Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Diversity
Ha Hoang Kha, Ph.D
Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology
Email: hhkha@hcmut.edu.vn
Outlines
Introduction
Diversity techniques
Diversity combining techniques
Conclusion
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Wireless Channel Impairments
Noise
Thermal noise (modeled as AWGN)
Path loss
The loss in power as the radio signal propagates
Shadowing
Due to the presence of fixed obstacles in the radio path
Fading
Combines the effects of multiple propagation paths, rapid
movement of mobile units and reflectors
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Fading
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The Effect of Fading Channel
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Parameters of Fading Channels
Multipath spread
Maximum delay between paths of significant power in the
channel
Coherent bandwidth
How far apart in frequency for signals to undergo different
degree of fading
Coherent time
A measure of time duration over which the channel impulse
response is essentially invariant (highly correlated)
Doppler spread
Maximum range of Doppler shift
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Classification of Fading Channels
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Flat Fading vs. Slow Fading
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Fading Mitigation
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1. Diversity
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What is Diversity?
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Diversity Requirements
Multiple branches
Low correlation between branches
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Diversity Systems: Basic Principles
and Classifications
Basic Concept
- Same information is sent over independent fading paths
- Signals are combined to mitigate the effects of fading
Design Issues
- Methods to obtain diversity branches
- Diversity combining methods
Different classifications
- Receiver versus Transmitter
- Predetection versus Postdetection
- Microscopic versus Macroscopic
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2. Methods to Obtain Diversity Branches
Space
Multiple antenna elements spaced apart by decorrelation
distance. Theoretical decorrelation /2. Most common
form of diversity. No additional power or bandwidth.
Frequency
Multiple narrowband channels separated by channel
coherence bandwidth. Less often used. Wasteful of
scarce spectrum.
Polarization
Two antennas (one horizontally, the other
verticallypolarized) are used. Orthogonal polarization in
wireless channels exhibit uncorrelated fading. Only two-
branch diversity possible. Not common.
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Space Diversity
Transmitter diversity
M different antennas are used at the transmitter to
obtain uncorrelated fading signals at the receiver
The total transmitted power is split among atennas
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Space Diversity
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Frequency Diversity
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Time Diversity
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Methods to Obtain Diversity Branches
Angle of Arrival
Directional antennas facing widely different directions.
Scattered signal from different directions having
approximately independent fading.
Time
Transmission of the same information in time slots
separated by channel coherence time. Inefficient for
high-speed transmissions. Useless for stationary users.
Multipath
Same as Time-diversity, except that branches are
provided by channel through multipath. Takes advantage
of channel provided usually undesirable multipath
echoes. Principle of Rake Receivers.
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3. Diversity Combining Techniques
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Linear Diversity Combining
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Diversity Combining Techniques
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Linear Diversity Combining
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3.1. Selection Combining
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Selection Combining
0
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Selection Combining
i
The outage probability for a target 0 on the ith branch
is /
Pout ( 0 ) 1 e 0 i
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Selection Combining
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Outage probability for Selection Combining
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Example
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BER for selection combining
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BER of BPSK under SC
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3.2. Threshold (Switching) Combining
1 e T / e / e ( T ) / T
P ( ) / ( T ) /
1 2 e e T
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Switch and stay combining
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Example
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3.3. Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC)
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Maximal Ratio Combining
Then, M M
r i ri e
j i
ai ri
i 1 i 1
i
N tot N 0 2
a
i 1
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Outage probability of MRC
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BER of MRC
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3.4. Equal Gain Combining
ri
N 0 M i 1
P ( ) 1 e 2 / / e / [1 2Q( 2 / )] , 0
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Conclusions
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Conclusions
Diversity combining
MRC outperforms Selection Combining
Equal Gain Combining (EGC) performs very close to
MRC. Unlike the MRC, the estimate of channel gain is
not required in EGC
Among different combining techniques
MRC has the best performance and the highest
complexity
SC has the lowest performance and the lowest
complexity
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