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idden or administrative shares are share names with a dollar sign ($) appended to
their names. Administrative shares are usually created automatically for the root of
each drive letter. They do not display in the network browse list.
Name of seven layers in Open System Interconnection model.
They are Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data link, and
Physical.
What is the difference between ARP and RARP?
The address resolution protocol (ARP) is used to associate the 32 bit IP address with
the 48 bit physical address, used by a host or a router to find the physical address
of another host on its network by sending a ARP uery packet that includes the IP
address of the receiver.
The reverse address resolution protocol (RARP) allows a host to discover its Internet
address when it knows only its physical address.
What is Client/Server?
Clients and Servers are separate logical entities that work together over a network
to accomplish a task. Many systems with very different architectures that are
connected together are also called Client/Server.
What is MAC address?
It is the 48 bit hardware address of LAN card. MAC address is usually stored in ROM
on the network adapter card and it is unique.
What are the perquisites to configure server?
LAN card should be connected:
What is IP?
Internet Protocol (IP) is an unreliable, best effort delivery, connection-less protocol
used for transmitting and receiving data between hosts in a TCP/IP network
What are the difference between hub and switch?
Hub is a layer 1 device. It will out the signal from all of its port except the one from
where its insert. It is unable to detect the collision. It works on single collision and
single broadcast domain.
Switch is layer 2 device. It maintains a CAM table that store the MAC address of
devices attached on its port. CAM table is used to make the forwarding decision. It
works on per port collision and single broadcast domain.
What is layer?
Layer is a completely logical partition of PDU (protocol data unit) process. That
define how the information is travel form one computer to other over the network.
What is TCP/IP?
It is combination of two protocols TCP and IP. It is used for reliable data transfer.
What is operating system?
An operating system (sometimes abbreviated as "OS") is the program that, after
being initially loaded into the computer by a boot program, manages all the other
programs in a computer. It provides a platform to application software.
What is package software?
The collection of mostly used software released in package Form Company. For
Example Ms-Office that contain word, power point, Excel, etc.
Full form of .co.in, .com
COM - ".com" stands for "commercial".
IN - 'IN' stands for India. The 'IN' is a 2-letter country code for India.
What is the difference between an unspecified passive open and a fully specified
passive open?
An unspecified passive open has the server waiting for a connection request from
a client.
A fully specified passive open has the server waiting for a connection from a
specific client.
When were OSI model developed and why its standard called 802.XX and so on?
OSI model was developed in February1980 that why these also known as 802.XX
Standard (Notice 80 means ==> 1980, 2means ==> February)
What is IP?
It's a unique 32 bits software address of a node in a network.
What are the differences between static ip addressing and dynamic ip addressing?
With static IP addressing, a computer (or other device) is configured to always use
the same IP address. With dynamic addressing, the IP address can change
periodically and is managed by a centralized network service
What is APIPA?
Automatic private IP addressing (APIPA) is a feature mainly found in Microsoft
operating systems. APIPA enables clients to still communicate with other computers
on the same network segment until an IP address can be obtained from a DHCP
server, allowing the machine to fully participate on the network. The range of these
IP address are the 169.254.0.1 to 169.254.255.254 with a default Class B subnet
mask of 255.255.0.0.
What is FQDN?
An FQDN contains (fully qualified domain name) both the hostname and a domain
name. It uniquely identifies a host within a DNS hierarchy
Which command will you use to find out the name of the pc in networks?
NSLOOKUP [192.168.0.1]
[Ip of target computer]
What do you need to do that your browser will point URL www.example.com to the
internal IP address 127.99.11.01?
Make changes in the hosts file in C:\WINDOWS\system32\drivers\etc
The Hosts file is looked at first before going out to the DNS (Domain Name Service)
servers. you have to put the following on new lines at the end of hosts file:
127.99.11.01 example.com
127.99.11.01 www.example.com
What can you suggest to enhance testing process on windows OS?
Put shortcut to notepad.exe in SendTo folder. It is speed up work with different files
like hosts, configuration files. Location of this folder is
C:\Documents and Settings\Default User\sendto.
Open it and create shortcut of notpad.exe
What is FTP?
FTP is short for File Transfer Protocol. This is the protocol used for file transfer over
the Internet.
What is router?
Router is a device that is used to connect two different networks.
What is ADS?
A central component of the Windows platform, Active Directory service provides the
means to manage the identities and relationships that make up network
environments.
What is full form DHCP and how will you configure it?
Dynamic host configuration protocol
To configure it on Server
Configure your server ==>Add/Remove a role ==>DHCP server ==>complete the
wizard
Start ==> Administrative tools ==> DHCP ==>New scope ==> Wizard
Now authorized this server and do activate it
On client
Local area network ==> tcp/ip ==> obtain ip automatically
Obtain DNS automatically
How will you remove this error ntldr missing press any key to reboot the system ?
Reboot the system with XP, ( apply also on server2003,) cd
On setup screen press to R to repair the window
Now provide the administrator password
C:\>cd f:( your cd drive latter, f is taken as the example )
f:\>cd i386
f:\>copy ntldr c:\
f:\>exit
reboot the system
Why do we do networking?
For data sharing
To accumulate hardware resource
What is network?
A network is basically all of the components (hardware and software) involved in
connecting computers across small and large distances.
What is networking?
A process that is describes how the network will connect.
What is topology?
A topology defines how the devices are connected. Further it is divided in physical
and logical topology.
What's the major difference between FAT and NTFS on a local machine?
FAT and FAT32 provide no security over locally logged-on users. Only native NTFS
provides extensive permission control on both remote and local files.
What is presentation layer and how it is responsible for in the OSI model?
The presentation layer establishes the data format prior to passing it along to the
network application's interface. TCP/IP networks perform this task at the application
layer
When were OSI model developed and why its standard called 802.XX and so on?
OSI model was developed in February1980 that why these also known as 802.XX
Standard (Notice 80 means ==> 1980, 2means ==> February)
What is OSPF?
It is an Internet routing protocol that scales well, can route traffic along multiple
paths, and uses knowledge of an Internet's topology to make accurate routing
decisions.
What is Kerberos?
It is an authentication service developed at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology. Kerberos uses encryption to prevent intruders from discovering
passwords and gaining unauthorized access to files.
What is region?
When hierarchical routing is used, the routers are divided into what we call regions,
with each router knowing all the details about how to route packets to destinations
within its own region, but knowing nothing about the internal structure of other
regions.
What are the three type of routing tables and What are the advantages and
disadvantages of these?
The three types of routing tables are fixed, dynamic, and fixed central.
A fixed table must be manually modified every time there is a change.
A dynamic table changes its information based on network traffic, reducing the
amount of manual maintenance.
A fixed central table lets a manager modify only one table, which is then read by
other devices. The fixed central table reduces the need to update each machine's
table, as with the fixed table. Usually a dynamic table causes the fewest problems
for a network administrator, although the table's contents can change without the
administrator being aware of the change.
What is attenuation?
The degeneration of a signal over distance on a network cable is
called attenuation.
What is cladding?
A layer of a glass surrounding the center fiber of glass inside a fiber-optic cable.
What is RAID?
A method for providing fault tolerance by using multiple hard disk drives.
What is redirector?
Redirector is software that intercept
What is Beaconing?
The process that allows a network to self-repair networks problems. The stations on
the network notify the other stations on the ring when they are not receiving the
transmissions. Beaconing is used in Token ring and FDDI networks.
What is SAP?
Series of interface points that allow other computers to communicate with the other
layers of network protocol stack.
What is subnet?
A generic term for section of a large networks usually separated by a bridge or
router.
Hardware & Networking Basic Interview Questions and Answers for Freshers
Q. What is a node and links?
A. In a network the devices at different endpoint located at a different location are
called nodes
and the physical communication medium they using is called links.
Q. What are the layers of the OSI reference model?
A. There are 7 OSI layers:
1. Physical Layer
2. Data Link Layer
3. Network Layer
4. Transport Layer
5. Session Layer
6. Presentation Layer
7. Application Layer
Q. Describe Domain Name System
A. There are two types of client/server programs:
First is used directly by the user, such as email
Second supports other application programs
The Domain Name System (DNS) is a supporting program that is used by other
programs
such as to find the IP address of an email recipient.
Q. What are the difference between Domain and Workgroup?
A. Find the difference between domain and workgroup:
Domain:
Server is responsible for data safety
Centralize administration
Main aim is to secure data
Best suite in company environments
Workgroup
Every PC is responsible for its own security
No centralize administration
Main aim to save hardware resource
Best suite in the school, training institute, cyber cafe
Q. Define Fully Qualified Domain Name and Partially Qualified Domain
Name
A. In hierarchical namespace, names are defined in an invertedtree structure with
the root at
the top. The tree can have only 128 levels: level 0 (root) to level 127. Each node in
the tree
has a label, which is a string with a maximum of 63 characters. The root label is a
null string
(empty string). In this tree, all the labels have a different name, which guarantee
the uniqueness
of the domain names. A full domain name is a sequence of labels separated by dots
(.). The
domain names are always read from the node up to the root.
Fully Qualified Domain Name
If a label is terminated by a null string or empty string, it is called a fully qualified
domain name
(FQDN).
Partially Qualified Domain Name
If a label is not terminated by a null string, it is called a partially qualified domain
name
(PQDN). A PQDN starts from a node, but it does not end with the root.
Q. Describe attenuation, distortion, and noise in brief
A. Attenuation: When a signal travels through a medium, it loses some of its energy
due to
resistance of the medium. This loss of energy is called the Attenuation. This is the
reason why a
wire carrying electric signals gets warm. Some of the electrical energy in the signal
is
converted to heat. To overcome this problem, amplifiers are used to amplify the
signal.
Unit of the decibel is used to find out if a signal has lost or gained strength. The
decibel (dB)
measures the relative strengths of two signals or one signal at two different points.
If decibel
is negative then a signal is attenuated and if the positive signal is amplified.
Formula:
Where PI and P2 are the variable and the powers of a signal at points 1 and 2,
respectively.
Distortion
When the signal travels through the medium from one point to another it may
chance to
change the form or shape of the signal. It is called distortion. Distortion can occur in
a composite
signal made up of different frequencies. Each signal component has its own
propagation
speed through a traveling medium and, therefore, its own delay in reaching the final
destination. Means signal components at the receiver have phases different from
what they
had at the sender.
Noise
The third cause of impairment is Noise. Following types of noise are possible.
Thermal noise.
Induced noise.
Crosstalk noise.
Impulse noise.
This noise may corrupt the signal.
Thermal noise is produced due to the random motion of electrons in a wire which
creates an
extra signal not originally sent by the transmitter.
Induced noise comes from sources such as motors and other electronic appliances.
These
devices act as a sending antenna, and the transmission medium acts as the
receiving
antenna.
Crosstalk is the effect of one wire on the other.
Impulse noise comes from power lines, lightning etc.
Q. What is IP?
A. An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each
device
(e.g., computer, printer) participating in a computer network that uses the Internet
Protocol for
communication.
Q. What are the difference between hub and switch?
A. Hub is a layer 1 device. It will out the signal from all of its port except the one
from where
its insert. It is unable to detect the collision. It works on single collision and a single
broadcast
domain. Switch is layer 2 device. It maintains a CAM table that store the MAC
address of
devices attached to its port. CAM table is used to make the forwarding decision. It
works on
per port collision and single broadcast domain.
Q. What is a layer?
A. Layer is a completely logical partition of PDU (protocol data unit) process. That
define how
the information travels from one computer to another over the network.
Q. What is TCP/IP?
A. It is commonly known as TCP/IP, because its most important protocols, the
Transmission
Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP), were the first networking
protocols
defined in this standard.
We believe you must have got a gist on types of interview questions you may be
asked.
IPv6
---------
340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456
Can we even pronounce this? Lets try this:
340- undecillion
282- decillion
366- nonillion
920- octillion
938- septillion
463- sextillion
463- quintillion
374- quadrillion
607- trillion
431- billion
768- million
211- thousand
456
Thats mind boggling This gives us enough IP addresses for networks on earth,
the moon,
mars and the rest of the universe. IPv6 addresses are written down in hexadecimal.
The fastest type of computer. Supercomputers are very expensive and are
employed for specialized applications that require immense amounts of
mathematical calculations. For example, weather forecasting requires a
supercomputer. Other uses of supercomputers include animated graphics, fluid
dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research, and petroleum exploration.
Input devices are used for giving input to the computer. But output devices are used
to get the result back from the computer. The examples of input devices are
keyboard, mouse, scanner, digital camera atc...whereas output devices include
monitor, printer, projector etc....
Storage devices are used to store data in the computer. The different types of
storage devices are;
a) Magnetic Devices.
b) Optical Devices.
c) Solid-State Storage Devices.
8) What do you mean by a processing device? What are the various types of
processing devices?
The main function of a computer is to process data. The various types of processing
device in a computer are;
a) Microprocessor
b) Chipset
c) BIOS
Serial port and parallel port are used for transferring data in/out of the computer. In
serial port transmission only 1 bit is transmitted at a time. Most serial ports on
personal computers conform to the RS-232C or RS-422 standards. A parallel
interface for connecting an external device such as a printer. On PCs, the parallel
port uses a 25-pin connector (type DB-25) and is used to connect printers,
computers and other devices that need relatively high bandwidth. It uses parallel
transmission of data.
These are the communication channel that enables your computer to exchange
information with various devices.
12) What are the factors affecting the speed of the microprocessor?
The following are the factors affecting the speed of the microprocessor.
a) Number of instructions build in the processor.
b) Bandwidth
c) Clock Speed
d) Number of transistors inside the processor
Front Side Bus. Another name for the system bus. The Front Side Bus connects the
CPU to main memory. A microprocessor bus that connects the CPU to aLevel 2
cache is called Back Side Bus. Typically, a backside bus runs at a faster clock
speed than the Front Side Bus.
An LGA socket is the connection point for a central processing unit (CPU) to fit into a
motherboard. The LGA stands for Land Grid Array.
Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) and Complex Instruction Set Computer
(CISC) are two philosophies by which computer chips are designed. RISC became a
popular technology buzzword in the 1990s, and many processors used in the
enterprise business segment were RISC-based.
18) What is Intel Pentium?
There have been a number of Pentium processor lines starting with the base
Pentium in 1993.The of the recent Pentium entries are Pentium III and Pentium 4.
a) In a Pentium III processor, the bus speed is generally 133 MHz (although there
were a few with 100 MHz). The lowest bus speed on a Pentium IV is 400 MHz, and
there are versions with much higher speeds (topping at 1066 MHz for the "extreme
edition").
c) Pentium III processors had (for the most part) about 512 KB of cache. Pentium
4 processors, on the other hand, start at 512 KB.
20) What are the differences between Intel Celeron and Pentium family of
Processors?
Celeron
According to Build Gaming Computers, Celeron processors are the low-end
processor intended for standard home computer use. SciNet reports the best
Celeron processor has an L2 Cache of 128kb, a clock speed limit of about 2.0
GHz and runs at a core voltage of 1.75V. These are useful numbers for
comparison.
Pentium
The top Pentium processor is the Pentium 4 Prescott. CPU Scorecard reports it
has an L2 cache of 1MB (1024kb), a potential 3.0 GHz clock speed and runs
at about 1.4V. The lowest performing Pentium 4 processor, the Willamette,
has an L2 cache of 256kb, a potential 2.0 GHz clock speed and runs at about
1.7V.
21) What is Hyper Threading? What is the use of it?
The Intel Atom family of processors are extremely small central processing units
(CPU) found mostly in ultraportable devices, such as netbooks, cell phones and
tablet PCs, according to Intel. While small and light on energy use, Atom processors
can handle the most common tasks, such as email and instant messaging.
Nehalem is Intel's new microprocessor architecture The Core i7 chips were the first
processors ever produced using an architecture called Nehalem.
The top of the line for the LGA775 series CPU socket was the Core 2 processor
series, with the Core 2 Duo E8600, Core 2 Extreme QX9770 and Core 2 Quad Q9650
being the three top performers
29) Socket 939 is developed by AMD. It supports a maximum of how many bits of
computing? What are the the different processors of AMD is suitable for this socket?
AMD Athlon 64, AMD Athlon 64FX and AMD Athlon 64 X2.
30) Which type of socket is needed to connect a dual core processor of Intel?
Socket LGA 775.
31) What is Heat Sink? What is its use? If it is not in the system what will happen?
The main memory in a computer is called Random Access Memory. It is also known
as RAM. This is the part of the computer that stores operating system software,
software applications and other information for the central processing unit (CPU) to
have fast and direct access when needed to perform tasks.
39) What is Cache memory? What is the advantage if a processor with more cache
memory you are using?
Cache memory is the memory area between RAM and Processor. If cache memory
increases the speed of the system will also improved.
The latest DDR version is DDR-III. Intels all latest processors such as Core i3,i5 and
i7 will support it.
45) What are VRAM and SGRAM?
VRAM is Video Random Access Memory. Video adapter or video system uses VRAM.
VRAM is dual ported. It is costly. But SGRAM is not dual ported and not costly. It is a
less expensive approach to graphics functions. Most commonly all low cost graphics
cards are using it.
47) Which is the memory packaging suitable for a sub-note book system?
Micro DIMM
48) What is ECC/EPP?
EPP/ECP (Enhanced Parallel Port/Enhanced Capability Port) is a standard signaling
method for bi-directional parallel communication between
a computer and peripheral devices that offers the potential for much higher rates of
data transfer than the original parallel signaling methods. EPP is for non-printer
peripherals. ECP is for printers and scanners. EPP/ECP is part of IEEE Standard 1284.
ERROR
BEEPS
DESCRIPTION
2 Mismatched memory
Beeps parity
3
Memory malfunction
Beeps
4 Motherboard
Beeps malfunction
5
Bad CPU
Beeps
6 Keyboard controller
Beeps error
7 General exception
Beeps error
8
Video memory error
Beeps
9
Bad ROM checksum
Beeps
10
CMOS error
Beeps
11
Bad cache RAM
Beeps
62) What is ATX? How it is different from AT? Which is using now?
AT is a short for advanced technology, the AT is an IBM PC model introduced in
1984. It includes an Intel 80286 microprocessor, a 1.2MB floppy drive, and an 84-
key AT keyboard. The ATX form factor specified changes to the motherboard, along
with the case and power supply. Some of the design specification improvements of
the ATX form factor included a single 20-pin connector for the power supply, a
power supply to blow air into the case instead of out for better air flow, less overlap
between the motherboard and drive bays, and integrated I/O Port connectors
soldered directly onto the motherboard. The ATX form factor was an overall better
design for upgrading.
64) What is PCI slot? How is different from PCI Express (PCI-E)?
Short for PERIPHERAL COMPONENT INTERCONNECT, a local bus standard developed
by Intel Corporation. PCI Express (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express),
officially abbreviated as PCIe, is a computer expansion card standard designed to
replace the older PCI, PCI-X, and AGP bus standards.
85) Power supply fan is not working and it emits a lot of sound. What will the
probable cause?
Most of the time this issue arises due to lots of dust is accumulated on the fan
motor.
86) What is the capacity of a Floppy Disk?
1.44MB
87) Which is the medium used in a floppy for storing data?
Magnetic Media.
88) What is write protected notch in a floppy? What is its use?
This is a switch used to eliminate the accidental deletion of data from the floppy.
89) How many tracts and sectors found in a normal floppy dick?
80 tracks and 18 sectors.
90) Which is the file system of a floppy disk?
FAT
91) How can you format a floppy? What is happening if you do so?
Insert the floppy to the system and open my computer. There we can find the icon.
Just right click and select format option. Otherwise we can use format command .
Formatting a floppy will creates sectors and tracks on the floppy.
92) System is not showing floppy disk drive icon in Mycomputer.What will the
probable cause?
The device is not detected or disabled.
93) I have inserted a new floppy disk into my drive. The data can be read. But not
able to make modifications. Why?
The disk may be in write protected mode.
94) What is HDD? What are the different types available in the market now?
A hard disk drive (HDD; also hard drive or hard disk) is a non-volatile, random
access digital magnetic data storage device. It is the secondary storage media.
There are different types of hard disk, based on the the intefaces they used we can
classify them as IDE, SATA, SCSI etc...
95) What is SATA?
Serial ATA (SATA or Serial Advanced Technology Attachment) is a computer
businterface for connecting host bus adapters to mass storage devices such as hard
disk drives and optical drives. Serial ATA was designed to replace the older parallel
ATA(PATA) standard (often called by the old name IDE), offering several
advantages over the older interface: reduced cable size and cost (7 conductors
instead of 40), native hot swapping, faster data transfer through higher signalling
rates, and more efficient transfer through an (optional) I/O queuing protocol.
IDE- Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) it has a 40/80 pins connector. IDE transfer
speed of data up to 100/133 MB per second few time ago mostly use IDE.
97) What is eSATA?
External Serial Advanced Technology Attachment or eSATA is an external interface
for SATA technologies. eSATA cables are narrow and can be up to 6.56 feet (2
meters) in length. eSATA requires its own power connector. It is still an excellent
choice for external disk storage.
98) What is SCSI? Is the SCSI Hard Disk is needed for a home purpose?
SCSI is Small Computer System Interface , is a type of interface used for computer
components such as hard drives, optical drives, scanners and tape drives. SCSI is a
faster, more robust technology than IDE amd SATA, and has traditionally been
utilized in servers. Aside from speed, another great advantage over IDE and SATA is
that the SCSI card can connect 15 or more devices in a daisy chain. The controller
assigns each device its ownSCSI ID, allowing for great flexibility towards expanding
any system. It is more costly. It is not needed for a home purpose.