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ABSTRACT 1. INTRODUCTION
This paper presents the revised Seismic Design Seismic design methods for highway bridges in
Specifications of Highway Bridges, Japan Road Japan has been developed and improved based on
Association (JRA), in 2002 [1]. The revised the lessons learned from the various past bitter
specifications are based on the Performance-based experiences after the Great Kanto Earthquake
Design Code Concept and the improved (M7.9) in 1923. By introducing the various
knowledges on the seismic design methods for provisions for preventing serious damage such as
highway bridges are also included. According to the design method against soil liquefaction, design
the Performance-based Design Code Concept, the detailing including the unseating prevention
design requirements are clearly specified and the devices, a number of highway bridges which
existing detailed design methods including the suffered complete collapse of superstructures was
analytical methods and the allowable limits are only a few in the recent past earthquakes.
specified as verification methods and the However, the Hyogo-ken-Nanbu Earthquake of
examples of acceptable solutions. The designers January 17, 1995, caused destructive damage to
can modify or select other verification methods highway bridges. Collapse and nearly collapse of
and/or acceptable solutions with appropriate superstructures occurred at 9 sites, and other
verifications. It is expected that new ideas on the
materials and structures will be employed much 1) Leader, Earthquake Engineering Team, Earthquake
easier than before. In this paper, the revised major Disaster Prevention Research Group, Public Works
points in the 2002 JRA Seismic Design Research Institute (PWRI), Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken,
Specifications are briefly described including the 305-8516 Japan
performance-based design code concept, seismic 2) Head, Bridge Division, Road Department, National
performance levels, the seismic design force, and Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management
the ductility evaluation methods for foundations (NILIM), Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and
and superstructures. Transport, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken, 305-0804 Japan
3) Leader, Ground Vibration Team, Earthquake
KEY WORDS: Seismic Design Disaster Prevention Research Group, PWRI
JRA Design Specifications 4) Leader, Foundation Engineering Team, Structures
Performence-based design Code Research Group, PWRI
5) Senior Research Engineer, Earthquake Engineering
Team, Earthquake Disaster Prevention Research Group,
PWRI
destructive damage occurred at 16 sites [2, 3]. The And the improved knowledges on the seismic
earthquake revealed that there are a number of design methods are also included.
critical issues to be revised in the seismic design
and seismic strengthening of bridges. Based on The major revisions of the Part V: Seismic Design
the lessons learned from the Hyogo-ken-Nanbu are as follows:
Earthquake, the design specifications for highway (1) Based on the performance-based design code
bridges were significantly revised in 1996 [3, 4, 5]. concept, principle requirements on the seismic
The intensive earthquake motion with a short performance of highway bridges, determination
distance from the inland earthquakes with concept of design earthquake ground motion and
Magnitude 7 class as the Hyogo-ken-Nanbu principle to verify the seismic performance are
Earthquake has been considered in the design. clearly specified.
(2) Two earthquake level design concept is used
In the Japan Road Association (JRA), the "Bridge and the design earthquake ground motion with
Committee" (Chairman: Dr. Syo-ichi SAEKI, high probability to occur and the design
Director of Public Works Research Center) has earthquake ground motion with high intensity and
worked on the revision of the design low probability to occur is employed as the same
specifications of highway bridges. The target as 1996 JAR Specifications. The ground motions
point of the revision was to be based on the are named as Level 1 Earthquake and Level 2
performance-based design code concept and to Earthquake, respectively.
enhance the durability of bridge structures for a (3) Verification methods of seismic performance
long-term use, as well as the inclusion of the are rearranged as "Static Analysis" and "Dynamic
improved knowledges on the bridge design and Analysis." The selection of two design methods is
construction methods. The new Design clearly shown. The applicability of the dynamic
Specifications of Highway Bridges was issued by analysis is much widened and the detailed
the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport verification method for the dynamic analysis is
on December 27, 2001. The JRA has released it specified.
with the commentary in March 2002. This paper (4) The evaluation method of dynamic earth
summarizes the new Design Specifications of pressure for the Level 2 Earthquake design is
Highway Bridges, Part V: Seismic Design, issued introduced. This is the based on the modified
in March 2002. Mononobe-Okabe earth pressure theory. The
evaluation method of the dynamic water pressure
2. MAJOR REVISION OF JRA SEISMIC for the Level 2 Earthquake design is also
DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS introduced.
(5) The verification method of the seismic
The major revision point is to be based on the performance of abutment foundations on the
performance-based design code concept. liquefiable ground is newly introduced.
According to the performance-based design code (6) The evaluation method of the
concept, the code structure, in which both the force-displacement relation models for steel
design requirements and the existing detailed columns with/without infilled concrete is
design methods are clearly specified, is employed. improved.
(7) The verification method of the seismic clearly specified including the detailed
performance for steel and concrete superstructures expressions. In future, the acceptable solutions
are newly introduced. will be increased and widened with the increase of
(8) The evaluation methods of the strength for the verification of new ideas on the materials,
bearing supports are improved. structures and constructions methods.
(9) References on the back data of the design
methods and related information are added at the The code structure of the Part V: Seismic Deign is
back of the specifications. as shown in Fig. 1. The static and dynamic
verification methods of the seismic performance
3. PERFORMANCE-BASED DESIGN as well as the evaluation methods of the strength
SPECIFICATIONS and ductility capacity of the bridge members are
placed as the verification methods and the
The JRA Design Specifications has been revised acceptable solutions, which can be modified by
based on the Performance-based design code the designers with the necessary verifications.
concept for the purpose to respond the
international harmonization of design codes and 4. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF SEISMIC
the flexible employment of new structures and DESIGN
new construction methods. The
performance-based design code concept is that the Table l shows the performance matrix including
necessary performance requirements and the the design earthquake ground motion and the
verification policies are clearly specified. The Seismic Performance Level (SPL) provided in the
JRA specifications are employed the style to revised JRA Seismic Design Specifications in
specify both the requirements and the acceptable 2002. There is no revision on this basic principle
solutions including the detailed performance from the 1996 Version.
verification methods which are based on the
existing design specifications including the design The two level ground motion as the moderate
methods and the design details. For example, the ground motions induced in the earthquakes with
analysis method to evaluate the response against high probability to occur (Level 1 Earthquake)
the loads is placed as one of the verification and the intensive ground motions induced n the
methods or acceptable solutions. Therefore, earthquakes with low probability to occur (Level
designer can propose the new ideas or select other 2 Earthquake).
design methods with the necessary verification.
The Level 1 Earthquake provides the ground
The most important issue of the motions induced by the moderate earthquakes and
performance-based design code concept is that the ground motion considered in the elastic design
clear specifications of the requirements, which the method in the past for a long time is employed.
designers are not allowed to select other methods, For the Level 2 Earthquake, two types of ground
and the acceptable solutions, which the designers motions are considered. The first is the ground
can select other methods with the necessary motions which is induced in the interplate-type
verification. In the JRA Specifications, they are
Overall Goals Objectives
of Codes
Mandated
Functional Requirements Principles of Specifications
(Basic Requirements) SeismicDesign
Importance, Loads,
Design Ground Motion,
Performance Limit States
Requirement Level Principles of Performance Verification
earthquakes with the magnitude of around 8. The appropriately estimated based on the information
ground motion at Tokyo in the 1923 Kanto on the earthquake including past history and the
Earthquake is a typical target of this type of location and detailed condition of the active faults,
ground motion. The second is the ground motion ground conditions including the condition from
developed in earthquakes with magnitude of the faults at the construction sites. To determine
around 7 at very short distance. The ground the site-specific design ground motion, it is
motion at Kobe during the Hyogo-ken-Nanbu required to have the necessary and accurate
Earthquake is a typical target of this type of informations on the earthquake ground motions
ground motion. The first and the second ground and ground conditions as well as the verified
motions are named as Type-I and Type-II ground evaluation methodology of the fault-induced
motions, respectively. The recurrence period of ground motions. However, the area to get such
the Type-II ground motion may be longer than detailed informations in Japan is very limited so
that of the Type-I ground motion, although the far. Therefore, the continuous investigation and
estimation is very difficult. research on this issue as well as the reflection on
the practical design of highway bridges is
In the 2002 revision, the design ground motions expected.
are named as Level 1 Earthquake and Level 2
Earthquake. One more important revision on the Ground Motion and Seismic Performance Level
design earthquake ground motion is that the The seismic design of bridges is according to the
site-specific design ground motions must be performance matrix as shown in Table 1. The
considered if the ground motion can be bridges are categorized into two groups depending
on their importance; standard bridges (Type-A induced in the earthquakes with low probability to
bridges) and important bridges (Type-B bridges). occur, the Type-A bridges should prevent critical
Seismic Performance Level (SPL) depends on the failure (SPL: 3), while the Type-B bridges should
importance of bridges. For the moderate ground perform with limited damage (SPL: 2) .
motions induced in the earthquakes with high
probability to occur, both A and B bridges should The SPLs 1 to 3 are based on the viewpoints of
behave in an elastic manner without essential "Safety," "Functionability," "Repairability" during
structural damage (Seismic Performance Level and after the earthquakes. Table 2 shows the basic
(SPL): 1). For the extreme ground motions concept of these three viewpoints of the SPL.
Repairabilty
SPL Safety Functionability
Short Term Long Term
In the 2002 revision, the determination principles 5.2 Verification Methods of Seismic
of the limit state to attain the necesary seismic Performance
performance are clearly specified. For example, It is the fundamental policy of the verification of
the basic principles to determine the limit state for seismic performance that the response of the
SPL 2 is: 1) the plastic hinges are to be developed bridge structures against design earthquake
at the expected portions and the capacity of plastic ground motions does not exceed the determined
hinges has to be determined so that the damaged limit states.
members can be repaired relatively easily and
Appendix : References
1. References on Earthquake and Active Fault
2. References on Design Earthquake Ground Motion
3. References on Ductility Design Method
4. References on Dynamic Earth Pressure and Dynamic
Water Pressure for Level 2 Earthquake
5. References on Dynamic Analysis
6. References on Liquefaction Evaluation
7. References on Lateral Spreading induced by Liquefaction
and the Design Method
8. References on Strength and Ductility Characteristics of
Reinforced Concrete Columns
9. References on Strength and Ductility Characteristics of
Steel Columns
10. References on Strength and Ductility Characteristics of
Prestressed Concrete Superstructures