TRAPEZOIDAL PATTERN 4

Objectives:

1. To be able to explain how trapezoidal pattern is produced

2. To be able to distinguish different trapezoidal pattern for different cases of
modulation.

Practicals:

1. DBSFC-Double Sideband Full Carrier

2. DSBSC-Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier

Workboard Required:

LEYBOLD AM Trainer

1 CF transmitter 20 kHz (736 201)

1 CF receiver 20 kHz (736 211)
Oscilloscope (Analog)
Spectrum Analyzer
Function Generator 0 200 kHz (726 961)
1 DC Power Supply 15V, 3A (726 86)
2 Probes 100 MHz, 1:1/10:1
2 Sets of 10 bridging plugs, black (501 511)
Connecting Wires

Theory

Trapezoidal Pattern

In amplitude modulation (AM) the momentary value of the message signal e m(t) has an
immediate effect on the amplitude of the carrier oscillation e c(t). This takes place in the modulator, see
Figure 1.

ec(t) = Ec sin ct eAM(t) = (Ec + Em) sin ct

ECOMLA1 Page 1 of 8
EXPERIMENT 4
 Modulator

em(t) = Em sin mt

Figure 1 Balanced Modulator

Here it would be:

ec(t) = Ec sin ct (1)

for the high-frequency carrier and:

em(t) = Em sin mt (2)

for the low message signal. The combining of the carrier and message signal in
the modulator then provides the following modulation product:

eAM(t) = { Ec + Em } sin ct
= { Ec + Em sinmt } sin ct (3)

where stands for the modulator constant, which expresses the affect of the
message signal E(t) on the amplitude Ec of the carrier. Normally (3) is described in
more general terms. For this you need the following definitions:

Ec = Em Amplitude deviation (4)

m= Em Modulation index (5)

Ec

Amplitude deviation describes the maximum change away from the original
value of Ec in the carrier amplitude. The modulation index m reproduces the ratio
of the amplitude deviation to the carrier amplitude. Thus it is possible to convert
(3) as follows:

eAM (t) = Ec sin ct + Emcos 2 (fc fm)t - Emcos 2 (fc fm)t (6)

Figure 2 shows the amplitude modulated signal according to (6) . The

modulating signal em(t) can be recognized in the envelope curve. Normally the
following holds true: 0 < m < 1.

The following limiting cases for m are interesting:

ECOMLA1 Page 2 of 8
EXPERIMENT 4
 m=0 ; no modulation effect
m=1 ; the full modulation, the envelopes bordering the
modulating signal
just touch at their minimum values
m>1 ; overmodulation, the envelopes permeate each other,
modulation
distortion arises

The spectrum of amplitude modulation

The expression in the brackets of (6) describes the envelope of amplitude

modulation. If you multiply the dynamic (time) characteristic of the carrier
oscillation, you obtain:

PROCEDURES:

Part A

1. Assemble the experiment as specified in the figure below.

2. Connect the output of the function generator directly to the modulating
input.
3. Set the function generator to sine, Em = 2V and fm = 2 kHz.
4. Set the toggle switch to CARRIER ON setting. Display the output signal of
the modulator M2 on the oscilloscope and the modulating signal of the
function generator and sketch them.
5. Sketch the trapezoidal pattern of the AM signal by pressing the XY button of
the oscilloscope.
6. Compute for the depth of modulation.
7. Repeat procedures 1 7 and vary the modulating signal to produce different
cases of modulation.

Part B

1. Assemble the experiment as specified in the figure below.

2. Connect the output of the function generator directly to the modulating
input.
3. Set the function generator to sine, Em = 2V and fm = 2 kHz.
4. Set the toggle switch to CARRIER OFF setting. Display the output signal of
the modulator M2 on the oscilloscope and the modulating signal of the
function generator and sketch them.
5. Sketch the trapezoidal pattern of the AM signal by pressing the XY button of
the oscilloscope.
6. Repeat procedures 1 6 for the following conditions:
a. Em = Ec
b. Em < Ec
c. Em > Ec

ECOMLA1 Page 3 of 8
EXPERIMENT 4
 Em = Ec

AMDSBFC
OSCILLOSCOPE:
TRAPEZOIDAL PATTERN:
DSBFC
Carrier Signal

Lmax: ______________________
Amplitude: __________________ Lmin: ______________________
Frequency: __________________ m:
DSBSC ______________________

Modulating Signal (Tx)

Lmax: ______________________
Amplitude: __________________ Lmin: ______________________
Frequency: __________________ m: ______________________

AM Signal Modulating Signal (Rx)

Amplitude: __________________
Frequency: __________________

AMDSBFC
OSCILLOSCOPE:
TRAPEZOIDAL PATTERN:
Page 4 of 8
ECOMLA1
EXPERIMENT 4
 Em < Ec

DSBFC

Carrier Signal

Lmax: ______________________
Lmin: ______________________
Amplitude: __________________ m: ______________________
Frequency: __________________

Modulating Signal (Tx)

Lmax: ______________________
Lmin: ______________________
Amplitude: __________________ m: ______________________
Frequency: __________________

AM Signal Modulating Signal (Rx)

Amplitude: __________________
Frequency: __________________

AMDSBFC
OSCILLOSCOPE:
TRAPEZOIDAL PATTERN:
Page 5 of 8

ECOMLA1
Carrier Signal EXPERIMENT 4

DSBSC
Modulating Signal (Tx)
 Em > Ec

DSBFC

Amplitude: __________________
Frequency: __________________ Lmax: ______________________
Lmin: ______________________
m: ______________________
DSBSC

Amplitude: __________________
Frequency: __________________ Lmax: ______________________
Lmin: ______________________
AM Signal m: ______________________
Modulating Signal (Rx)

Amplitude: __________________
Frequency: __________________

QUESTIONS: ECOMLA1
EXPERIMENT 4 Page 6 of 8
1. What is the advantage of using the trapezoidal pattern to evaluate an AM
envelope?
 _______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

2. Sketch the trapezoidal pattern for the following cases:

a. Em < Ec

b. Em = Ec

c. Em > Ec

d. Em = 0
ECOMLA1 Page 7 of 8
EXPERIMENT 4
CONCLUSION:

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

ECOMLA1 Page 8 of 8
EXPERIMENT 4