescomprised90%ofOISsubjectsduringthisreportingperiod.
ThegenderdistributionofpersonorientedOISsdoesnotmirrorthegenderdistributionofthepopulation
ofClarkCounty,Nevada,whichisapproximately50%maleand50%female(Figure8).Femalesubjects
wereinvolvedin10%ofOISsoverthepastfiveyears.Since2013,theproportionoffemalesubjectshas
increased.Femalesubjectscomprisedratesashighas18%in2014and13%in2015.Therewerenofemale
subjectsinvolvedinanOISin2016.

Figure8.20122016PersonOrientedOISs.SubjectGenderandRaceComparedtoClarkCounty,NevadaPopulation
Demographics

Criminal Backgrounds of Subjects

The majority (88%) of subjects associated with an OIS had a previous criminal history, ranging from
misdemeanor to felony arrests. Subjects involved in 2016 OISs with prior criminal history (90%) were
abovethetrend.Ofthosewitharrestrecordsduringthepastfiveyears,morethanhalfwereconvicted
ofviolentcrimes(67%).

Condition of Subjects (Drugs/Alcohol)

Whiletheinformationregardingdrugsandalcoholcanprovideausefulmeasureofthesubjectsjudgment
when confronting the police, it should be noted it is subjective related to these statistics. Drugs and
alcohol determinations were based on observation, selfadmission, and toxicological testing during
autopsiesforfatalitiesonly.

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Nearly27%ofOISsubjectsduringthepastfiveyearswerebelievedtohavebeenundertheinfluenceof
drugsand/oralcoholatthetimeoftheirdeadlyforceencounterswiththepolice.Themostcommondrugs
associated with OIS subjects during this reporting period were methamphetamine, prescription
medications, marijuana, and cocaine. The percentage of subjects under the influence of drugs and/or
alcoholatthetimeoftheOISin2016wasat30%,withmethamphetamineandprescriptionmedications
themostcommondrugsfoundintheirsystem.

Mental State of Subjects

AcertainamountofsubjectivityisrequiredinordertoclassifythementalstateofOISsubjectsatthetime
oftheirdeadlyforceencounterswithpolice.Determinationsregardingmentalstatearelargelybasedon
the observations of onscene officers and information obtained by detectives during followup
investigations.

ThenumberofsubjectswhosementalstatewasclassifiedasbeingMentallyUnstable,Agitated,Suicidal,
orexpressedSuicidebyCopintentionshasincreasedsince2011.In2016,therewasadeviationinthis
trendinwhich80%ofthesubjectsappearednormal.TheproportionofsubjectswhoexpressedSuicide
byCopintentions(24%)hasremainedrelativelyconsistentduringthereportingperiodexceptin2016.
TherewasoneSuicidebyCopincident.Thenumberofsuicidalsubjectshasdeclinedfrom18%in2014to
10%in2016(Figure9).

Figure9.20122016PersonOrientedOISs.ComparisonoftheMentalStateoftheSubjects

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Subject Weapon

Subjectswerearmedin91%oftheOISsinthefiveyearreportingperiod.In2016,allsubjectswerearmed.
Firearms,predominantlypistols,weretheweaponofchoiceusedbysubjects.Subjectsarmedwithalong
gun (rifle, shotgun) have increased since 2013. However, there was only one OIS incident where the
subjectwasarmedwithalonggunin2016.Firearmusagehasincreasedsteadilyfrom65%in2012to90%
in2016.

OIS incidents involving a subject armed with a knife have been on the decline. Typically, 14% of OISs
involveasubjectarmedwithaknife.Therateshavefallenfromahighof24%in2014to0%in2016(Figure
10).In2016,asubjectattemptedtorunoveranofficerwithavehicle.ThisistheonlyOISincidentinthe
reportingperiodwhereavehiclewasusedasaweapon.

TheeffectofRBT,AOST,andtheProceduralJusticethroughNonBiasedBasedPolicingtrainingintroduced
to officers in 2013 and 2014, may have contributed to the reduction of the number of OISs involving
unarmedsubjects.During20122013,OISsinvolvingunarmedsubjectswerebetween18%and23%.From
20142016,onlyoneOISincidentoutof42OISsinvolvedanunarmedsubject.

Armedsubjectsaremuchmorelikelytobekilledbyofficersthanunarmedsubjects.Duringthepastfive
years,48%ofarmedsubjectsdiedasaresultoftheOIS,comparedto17%ofunarmedsubjects.Typically,
37%ofsubjectsarmedwithafirearmresultedinafatalityand38%werenonfatal.Subjectsarmedwith
knives, or sharp objects had a similar fatality rate when comparing fatal (6%) and nonfatal (7%) OISs.
Subjectswerearmedwithafirearmin90%ofthe2016OISsand33%ofthosesubjectsdiedasaresultof
theOIS.

Figure10.20122016PersonOrientedOISs.ComparisonoftheWeaponsEmployedbytheSubject

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Summary of Shots Fired by Subjects

ThenumberofsubjectswhoshotatofficersduringtheOISincidenthasfluctuatedduringthefiveyear
period.Theincidentrateofsubjectswhoshotatofficerspeakedin2013(38%)andhasgraduallydeclined
from35%in2014to30%in2016.Subjectsshot153roundsatofficersfrom20122016.

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Twelveofficerswereinjuredorkilledfromshots

OfficerKilled 0 0 2 0 0 fired at them during the five year reporting
period. In 2014, two officers were ambushed,
OfficerWounded 1 0 2 2 2
whowereunabletoreturnfire,andwerekilled.
OnSceneOfficerWounded 1 0 0 2 0 In2015,therewerefourincidentswhereofficers
wereambushedresultinginthreeofficerinjuries.Therewerenoambushesin2016;however,twoofficers
sustainedinjuriesintheirOIS.

Time Intervals between PersonOriented OIS Incidents

ThetimebetweenOISsin2016wasunlikepreviousyears.Timeintervalsof015days,1630days,and
3145dayswereevenlyspreadat30%each.In2012and20142015,themajorityofOISsoccurredwithin
015daysofoneanother.Thisdiffersfrom2013,when61%ofOISsoccurredwithin1630daysofone
another.

ThelongesttimebetweenOISsin2016was159days.ThisistheDepartmentslongestperiodoftimein
thepast10yearsinwhichnoOISoccurred.Thesecondlongestintervalwasin2014,a117dayperiod.

Month, Day of Week, and Time of Day of OIS Incidents

JanuaryandDecemberhadthehighestnumberofOISincidentsin2016.Historically,Decemberhashad
thehighestnumberofoccurrence(17%)throughout20122016,followedbyMarchandAugustwith11%
each.OnlyoneOISoccurredduringthesemonthsin2016.TherehasbeenonlyoneOISforallSeptembers
inthefiveyearreportingperiod.

ThemajorityofOISincidents(60%)occurredonMondaysandTuesdaysin2016.Thisisrepresentativeof
thepastfiveyearswhereMondays,Tuesdays,andFridayswerethemorecommondaysoftheweekfor
anOIStooccur.

Historically,about33%ofOISsoccurredbetween18002359hours,andapproximatelyonequarterof
OISs occurred between 00000559 hours and 12001759 hours. Over 60% of the 2016 OISs occurred
between18002359hours.Incomparison,themajorityofthe2015OISsoccurredbetween06001159
hours.In2016,lessthan10%occurredduringthatsametimeframe.

ThemostcommondaysoftheweekandtimeofdayforanOIStooccurduringthisreportingperiodwere
Mondays between 12001759 hours and 18002359 hours, Tuesdays between 12001759 hours, and
Fridaysbetween18002359hours.TheleastlikelydaysoftheweekandtimeofdayforanOIStooccur
wereMondaysandSaturdaysbetween06001159hours,Wednesdaysbetween12001759hours,and
Thursdaysbetween18002359hours.

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Locations of OIS Incidents

LVMPDsjurisdictionisdividedintoareacommandsandresidentareas.Nineareacommandscoverthe
LasVegasvalley,surroundedbyresidentareas.Since2012,NortheastAreaCommand(NEAC),Southeast
AreaCommand(SEAC),andEnterpriseAreaCommand(EAC)hadthelargestratesofOISsbut,in2016,
the rate of OISs that occurred in SEAC dropped to 0%. An OIS incident has occurred in Bolden Area
Command(BAC)everyyearsince2012butin2016,therewerenoOISs.TherateofOISsinNorthwest
AreaCommand(NWAC)increasedfrom13%in2015to30%in2016.ConventionCenterAreaCommand
(CCAC)hadoneOISincidentin2016.Typically,only3%ofallOISshaveoccurredinCCACforthereporting
period.About10%ofallOISshaveoccurredinSouthCentralAreaCommand(SCAC)andDowntownArea
Command(DTAC).In2016,SCACandDTACeachhadanOIS.SpringValleyAreaCommand(SVAC),which
openedonAugust27,2016,didnothaveanOISincident.

Interstate Highway 15 geographically divides the Las Vegas Valley into East and West areas. Area
commandboundariesalsofollowthisalignmentwheretheEastcomprisesCCAC,DTAC,NEAC,SCACand
SEAC.TheWestcomprisesBAC,EAC,NWAC,andSVAC.Historically,agreaternumberofOISs(61%)have
occurredontheEast(Figure11).In2016,OISsoccurredequallyintheEastandWest.

TwoOISsoccurredin2014inLVMPDsresidentareas.NoOISsoccurredinLVMPDsresidentareasinany
oftheotherfouryears(Figure12).

Inthepastfiveyears,OISsweredenseronthenorthwestsideofthevalley,withmostOISsoccurringin
theareaborderedbyWestcliffDrivetoAltaDriveandS.BuffaloDrivetoS.RainbowBoulevard.There
werefourOISsthatoccurredinthisareaduring2016(Figure13).

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Figure11.20122016PersonOrientedOISsAreaCommands.PinMap

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Figure12.20122016PersonOrientedOISsResidentAreas.PinMap

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Figure13.20122016PersonOrientedOISs.HotspotMap

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NonShooting Deadly Force Events

LVMPD policy categorizes certain uses of force as deadly force. Nine personoriented deadly force
incidentsotherthanOISsoccurredduring20122016.Policevehiclesservedasweaponsineightincidents,
eithertostrikeanarmedsubject,ortoramafleeingvehicle.Inoneincident,thesubjecttookanofficers
ECDandaimedittowardtheofficerduringthephysicalaltercation.Theinvolvedofficerusedabatonon
thesubjectwhosustainedadislocatedshoulder.

Eightofthenineincidentswerenonfatal.Inthe2014fatalincident,aPITmaneuverwasappliedatlow
speedsinwhichoneofthethreesubjectsinsidethevehiclewasimpaled.

Use of Deadly Force on Animals

During20122016,deadlyforcewasusedon25animals.There werenoanimalshootsin2016.Dogs
(81%) were the majority of the animals involved. The remaining animals included two coyotes, one
chimpanzee,andonecat.Inwhatturnedouttobeaveryunusualsetofoccurrences,allthreeofthenon
domesticatedanimalswereshotwithinafewmonthsofoneanotherduring2012.Theinvolvedofficers
usedafirearminallbutoneincident,inwhichtheinvolvedofficerusedavehicletostrikeanattacking
dog.Theoutcomeforthemajorityoftheincidentswasfatal(60%),followedbyuninjured(28%)andnon
fatalbutinjured(12%).

ThemajorityofincidentsbeganasacitizenCFS.Asexpected,themostcommoncallcodeassociatedwith
theapplicationofdeadlyforceonananimalwasananimalcomplaint.Mostcommonlyin2015,officers
encountered the animal attacking either the officer, citizen, or an attack was imminent, in which the
animalchargedattheinvolvedofficersbeforebeingshot.

Aggressive dogs were involved in the majority of the animaltype deadly force incidents. In only one
incident,theownerofaseverelyinjureddogrequestedanofficerhumanelyshoothisdogtoendthe
animals suffering. The most common breed of dog shot was Pit Bull/Pit Bull mix (64%), followed by
unknownbreeds(16%).Otherbreedsofdogsinclude:GermanShepherdmix,BelgianMalinois,Boxer,
andMastiffwithoneincidenteach.Themajorityofthedogsinvolvedweighedmorethan65pounds.

LVMPDintroducedanewmandatoryonlinetrainingclass,PoliceandDogEncounters,beginningin2014.
Officers were trained on the best tactics to ensure public and officer safety through diffusing dog
encounters.Inaddition,thedogpoleswerepurchasedbytheDepartment.Trainingwasprovidedtoall
supervisors who carried dog poles in their vehicles. As a result, the number of use of force incidents
involvingananimalhasdecreased55%since2012.

Critical Incident Review Process

ItisthepolicyofthisDepartmenttoprovideboththeLVMPDandthecommunitywithathoroughreview
processofincidentswhereindeadlyforcewasusedbyDepartmentmembers.Thisprocess,theCritical
IncidentReviewProcess(CIRP),includestheparticipationofcitizenBoardmemberswhoresidewithinthe
LVMPDjurisdictionwhoarenotpersonallyaffiliatedwiththeDepartment,whohavenothadpriorlaw
enforcementexperience,orarerelatedtoanyofitsmembers.

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CIRP is comprised of two separate but related Boards whose combined purpose is to conduct a thorough
review of all aspects of incidents involving the use of deadly force by Department members. CIRP is a
two-part process which analyzes the actual use of force employed by officers as well as tactics utilized
by the members, decision-making, Department policy and procedure compliance, training and
supervision.

The Board votes during this process and must render one of the following dispositions:

Administrative Approval: Objectively reasonable force was used under the circumstances
based on the information available to the officer at the time. This finding acknowledges that
the use of force was justified and within departmental policy. There are no concerns
surrounding the tactics employed, and there are no policy violations including those not
relating to the application of force. Within policy/good to excellent performance.

Tactics/Decision-Making: This finding considers that, even though the use of deadly force was
lawful and within policy, the tactics and/or decision-making employed were flawed and
worked to limit alternatives that may have otherwise been available to the officer. A different
approach may have reduced or eliminated the need for the officer to employ deadly force.

Policy/Training Failure: A deadly force outcome was undesirable but did not stem from a
violation of policy or failure to follow current training protocols. A Department policy and/or
specific training protocol is inadequate, ineffective, or deficient; the officer followed existing
policy and/or training or there is no existing policy and/or training protocol that addresses the
action taken or performance demonstrated. Global policy or training deficiencies.

Administrative Disapproval: The UFRB has concluded through this finding that the force used
was not justified under the circumstances and violated Department policy. This outcome is
reserved for the most serious failures in adherence to policy, decision-making and/or
performance. A violation of the use of force policy.

In 2015, there were a total of sixteen OISs, of those cases, one had an outcome of Tactics/Decision-
Making while the remaining 15 had an outcome of Administrative Approval. At the time of this writing,
three of the ten OISs from 2016 have yet to be presented to the Board. However, of the seven OISs that
were presented to the Board, 88% had an outcome of Administrative Approval and 12% had an outcome
of Tactics/Decision-Making.

For a complete reporting related to accountability in administrative matters for each OIS, refer to:
www.lvmpd.com - Internal Oversight and Constitutional Policing

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NonDeadly Use of Force Overview

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Figure14.TenyearnondeadlyUseofForceoverview

TheDepartmentsnondeadlyuseofforceincidents
havedecreasedby8%overthepastfiveyears.Non
deadlyforceincidentshavedecreasedby42%from
1,345in2008,atenyearhigh,to775in2016,aten
yearlow.Thisdecreaseoccurreddespiteanincrease
in the number of commissioned personnel from
3,190to3,491duringthesameperiod(Figure14and
Figure15).Ofthe775incidentsin2016,22%were
documented as Complaint of Injury Only which
means there was no visible injury, but the subject
saidtheywereinjured. Figure 15.FiveyearnondeadlyUseofForceoverview

Theratioofnondeadlyuseofforceincidentsperofficerreachedafiveyearhighin2011,with0.32uses
offorceperofficer.Thisratiohasdecreasedto0.22usesofforceperofficerin2016.

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Body Worn Cameras

LVMPDscontinueddecreaseinuseofforceincidentsisattributedtonumerouschangesmadesince2012,
whenLVMPDrequestedassistancefromtheDepartmentofJustice.Themostrecentchangehasbeenthe
implementationoftheCOPSOfficerecommendationtooutfitofficerswithbodyworncameras(BWC).

Studieshaveshownthatbothactualofficeruseofforceandcitizenallegationsofuseofforcedecrease
whenbodycamerasareused(FinalReportofthePresidentsTaskForceon21stCenturyPolicing).Citizen
complaintsmaydeclinebecauseofbodycameras.Asaresult,anincreaseofDepartmentsuitsfilingfor
false complaints may occur. The Department began outfitting officers in 2014, and as of today 1,666
officerswearcameras.Thisisanincreaseof1,072cameras(180%)in2016.

Calls for Service

LVMPD is able to gauge the number of incidents that may result in an officer having to use force by
monitoring the demands for police services. The number of officers increased by 6% in 2016. Citizen
initiatedCFSdecreasedby15%in2016afterhavingsteadilyincreasedsince2010.Aswiththeprevious
fiveyears,CallsforService(citizeninitiated)accountforthemajorityofourpolicerelatednondeadly
useofforceincidents.OfficerinitiatedCFShavedecreasedby83,336(15%)since2012;however,they
haveincreased18%since2015.PedestrianStopsandVehicleStops(bothofficerinitiatedcalls)also
accountforasizableportionofpolicerelatednondeadlyuseofforceincidents.

Analysisindicatesofficersappliedforceinlessthanonepercentofall2016policecallsforservice.The
2016rateofnondeadlyuseofforceper10,000CFS,whereacitizenhadcontactwithpolice,was.147.

Area of Assignment

A significant portion (66%) of nondeadly use of force incidents occurred in area commands. This is
primarilyduetothenumberofcitizen contactsassociatedwiththearea commandsincomparison to
otherpolicebureaus(16%)andthedetentioncenter(18%).Sixareacommandsdisplayedadownward
trendinthenumberofuseofforceincidents(Figure16).ThesedecreasesrangefromoneinDTAC,to
twentythreeinCCAC.Twoareacommands,SCACandSEAC,hadincreasesin2016,withanincreaseof
twoandeighteen,respectively.SVACwasexcludedfromtrendassessmentasthereisnocomparisondata.

Figure16.NondeadlyUseofForce.AreaofAssignment

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Force Type Used

Whenuseofforceisneeded,officersmustassesseachincidenttodetermine,basedonpolicy,training
and experience, which use of force option would best bring the incident under control in a safe and
prudentmanner.Officersusereasonableandsoundjudgmentwhenforceistobedeployed.

UseofforcereportsreflectedEmptyHand/Takedowntechniquesarethepredominatetoolusedtogain
compliancefromsubjects.ThisisespeciallytrueasusesofothertoolshavedeclinedandtheDepartment
hastraineddeescalation.Officersusedthelesslethalshotgun12timesin2016tosubduearmedsubjects
without resorting to deadly force options. A Canine policy change was also implemented in January
2014fromBarkandHoldtoBiteandHold,atwhichtimeanincreasedutilizationofcaninebyother
detailswasseen(ie.TheCriminalApprehensionTeamandSWAT).

Injuries

With theuseofEmpty Hand/Takedowntechniquesrising,the numberofofficerinjuries mayincrease
accordingly.Thenumberofofficerinjuriesresultingfromuseofforceincidentsincreasedbytwentyeight
from 2015 (173) to 2016 (201). The number of officers seeking treatment at a hospital for an injury
resultingfromanondeadlyuseofforceincidentincreasedbyeleven.Thenumberofsubjectsclaiming
injury from nondeadly use of force incidents increased by two, from 2015 (626) to 2016 (628). The
number of subjects seeking hospital treatment decreased by one, from 2015 (189) to 2016 (188).
However,therewereinstanceswherethesubjectrequestedhospitaltreatmentandthecausewasnot
alwaysduetotheforceused.SomeweretransportedforLegal2000s,preexistingconditions,andother
miscellaneousmedicalissues.Thenumberscanbemisleadingwithoutanalyzingeachindividualreport.

Assessment and Actions of Subject

When officers first arrive on a call, they make a quick observation of the subjects mental state. This
evaluation considers mentalhealth,drugsoralcoholuse,oranyother unknownfactor. In18%of the
incidents, the officer believed the subject was under the influence of drugs or alcohol. In 13% of the
incidents,officersbelievedthesubjectwasexperiencingamentalcrisis.

Thethreemostfrequentlyreportedsubjectactionsduringanondeadlyuseofforceincidentin2016were
Fighting,AssaultonOfficer,andAttempttoFlee.BothFightingandAssaultonOfficerplacethesubject
intheaggressiveresistancecategory.AttempttoFleemayalsowarrantanintermediatelevelofforce
(Figure17)fromtheofficeriftheseverityofthecrimeandsubjectposesanimmediatethreattothesafety
ofofficersorothers.

Theclassificationofthesubjectsweaponintheinitialobservationhashistoricallybeenlow.Thepresence
ofafirearmwasthemostfrequentlyreportedsubjectweaponin2016.Thiswasfollowedbythepresence
ofanedgedweaponorknife.

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Figure17.UseofForceModel

Allegations of Excessive Force

TheLVMPDInternalAffairsBureaureceived
165 force related allegations in 2016,
comparedto219in2015,adecreaseof54
(Figure 18). Of these, three of the
allegationsagainstPoliceOfficers,andfive
allegations against Corrections Officers
were sustained. One allegation was
modifiedandonetheofficersperformance
was monitored. With the BWC becoming
moreprevalent,thenumberofallegations
againstofficersinthefuturemaydecrease
substantially.
Figure 18.NondeadlyUseofForce.AllegationsofExcessiveForce

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Appendix A

StatisticalSummaryForOfficerInvolvedShootings 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

NumberofOISs 11 13 16 16 10

FatalOISs 4 3 8 11 3
NonfatalOISs 7 10 8 5 7

LongestIntervalBetweenOISs(Days) 104 80 117 72 159

NumberofDirectlyInvolvedPoliceOfficers 23 19 25 28 17

AverageNumberofPoliceOfficersperOIS 2.1 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.7

AverageMinutesOnSceneUntilInitialShotsFired 7 131 42 59 28
NumberofShotsFiredbyPoliceOfficers 113 112 122 130 125
AverageNumberofShotsFiredperPoliceOfficer 5 6 5 5 7
AverageNumberofShotsFiredperOIS 11 9 8 8 13
NumberofSubjects 11 13 17 16 10

PercentageofSubjectsWhoUsedaFirearmasaWeapon 64% 62% 76% 88% 90%

PercentageofSubjectsWhoUsedaKnifeasaWeapon 18% 15% 24% 6% 0%

NumberofSubjectsWhoShotatPoliceOfficers 3 5 6 5 3
NumberofShotsFiredBySubjects 13 31 47 35 42

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