CIVL 3121 Virtual Work for Frames 1/9

Virtual Work for Frames Virtual Work for Frames

Applying the virtual work equations to a frame Compute the deflection at point C on the frame
structure is as simple as separating the frame into shown below.
a series of beams and summing the virtual work
for each section. Include only the effects of bending in your virtual
work equation (no axial work).
12 k
In addition, when evaluating the deformation of a
frame structure, you may have to consider both B 8 ft 8 ft D
E = 29,000 ksi
bending and axial internal force components. C I = 3,500 in4
A = 35 in2
10 ft

E
A

Virtual Work for Frames Virtual Work for Frames

The first step is to find the equation for moment in each The next step is to find the equation for moment in each
section of the frame due to the real loads. section of the frame.
To do develop the moment expression we need the reaction Consider section AB
a points A and E.
12 k 12 k Mcut 0 M AB M AB 0
M A 0 12k (8ft ) EY (16ft )
B 8 ft 8 ft D B 8 ft 8 ft D
E y 6k
C MAB C

Fy 0 12k EY Ay y
10 ft 10 ft
Ay 6k
E E
A A
Ax
Fx 0 Ax Ax 0
Ay Ey 6k 6k

Virtual Work for Frames Virtual Work for Frames

Consider section BC Consider section DC

12
k

M 0 MBC 6k ( x ) MBC 6 x 12 k
Mcut 0 MDC 6k ( x1 )
cut
MBC MDC
B 8 ft 8 ft D B 8 ft 8 ft D

C C
x1 MDC 6 x1
x
10 ft 10 ft

E E
A A

6k 6k 6k 6k
CIVL 3121 Virtual Work for Frames 2/9

Virtual Work for Frames Virtual Work for Frames

Consider section ED In this problem, the virtual moments are the real moments
divided by 12 (from superposition).

12 k
Section M m
12 k 8 ft 8 ft D
Mcut 0 MDE B
8 ft 8 ft D
AB 0 0
B C

C BC 6x 0.5x
MDE 0
MDE
10 ft DC 6x1 0.5x1
10 ft
y E DE 0 0
A
E
A

6k 6k

Virtual Work for Frames Virtual Work for Frames

The virtual work equations are: Compute the slope at point C on the frame shown below.
B CC E
Include only the effects of bending in your virtual work
M m M m M m M m equation (no axial work).
C AB AB dy BC BC dx DC DC dx DE DE dy
A
EI B
EI D
EI D
EI

Substituting the moment expressions into the virtual work 12 k

equation and integrating yields the following:
8 ft 8 ft D
8 8 8 8
B E = 29,000 psi
(6 x )x (6 x1 )x1 6x 2 2x 3 I = 3,500 in4
C dx dx1 dx C

0
2 EI 0
2 EI 0
EI EI 0
A = 35 in2
10 ft
1,024 kft 3 1,024 kft 3 (1,728in 3 / ft 3 )
0.017in
EI (29,000ksi )(3,500in 4 ) A
E

Virtual Work for Frames Virtual Work for Frames

Find the moments in the frame due to a virtual couple. The next step is to find the equation for moment in each
First, find the reaction in the frame to the virtual couple. section of the frame.
Consider section AB

Mcut 0 m AB m AB 0
1 M A 0 1 EY (16ft ) 1 ft
B 8 ft 8 ft D 8 ft 8 ft D
B
E y 161
C C
mAB

Fy 0 EY Ay y
10 ft 10 ft
Ay 161
E E
A A
Ax
Fx 0 Ax
Ay 1 1
Ey 16 16
CIVL 3121 Virtual Work for Frames 3/9

Virtual Work for Frames Virtual Work for Frames

Consider section BC Consider section DC

x
Mcut 0 m BC 161 ( x ) m BC
mBC 1 ft
16
1m
ftDC
Mcut 0 m DC 161 ( x1 )
B 8 ft 8 ft D B 8 ft 8 ft D

C C x1
x1 m DC
x 16
10 ft 10 ft

E E
A A

1 1 1 1
16 16 16 16

Virtual Work for Frames Virtual Work for Frames

Consider section ED The following table lists the moment expression due to the
real loading and the moment expression due to a virtual
couple at point C
12 k
Section M m
8 ft 8 ft D
1 ft

Mcut 0 m DE B
AB 0 0
B 8 ft 8 ft D C

C
BC 6x x/16
m DE 0
10 ft DC 6x1 -x1/16
mDE
10 ft
y E DE 0 0
A
E
A

1 1
16 16

Virtual Work for Frames Virtual Work for Frames

The virtual work equations are: Repeat the previous example and include the effects of axial
B C C D
work.
M m M m M m M m
C AB AB dy BC BC dx DC DC dx DE DE dy In order to compute the axial work, we need the axial force in
A
EI B
EI D
EI E
EI the real and virtual loading systems
Substituting the moment expressions into the virtual work 12 k
equation and integrating yields the following:
8 ft 8 ft D
8 8
B E = 29,000 psi
(6 x ) x (6 x1 )x1 I = 3,500 in4
C dx dx1 0 C

0
16EI 0
16EI A = 35 in2
10 ft
The slope at point C is zero
E
A
CIVL 3121 Virtual Work for Frames 4/9

Virtual Work for Frames Virtual Work for Frames

Find the axial force in each section of the frame. Consider section BC
Consider section AB

Fy 0 FAB 6k

12 k

FAB 6k 12 k Fx 0 FBC FBC 0

B 8 ft 8 ft D B 8 ft 8 ft D
FAB
C FCBC
x
y
10 ft 10 ft

E E
A A

6k 6k 6k 6k

Virtual Work for Frames Virtual Work for Frames

Consider section DC Consider section ED

12 k 12 k

Fy 0 FDE 6k FDE 6k
Fx 0 FDC
B 8 ft 8 ft D B 8 ft 8 ft D

C FDC C
x1 FDC 0 FDE

10 ft 10 ft
y
E E
A A

6k 6k 6k 6k

Virtual Work for Frames Virtual Work for Frames

In this problem, the virtual axial forces are the real axial The virtual work equations for axial forces are:
forces divided by 12 (from superposition). nNL
C
12 k
AE
Section N n
B 8 ft 8 ft D Substituting the values for the axial forces into the virtual
AB -6k -0.5 work equations yields the following:
C
BC 0 0 ( 0.5)( 6k )(120in ) ( 0.5)( 6k )(120in )
C
10 ft DC 0 0 AE AE

E DE -6k -0.5 720 k in 720 k in

A 0.0007in
AE (29,000ksi )(35in 2 )
CIVL 3121 Virtual Work for Frames 5/9

Virtual Work for Frames Virtual Work for Frames

The displacement at point C due to bending moment work Compute the axial forces in the frame due to the virtual
and axial force work is: couple.
Recall we already have the frame reactions due to the virtual
C 0.017in 0.0007in 0.0177in couple
from bending from axial force
moment work 12 k work 1
B 8 ft 8 ft D
8 ft 8 ft D E = 29,000 psi
B E = 29,000 psi C
I = 3,500 in4
C I = 3,500 in4
A = 35 in2
A = 35 in2 10 ft
10 ft
E
A
E
A
1 1
16 16

Virtual Work for Frames Virtual Work for Frames

The next step is to find the axial force in each section of the Consider section BC
frame.
Consider section AB

Fx 0 nBC nBC 0
1 ft 1 ft
B
nAB
8 ft 8 ft D
F
y 0 nAB 161 nAB 161 B 8 ft 8 ft D

C nC
BC

x
y
10 ft 10 ft

E E
A A

1 1 1 1
16 16 16 16

Virtual Work for Frames Virtual Work for Frames

Consider section DC Consider section ED

Fy 0 nDE 161 nDE 161
1 ft Fx 0 nDC 1 ft
B 8 ft 8 ft D B 8 ft 8 ft D

C nDC C
x1 nDC 0 nAB

10 ft 10 ft
y
E E
A A

1 1 1 1
16 16 16 16
CIVL 3121 Virtual Work for Frames 6/9

Virtual Work for Frames Virtual Work for Frames

The real axial forces and the virtual axial forces due to a unit The virtual work equations for axial forces are:
virtual couple are: nNL
C
12 k
AE
Section N n
8 ft 8 ft D
Substituting the values for the axial forces into the virtual
B
AB -6k -1/16 work equations yields the following:
C
BC 0 0 (6k )(120in ) (6k )(120in )
C 0
10 ft DC 0 0 16 AE 16 AE

E DE -6k 1/16 The contribution to the slope at point C from the axial energy
A
is slope is zero.
The total slope at point C due to bending moment and axial
force work is zero.

Virtual Work for Frames Virtual Work for Frames

In problems involving both bending and axial deformation, The primary cause of deformation in beams and frames is
be careful with the units. due to bending strain.

Also, note that the contribution of the axial deformation is However, in some structures additional deformation due to
axial and shear forces, torsion, and perhaps
5% of the total deformation. temperature may be important.

This is more or less typical of the relative size of the We have already discussed deformation due to bending
bending and the axial effects in frame-deflection problems. moments and axial forces.

Therefore, it is usually permissible to neglect the effect of In this section, we will consider the effect of shear, torsion,
axial deformation in such cases. and temperature on the deformation of linear elastic
structures.

Virtual Work for Frames Virtual Work for Frames

Virtual Strain Energy From Shear Virtual Strain Energy From Shear
Consider the following beam and a small element dx The shearing deformation dy caused by the real loads is dy
= dx, where is the shear strain.

w = w(x)
dx Since we are assuming the material dx
V is linear and elastic, then Hookes V
x law applies
V V
x dx l The shear strain is related to the
dy shear stress by =/G, where is dy

the shear stress and G is the

shearing modulus of elasticity.
CIVL 3121 Virtual Work for Frames 7/9

Virtual Work for Frames Virtual Work for Frames

Virtual Strain Energy From Shear Virtual Strain Energy From Shear
The shear stress may be calculated as = K(V/A)dx, where Integrating the expression dUi = v dy over the entire beam
K is a form factor that depends of the shape of the beams gives:
cross-sectional area A.
L
vV
Combining these two expressions V
dx
Ushear K dx V
dx

gives dy = KV/(GA) dx. 0 GA

V V

The internal virtual work done by the

Remember that v is the shear due to
virtual shear force v acting on the dy the virtual load and V is the shear due dy
beam before it is deformed by the to the real loads.
real loads is dUi = v dy

Virtual Work for Frames Virtual Work for Frames

Compute the vertical deflection and
Virtual Strain Energy From Shear rotation at point C on the frame shown. 10 k
0.5 k/ft
Integrating the expression dUi = v dy over the entire beam
Include the effects of bending moment and
gives: both axial and shear forces in your virtual B C

L work equations.
vV
Ushear K dx V
dx
E = 29,000 ksi
0 GA G = 12,000 ksi
20 ft

V
I = 1,000 in4
The form factor K is based on the l A = 25 in2
cross-sectional area: dy K = 1.2 A
K = 1.2 for rectangular sections
K = 10/9 for circular sections 10 ft
K 1 for I-beams, where A is the area of the web

Virtual Work for Frames Virtual Work for Frames

Virtual Strain Energy From Torsion Virtual Strain Energy From Torsion
c d
For example, consider a circular cross-section where no This torque causes a shear strain:
wrapping of the section occurs. dx

For non-circular sections a more rigorous analysis is For a linear-elastic response:
required. G
dx dx

T T T T
Tc

c

c
d d
J
CIVL 3121 Virtual Work for Frames 8/9

Virtual Work for Frames Virtual Work for Frames

Virtual Strain Energy From Torsion Virtual Strain Energy From Torsion
The angle of twist: If a virtual load is applied to the structure that causes an
T internal virtual torque t, then after applying the real loads,
d dx dx dx virtual strain energy will be:
c Gc GJ tT
dUt t d dx
dx dx GJ
T T T T

c c

d d

Virtual Work for Frames Virtual Work for Frames

Virtual Strain Energy From Torsion Virtual Strain Energy From Temperature
Integrating the virtual strain over the length of the member Consider a structure member is subjected to a temperature
yields: difference across its depth.
tTL
Ut
GJ For discussion, we will choose the most common case of a
beam having a neutral axis located at the mid-depth c of
dx the beam
T T

c First compute the amount of rotation of a differential
element dx of the beam caused by the thermal gradient.
d

Virtual Work for Frames Virtual Work for Frames

Virtual Strain Energy From Temperature Virtual Strain Energy From Temperature
dx T1 If a virtual load is applied to the structure that causes an
internal virtual torque m, then after applying the real loads,
virtual strain energy will be:
T2 x Tm dx
L
m Tm
T1 x dUtemp dx
T1 T2 c
Tm d M
0
Tm 2

T2 x
CIVL 3121 Virtual Work for Frames 9/9

Virtual Work for Frames End of Virtual Work - Frames

Unless otherwise stated, in this course we will consider

only beam and frame deflections due to bending.
Any questions?
The additional deflections caused by the shear and axial
force alter the deflections by only a few percent and are
generally ignored for even small two- and three-member
frames of one-story height.