Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
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Nazarbayev University
Astana, Kazakhstan
Revised: January 2015 from Laboratory Manual of Zachry Dept. of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University
Table of Contents
Laboratory Safety........................................................................................................................... vi
Safety Training & Basic Rules for ECE 302 ......................................................................................... vi
Some Important Safety Rules ................................................................................................................ vi
Format for Engineering Testing Reports (Long Format, for Reports 2 and 3) ............................. xv
Laboratory Grade Sheet: Formal (Long) Report (ECE 302) ............................................................ xxi
Format for Engineering Testing Reports (Short Format, for Reports 1, 4, 5, and 6).................. xxii
Laboratory Grade Sheet: Informal (Short) Report (ECE 302) ........................................................ xxiii
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Determination of Dry-Rodded (Loose) Unit Weight (DRUW) and Percent Voids in Aggregate (Text Exp
#9, ASTM C 29/C 29 M-90) ......................................................................................................................... 13
Determination of Absorption Capacity (AC) (ASTM C127, C128, Text Exp #7, 8) .................................... 13
Determination of Specific Gravity (G or SG) (Text Exp #7,8, ASTM C127, C128) .................................... 14
Determination of Permeability (k) of Blends ................................................................................................ 15
Data Collection ..................................................................................................................................... 18
Lab Report 1 Topics ............................................................................................................................. 21
Lab 2b: Asphalt Concrete Binder Testing and Asphalt Concrete Stiffness and Strength Properties
....................................................................................................................................................... 32
Objectives ............................................................................................................................................. 32
Apparatus and Tools ............................................................................................................................. 32
Procedures ............................................................................................................................................ 33
Viscosity Determination of Asphalt Binders Using Rotational Viscometer (AASHTO TP48, ASTM D4402,
Text Exp #21) ................................................................................................................................................ 33
Asphalt Binder Data Collection..................................................................................................................... 35
Determination of Bulk Specific Gravity (ASTM D 2726, Text Exp #27)..................................................... 35
Determination of Modulus of Elasticity (E): ................................................................................................. 37
Splitting Tensile Test: ................................................................................................................................... 39
Lab 2c: Measuring the Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (COTE) of Asphalt Concrete 40
Objectives ............................................................................................................................................. 40
Apparatus.............................................................................................................................................. 40
Procedures ............................................................................................................................................ 40
Calculations .......................................................................................................................................... 41
Lab Report 2 Topics ............................................................................................................................. 42
Lab 4: High Strength Portland Cement Concrete: Design and Competition ................................ 61
Objectives ............................................................................................................................................. 61
Safety Considerations ........................................................................................................................... 61
Procedures ............................................................................................................................................ 61
Important .............................................................................................................................................. 62
Calculation Notes ................................................................................................................................. 62
Data Collection ..................................................................................................................................... 63
Lab Report 4 Topics ............................................................................................................................. 64
Lab 5a: Masonry Units, Preparation Of Mortar And Prism Specimens ....................................... 66
Objectives ............................................................................................................................................. 66
Apparatus.............................................................................................................................................. 66
Procedures ............................................................................................................................................ 66
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Mortar Mixing (ASTM C305) ....................................................................................................................... 66
Measuring Flow of Mortar ............................................................................................................................ 67
Casting Mortar Cubes (ASTM C109) ........................................................................................................... 68
Bond and Compression Prism Preparation .................................................................................................... 69
Compressive Strength of Brick Units ............................................................................................................ 70
Modulus of Rupture (MOR) of Brick Units (Center-Point Loading) ............................................................ 71
Initial Rate of Absorption (IRA) or Suction .................................................................................................. 72
Data Collection ..................................................................................................................................... 73
v|Page
Laboratory Safety
Read the Laboratory Safety Basic Student Guidelines (below); FILL IN, SIGN, and bring the
Student Safety Contract Agreement to your first full Lab session.
Within the first week of the semester, complete the two online safety training courses. Go to
http://labsafety.tamu.edu/training/default.htm. It is recommended that you use Internet Explorer
since other browsers may yield errors. On the lower right you will see the heading Group
Specific Training, with the following links below: Shop & Tool Safety Training, and
Laboratory Safety. You must complete BOTH.
1) After clicking on one of the two training modules, complete the training by listening to the
instructions and viewing each presentation.
2) Take the quiz. You must get the quiz 100% correct to pass (you can retake it as many times
as you need to)
3) After getting 100% on the quiz, capture the screen where you have earned 100% points.
4) PREPARE 1 PAGE REPORT where you enter the following information:
Name: (your name here)
UIN: (your UIN here)
Email: (your email here)
Supervisor Name: (enter Course Instructor name here)
Supervisor Email: (enter email address of Course Instructor here)
Screen capture showing safety quiz result
5) PRINT OUT YOUR PAGE and Bring it to your TA or Professor in the next lab. class.
6) Remember to do each of these steps for BOTH training modules (i.e. you need to bring TWO
printed lab. report to your TA or Professor showing you passed BOTH training modules)
No open-toed shoes are to be worn in the lab. Wear closed-toed shoes during labs.
Wear long pants in the lab. No shorts are to be worn during labs.
Pull and tie long hair back.
Do not bring cell phones, food, or drinks into the lab. Leave these items in the classroom.
No horseplay in the lab.
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Any chemical spills are to be cleaned up immediately following the Material Safety Data Sheet
(MSDS) guidelines; and the lab technician and TA are to be notified.
If any equipment malfunctions, stop using it and notify the lab technician and TA immediately.
THANKS!
E-mail your TA or professor if you have any questions.
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Basic Student Guidelines
Please read these Safety Guidelines, complete and sign the last page and give it to your instructor.
While it may seem unlikely that an accident could happen to you, you should know the accident rate in
universities is 10 to 100 times greater than in the industry. To help prevent accidents, safety notes are
included in the lab manual. In addition, relevant Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) are in a laboratory
binder and guidelines are posted.
It is your responsibility to follow the instructions in the lab manual and any additional guidelines
provided by your instructor. It is also your responsibility to be familiar with the location and operation of
safety equipment such as eyewash units, showers, fire extinguishers, chemical spill cleanup kits etc.
Questions about chemicals can be answered by referring to the appropriate MSDS. If you need help
deciphering an MSDS, please see your instructor.
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General Laboratory Safety Guidelines
Wear PPE goggles whenever you use chemicals. Bring your own, or obtain them from your
instructor or the lab manager. You will not be allowed to complete a laboratory without goggles.
Wear PPE gloves as instructed. Assume hands are contaminated even if gloves are worn. Avoid
touching your face and eyes. Wash frequently during the lab and before you leave the lab. It is
highly recommended that you bring extra gloves to each laboratory session.
Wear appropriate protective clothing. Avoid open-toed shoes, sandals, shorts and shirts with
dangling sleeves. Tie back long hair and avoid dangling jewelry.
Clean your workstation and return all glassware and materials to appropriate stations before
leaving the lab.
Always read the label information and the MSDS. Do not remove information labels from
bottles. If a label is missing notify your instructor.
Do not eat, drink, smoke, use your cell phone, or apply cosmetics in the laboratory.
Avoid all horseplay in the laboratory.
Dispose of sharps waste properly place broken glass in the glass discard container, metal in
the metal waste container, and place other waste materials in the designated container(s).
Keep flammable chemicals away from heat sources. Note that hotplates retain heat after being
turned off and Bunsen burner flames may appear nearly invisible. Treat both with caution.
Do not mouth pipette liquids, sniff chemicals or ingest them.
Clean spills promptly. Alert your instructor to ALL chemical spills, and follow spill response
guidelines from the material safety data sheet.
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Student Safety Contract Agreement
College of Engineering
Nazarbayev University
By signing this form, I verify that I have read, understood, and agreed to follow the safety regulations
required for this course as established by the College of Engineering and Nazarbayev University. I have
located all emergency equipment and PPE, and now know how to use it. While in the laboratory,
improper conduct and horseplay of any kind that may endanger others or myself will not be tolerated and
appropriate disciplinary action will be taken. I understand that I may be dismissed from this laboratory for
failure to comply with the established safety procedures for this laboratory, and with all College of
Engineering, Nazarbayev University Safety Rules:
Date: ________________
Instructor: ____________________________________________________________________
Address: _____________________________________________________________________
(Optional: Any special medical conditions or other comments pertaining to laboratory safety)
Signature: _________________________________________________________
x|Page
Letter
STUDENT LABORATORY SAFETY AGREEMENT (LSA)
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
NAZARBAYEV UNIVERSITY
By signing this form, I verify that I will read, understand, and agree to follow the safety practices required
for this course as established by the professor, by the College of Engineering, by the Engineering Safety
Office, and by Nazarbayev University. I will locate all emergency equipment and personal protective
equipment (PPE), I will learn how to use the PPE, and I will always use the appropriate PPE for the work
that I am doing.
I fully commit to conducting my studies in a safe, healthful and secure manner, in compliance with the
School of Engineering (Nazarabyev University) Honor Code, the Engineering Code of Ethics, and by the
established safety rules, in order to reduce risk to myself and others, and to facilitate the safe and
successful completion of this Engineering course.
I will complete all requisite safety training for this course as directed by my professor. I will be prepared
to be tested on my safety knowledge and performance in this course.
I acknowledge that while in the laboratory, improper conduct and horseplay of any kind that may
endanger others or myself will not be tolerated, and appropriate disciplinary action will be taken. I will
never work in the laboratory alone, and I will never leave an experiment running unattended. I understand
that I may be dismissed from this laboratory course for failure to comply with the established safety
procedures for this laboratory and with all College of Engineering, Nazarbayev University Safety Rules.
Signature
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Introduction
Welcome to ECE 302 Civil Engineering Materials. This course is imperative for any civil
engineer no matter what their option or interest. Any project that is being designed, constructed,
reconstructed, rehabilitated, renovated, remodeled, repaired, or redesigned will have to consider the types
of materials being used. The study of those materials will be based on their mechanical and physical
properties along with how they are combined to affect constructability. Information from other
engineering classes will also be useful.
Each laboratory session is designed to provide hands-on experience with some of the most
common materials used by civil engineers. At the end of this course, you should have an understanding of
what types of materials are best suited for different applications, and you should be able to develop a test
program for those materials.
For every laboratory session you will find information within this manual that will help you plan
for and complete the work. Data sheets, procedures, and space for note taking are included in this manual.
If used correctly, this manual will not only help get you through this course, but could serve as future
reference material.
This manual and the laboratory exercises are constantly being improved, and there may be
changes or additions to the laboratory exercises described in this manual. Your laboratory instructor will
provide information on any changes.
As you will notice soon, this ECE 302 is intensive. You will be expected to perform in a prompt
and professional manner. In order to avoid any misunderstanding that may occur between you and your
TA and to insure that you receive maximum credit for your work, the following guidelines must be
followed:
General Guidelines
Every machine, instrument, equipment, tool, etc. used to conduct the test must be clean and be
returned to its original place after you are done with the experiment.
When making specimens or running tests, DO NOT DISCARD any excess material until all
specimens have been made and tests have been performed. After specimens are made and tests
are performed, discard the rest of the material in the black plastic bins or other place as indicated
by the instructor.
Specimens (of any kind and type) must be labeled. Use label tag and/or markers for this purpose.
Label with: date, course #, section #, group #, sample #, and any additional information that your
T.A./L.T. deems is necessary.
After your concrete (or mortar) specimens are cast, the mixer (whether it is a concrete mixer,
mortar mixer, etc.) must be cleaned thoroughly. No concrete, aggregate, mortar or paste
whatsoever should remain in the mixer. When cleaning the concrete mixer, do not dump any
remaining material on the ground. Use a wheel barrow for this purpose. Then, discard the
material from the wheelbarrow into the black plastic bins. Hose out the mixer.
Always sweep the entire area around the concrete mixer.
Do not flush concrete or mortar down any drain under any circumstance.
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The following day (at a time specified by the TA/LT), concrete/mortar specimens must be taken
out from molds and moved to the 100% humidity room (unless instructed otherwise by the
instructor). If necessary, label your specimens with a permanent marker with the same
information as the label tag (label tags can get ripped off easily when wet).
All molds must be washed, cleaned and reassembled IMMEDIATELY after demolding, and
returned back to your own workstation.
After testing your specimens (compressive strength, flexure, splitting tensile, etc), the crushed
specimens should be dumped in the big dumpsters. Use a wheel barrow for this purpose. Always
sweep the floor around the test machine used.
Before leaving the lab, all groups must write down their data in the folder assigned for their
section, so that other groups will have access to the data. This will enable all groups to conduct
proper analyses.
Always check with the T.A. when you are finished with the lab before you leave.
Important
Failure to follow and meet any of the above guidelines will result in a 5 point penalty to the lab
report for the first time, 10 points for the second time, 15 points for the third time and so on. The
TA may impose additional penalties depending on the severity of the violation of the above
guidelines. This policy will be implemented from the beginning of the semester.
Note: It is your responsibility to understand and abide by the above guidelines. The TA is not obliged
and is not responsible for reminding you of the above guidelines and times.
Laboratory Teamwork
Much of the work in the laboratory is done as a group effort. Each group will consist of 4-5 members,
and the members will have specific roles in the preparation of Engineering Testing Reports (ETR) from
the results obtained during the laboratory sessions. Working as groups is vital due to the necessity of
coordinating the following tasks:
effective test plan
preparing and conducting tests
reference work
processing and interpretation of test results
compilation of reports
Understanding teamwork is extremely important. Effective teamwork makes a great difference in this
course to your learning and the promptness of the requested deliverables. Often, you are required to share
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test data between different groups in preparing the material testing reports. Therefore, it is your
responsibility to share data where and when it becomes necessary.
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Format for Engineering Testing Reports
(Long Format, for Reports 2 and 3)
This format is used to report information at the completion of the following material studies: Asphalt
Concrete, and Portland Cement Concrete. This is a lengthy report and should be given extra care and
time. The long lab report should look like a formal report. Please double space the text in your report.
The following format is to be used:
1. Cover Letter
A cover letter is to be provided with the materials testing report as in a consultant's report with an
executive summary (indicating your important findings, itemized cost of your services, and any other
information which may be pertinent to the report). Your cover letter may have company address,
telephone and fax numbers and company logo. Remember that this letter is the first thing someone sees,
so take care in presenting it in a professional manner. It should be addressed to:
ECE 302 Engineering Group Block 6, Astana, Kazakhstan, 010000.
2. Title Page
A brief and descriptive title of the laboratory.
Your name and telephone number.
Full name of each team member and phone number.
Dates and names of objectives completed.
Date report submitted.
The bottom should contain the statement shown on the sample title page (next page) and be
signed by the person responsible for checking the data.
3. Table of contents
Abstract
Introduction
Procedure
Results and Discussion
Conclusions
Figures with captions
Figure 1: Stress vs. Strain for fiber beam
Figure 2: Detail of composite cylinder
Tables with captions
Table 1: Results for fiber cylinders
Table 2: Values used for slump comparisons
Appendices
Calculations
References
Original Data Sheets
All page numbers should be aligned on the right-hand side of the page. In addition, all figures
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and tables should be listed under the appropriate heading.
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Sample Title Page
Concrete
A complete report detailing principles, properties, and experimentation with Portland Cement in
Concrete.
xvii | P a g e
4. Abstract
This is a brief summary of what you did, what you found, and why it is important. These are seldom
longer than 6 to 10 sentences. .
5. Introduction
This section is about one page long. Any definitions and background literature are included in this
section. The importance of the experiments and topic of study in general is discussed. Additionally, the
principle objectives of the study are clearly stated.
6. Procedure
This section is a summarized listing of all steps taken to accomplish the experiments. Assume your
audience is familiar with the subject.
If a standard procedure was used (such as an ASTM standard), then you can refer to that procedure and do
not need to list all of the steps in that procedure. But make sure that you list the steps you used to get to
that procedure. Describe any deviations from standard procedures and refer to the appropriate ASTM
specifications.
You can use the Lab Manual as a reference, but you must summarize each procedure and specifically
indicate where to find more details for accomplishing that procedure.
Someone should be able to read the listing of your steps and the standards referred to, and duplicate your
results.
7. Results and Discussion (Including Answers to Questions Posed in the Lab Manual)
Typically this is the longest section of your paper. This section is dominated not by raw data, but by a
summary and an analysis of the results of your testing. The data are usually shown in tables and graphs;
and you must describe in the text what is in each table and graph. Only show data here that you discuss in
the section. Data that are not directly cited in this section should be included in an appendix rather than in
the results and discussion section.
Describe what you found out in the lab. Describe any problems encountered and discuss how to avoid
those problems in the future. Discuss the meaning of the findings from the laboratory exercise(s), and
also address any issues and questions posed in the lab manual.
Answers to the questions posed in the lab manual are to be integrated into the discussion and/or the
conclusions. Do not include a separate Answers to Questions section.
8. Conclusions
Primary conclusions that you reach from your discussion are located in this section. Primary conclusions
are often given in a bullet list. In some cases there may have been a question or problem asked in the lab.
The answer can be located in this section. This section is also used to list any recommendations.
9. Appendices
This section contains information regarding calculations, references, and the raw data.
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Laboratory Grade Sheet: Formal (Long) Report (ECE 302)
Section________ Group _____ Lab ____________ Grade _______
Objectives; Interest
Procedure..(5)_______ Comments:
Results and Discussion....(50)_______
Data; Accuracy; Tables and Graphs; Text;
Observations; Analysis; Comparisons; Expectations;
Implications; Organization; Logic; Completeness
Conclusions..(8)_______
Statements; Basis; Completeness
Appendix (2%)
Raw Data________
Accuracy; Correctness
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Format for Engineering Testing Reports
(Short Format, for Reports 1 and 5)
This format is used to report information at the completion of the following material studies: Aggregates,
Masonry, and Wood. The short report format includes only the following sections: Introduction, Results
and Discussion, Conclusions, and Appendices.
1. Introduction
This section is about one page long. Any definitions and background literature are included in this
section. The importance of the experiments and topic of study in general is discussed. Additionally, the
principle objectives of the study are clearly stated.
2. Results and Discussion (Including Answers to Questions Posed in the Lab Manual)
Typically this is the longest section of your paper. This section is dominated not by raw data, but by a
summary and an analysis of the results of your testing. The data are usually shown in tables and graphs;
and you must describe in the text what is in each table and graph. Only show data here that you discuss in
the section. Data that are not directly cited in this section should be included in an appendix rather than in
the results and discussion section.
Describe what you found out in the lab. Describe any problems encountered and discuss how to
avoid those problems in the future. Discuss the meaning of the findings from the laboratory exercise(s),
and also address any issues and questions posed in the lab manual.
3. Conclusions
Primary conclusions that you reach from your discussion are located in this section. Primary conclusions
are often given in a bullet list. In some cases there may have been a question or problem asked in the lab.
The answer can be located in this section. This section is also used to list any recommendations.
4. Appendices
This section contains information regarding calculations, references, and the raw data.
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Laboratory Grade Sheet: Informal (Short) Report (ECE 302)
Appendix (4%)
Raw Data...________
Accuracy; Correctness
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Format for Engineering Letter Report
(Report 4)
This format is used to report information at the completion of the following material study: High
Strength Concrete. The letter report format includes only the following sections: Introduction, Results and
Discussion, Conclusions, and Appendices.
1. Introduction
This section is about one page long. Any definitions and background literature are included in this
section. The importance of the experiments and topic of study in general is discussed. Additionally, the
principle objectives of the study are clearly stated.
2. Results and Discussion (Including Answers to Questions Posed in the Lab Manual)
Typically this is the longest section of your paper. This section is dominated not by raw data, but by a
summary and an analysis of the results of your testing. The data are usually shown in tables and graphs;
and you must describe in the text what is in each table and graph. Only show data here that you discuss in
the section. Data that are not directly cited in this section should be included in an appendix rather than in
the results and discussion section.
Describe what you found out in the lab. Describe any problems encountered and discuss how to
avoid those problems in the future. Discuss the meaning of the findings from the laboratory exercise(s),
and also address any issues and questions posed in the lab manual.
3. Conclusions
Primary conclusions that you reach from your discussion are located in this section. Primary conclusions
are often given in a bullet list. In some cases there may have been a question or problem asked in the lab.
The answer can be located in this section. This section is also used to list any recommendations.
4. Appendices
This section contains information regarding calculations, references, and the raw data.
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Lab 1: Aggregates
Objectives
The primary objective of this lab is to formulate a classification system for aggregates from an
engineering use point of view. The classification system should be developed around properties of the
aggregate you observe or measure. Based on the various tests performed, you should be able to generate
a specification using the classification system for use of the aggregates in concrete and asphalt materials.
The following sub-objectives are included:
Lab 1A: Determine aggregate gradation for individual aggregate fractions and develop blends
using the aggregate fractions
Lab 1B: Describe permeability in terms of dry rodded unit weight (DRUW), specific gravity
(SG), % voids, and gradation
Tests
Sample aggregates, ASTM D75; and Text , Sampling Aggregates (Lab 1A)
Sieve analysis of aggregates and develop blends; Text Exp #6 (Lab 1A)
Specific gravity and absorption of coarse aggregate; Text Exp #7 (Lab 1B)
Specific gravity and absorption of fine aggregate; Text Exp #8 (Lab 1B)
Permeability of aggregate blend (Lab 1B)
Unit weight of aggregates, Text Exp #9 (Lab 1B)
Gradation (particle size distribution), DRUW, % voids, and permeability of the aggregate blends
Standard references are listed in the textbook procedures
Safety Considerations
1|Page
Lab 1a: Aggregate Gradation
Objectives
Familiarize yourself with aggregate gradation testing procedures and obtain gradation data for
analysis.
Apparatus
Procedures
Each group will sieve and develop a gradation for each of two aggregate types, according to Table 1.a-1.
DO NOT MIX THE TWO TYPES OF AGGREGATE. Each group will also calculate a dense and an
open (gap) graded blend of three aggregate types, according to Table 1.a-7.
2|Page
Aggregate Gradation (ASTM C702, D75 and C136; Text Exp. #6)
1. Obtain the aggregate from your assigned aggregate stockpile bin.
2. Weigh out your assigned aggregate sample (weights given in Table 1.a-1) in a bowl and record it
as original sample weight in the corresponding Table 1.a-2 through 1.a-6.
3. Clean all sieves; make sure there are no particles remaining from previous tests.
4. Weigh all sieves (including the pan) to be used before proceeding; record this information on
Tables 1.a-2 through 1.a-6.
5. Stack the 5 largest sieves with the pan on the bottom. Use sieve sizes in the same order as noted
in Tables 1.a-2 1.a-6 for each aggregate type.
6. Pour the aggregate sample onto the top sieve and let it trickle down; cover with lid and place in
mechanical sieve shaker, making sure it is tightly mounted and secured.
7. Shake sieves for 5 minutes.
8. Remove sieves from shaker; take the lid off, weigh each sieve with retained aggregate and record
it. Do not weigh the pan yet.
9. Pour the contents of the pan into a dry bowl; stack the remaining smaller sieves, place the pan
back on the bottom of the new set of stacked sieves and pour the bowl contents onto the top sieve.
10. Cover with the lid and shake again for 5 min.
11. Remove sieves from shaker; take the lid off, weigh each sieve (including pan this time) with
retained aggregate and record it.
12. If the % loss is greater than 2.0% in any gradation, repeat test.
13. Return each aggregate sample to its corresponding storage bin, clean your station and return all
equipment to its corresponding place. Failure to do so will result in a penalty to the lab grade.
Table 1.a-1. Aggregate Assignments for Sieve Analyses (each group will perform two sieve analyses)
Coarse or Intermediate Aggregate Fine Aggregate
Group
Type Mass (g) Type Mass (g)
1 Intermediate River Gravel (IRG) 500 River Sand 500
2 Coarse Limestone (CLS) 1000 River Sand 500
3|Page
Data Collection
Table 1.a-2. Sieve Analysis Data Collection and Worksheet for Coarse River Gravel (CRG)
Weight of Weight %
Sieve Size Weight of Total % Total %
Sieve and Retained Retained
(Inch or #) Sieve (g) Retained Passing
Aggregate (g) (g) on Sieve
1-1/2
1
3/4
1/2
3/8
#4
#8
Pan
Total Retained Mass(g) =
Original Sample Mass(g) =
Percent Loss (%) =
Fineness Modulus (FM) =
Table 1.a-3. Sieve Analysis Data Collection and Worksheet for Coarse Limestone (CLS)
Weight of Weight %
Sieve Size Weight of Total % Total %
Sieve and Retained Retained
(Inch or #) Sieve (g) Retained Passing
Aggregate (g) (g) on Sieve
1-1/2
1
3/4
1/2
3/8
#4
#8
Pan
Total Retained Mass (g)=
Original Sample Mass (g) =
Percent Loss (%) =
Fineness Modulus (FM)=
4|Page
Table 1.a-4. Sieve Analysis Data Collection and Worksheet for Intermediate River Gravel (IRG).
Weight of Weight %
Sieve Size Weight of Total % Total %
Sieve and Retained Retained
(Inch or #) Sieve (g) Retained Passing
Aggregate (g) (g) on Sieve
1/2
3/8
#4
#8
# 16
# 30
# 50
# 100
# 200
PAN
Total Retained Mass (g)=
Original Sample Mass (g)=
Percent Loss (%) =
Fineness Modulus(FM)=
Table 1.a-5. Sieve Analysis Data Collection and Worksheet for Intermediate Limestone (ILS)
Weight of Weight
Sieve Size Weight of % Retained Total % Total %
Sieve and Retained
(Inch or #) Sieve (g) on Sieve Retained Passing
Aggregate (g) (g)
1/2
3/8
#4
#8
# 16
# 30
# 50
# 100
# 200
PAN
Total Retained Mass (g)=
Original Sample Mass (g)=
Percent Loss (%) =
Fineness Modulus (FM)=
5|Page
Table 1.a-6. Sieve Analysis Data Collection and Worksheet for Fine Aggregate (River Sand).
Weight of Weight
Sieve Size Weight of % Retained Total % Total %
Sieve and Retained
(Inch or #) Sieve (g) on Sieve Retained Passing
Aggregate (g) (g)
#4
#8
# 16
# 30
# 50
# 100
# 200
Pan
Total Retained Mass (g) =
Original Sample Mass (g) =
Percent Loss (%) =
Fineness Modulus (FM) =
6|Page
Calculation Notes
Maximum density curve (the maximum density of percent passing vs. sieve size with n = 0.45):
= 100
Where:
P = percentage finer than the sieve (= percent passing)
d = sieve size in question
D = maximum size of aggregate to be used
n = coefficient of adjustment = 0.45
Fineness Modulus: one-hundredth of the sum of the cumulative percent weight retained on the # 100,
#50, #30, #16, #8, #4, 3/8-in., -in., 1-in., 3-in., and 6-in. sieves. For fine
aggregates, sieves larger than 3/8-in. are not used.
Data Collection
Table 1.a-7. Aggregate Combinations for Aggregate Blend Analyses. All groups use the River Sand for
the Fine Aggregate
Intermediate
Group No. Coarse Aggregate Gradation Type Blend #
Aggregate
Dense Graded 1
1 River Gravel (CRG) River Gravel (IRG)
Open Graded 2
Dense Graded 3
2 Limestone (CLS) River Gravel (IRG)
Open Graded 4
Dense Graded 5
3 Limestone (CLS) Limestone (ILS)
Open Graded 6
Dense Graded 7
4 River Gravel (CRG) Limestone (ILS)
Open Graded 8
7|Page
Table 1.a-8. Open Graded Blend Calculation Worksheet
8|Page
Table 1.a-10. Aggregate Blends: Chosen (Optimum) Combinations
Group Coarse Intermediate Blend
Gradation Type % CA % IA % FA
No. Aggregate Aggregate #
9|Page
Figure 1.a-3. Semi-Log Aggregate Gradation Chart
10 | P a g e
Lab 1b: Aggregate AC, SG, %Voids, UW and
Permeability
Objectives
To examine the specific gravity (SG), dry rodded (loose) unit weight (DRUW), and moisture condition of
a variety of aggregates. It is important to realize that the properties of aggregate, in addition to its
mineralogy, are evaluated based on both SSD SG and oven dry SG and related to design requirements
such as permeability, for example.
Definitions
Gradation: Particle distribution of aggregate source
Oven Dry: No water in accessible pores
Air (Stock) Dry: Accessible pores in aggregate partially filled
SSD: Saturated Surface Dry; Accessible pores filled and surface dry
Wet: Accessible pores filled and surface wet
Absorption Capacity (AC): Weight of water absorbed by oven dry aggregate to bring aggregate to
SSD state; (does not include water adhering to the outside surface of the
particles) expressed as percentage of the oven dry weight.
Surface moisture content (SMC): Weight of water adsorbed onto surface of the aggregate, expressed as
percentage of dry weight.
Moisture content (MC): Weight of water in an aggregate sample, expressed as percentage of dry
weight.
Specific gravity (G): The ratio of the weight of a unit volume of material to the weight of the
same volume of water at 20 to 25 C (68 to 77 F).
Apparent SG (GSA): The ratio of the oven dry weight in air of a unit volume of an
impermeable material at a stated temperature to the weight of an equal
volume of gas free distilled water at a stated temperature.
SSD Bulk SG (GSSD): The ratio of the SSD weight in air of a permeable material (including
both permeable and impermeable voids normal for the material) at a
stated temperature to the weight of an equal volume of gas free distilled
water at a stated temperature.
OD Bulk SG (GSB_OD): The overall volume of the oven dry aggregate including the volume of
the pores or capillaries, which become filled with water in 24 h of
soaking.
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Apparatus
Figure 1.b-1. Digital scale, Unit weight bucket, Mold, Tamper, Rods, Stopwatch, and Permeameter.
Procedures
Refer to Tables 1.a-1 for the aggregate types and 1.a-7 and 1.a-10 for the aggregate blends and
proportions, respectively, to be tested by each group. All groups are to test the fine aggregate (river
sand).
12 | P a g e
Determination of Dry-Rodded (Loose) Unit Weight (DRUW) and Percent Voids in
Aggregate (Text Exp #9, ASTM C 29/C 29 M-90)
1. Use Table 1.b-2 to record the following information
2. Weigh the empty unit weight bucket and record it as Wbucket.
3. Fill the bucket in three layers; rod each layer 25 times.
4. After filling in 3 layers up to the top, level the surface with the tamping rod.
5. Weigh the bucket with the aggregate and record it as Wbucket + agg.
6. Repeat steps 2 to 4 for the other type of aggregate assigned to you and your two blends.
7. Find the inside volume of the unit weight bucket (either by using a ruler or filling it up with
water), and record as Vbucket in Table 1.b-2.
8. Calculate the DRUW (in lb/ft3) and %Voids using the formulas given.
Determination of Absorption Capacity (AC) (ASTM C127, C128, Text Exp #7, 8)
1. Use Table 1.b-3 to record the following information.
2. You were given two bowls: one with sand, and one with coarse or intermediate aggregate (both
are soaked in water). Note: The soaked aggregate samples will be used to determine both
Specific Gravity and Absorption Capacity (do not use the entire sample for one test or dispose of
any sample unless both tests are finished).
3. Decant excess water from the soaked samples but do not lose any aggregate. You can let organic
material and material finer than the #200 sieve rinse out.
4. Bring the aggregates to SSD condition:
o For Fine aggregate (sand): Spread the aggregates on the tray, turn on the dryer, and
move the sand continuously. Perform this operation until the sample reaches free-flowing
condition according to the cone test (a good indication of SSD condition is when the sand
does not stick to your fingers anymore). Do not over-dry the aggregate or let the
aggregate air-dry for more than 10 minutes
o Cone Test: Make space for the cone test on the tray, place the cone mold on the
tray and fill it up with sand until it overflows without compacting it; grab the
small hammer and while holding the cone let the hammer drop (do not push it
down) a height of from above the top of the sand 15 times only; lift the cone
mold vertically: the sand is at SSD if it collapses partially after you scratch the
bottom of the sand cone.
o For Coarse and Intermediate aggregates: Bring the aggregates to SSD state by patting
off the surface moisture with a towel. Do not over-dry the aggregates or let the aggregates
air-dry for more than 5 minutes.
5. Obtain half the volume of the sample in SSD state and record its weight as Wssd (grams) in Table
1.b-3.
6. Label the sample with the following information:
o Group
o Section
13 | P a g e
o Test name (AC)
o SSD Aggregate Weight (Wssd)
7. Repeat Steps 4 and 5 for the other type of aggregate assigned to you.
8. Get the TAs approval before taking your samples to the oven.
9. Place the samples in the oven and leave them there overnight.
10. After 24 hours, retrieve your samples from the oven, weigh the sample in the bowl, and record the
weight as oven-dry weight+bowl (Wod+bowl); dispose of the dry aggregate sample, weigh the bowl
and record it (Wbowl). DO NOT FORGET TO WEIGH THE BOWL.
11. NOTE: Failure to properly label all samples and/or failure to return after 24 hours for the oven
dry weight will result in a penalty to lab grade.
Determination of Specific Gravity (G or SG) (Text Exp #7,8, ASTM C127, C128)
1. Use Table 1.b-4 to record the following information.
2. Obtain an SSD sample (for each fine and coarse aggregate; do fine aggregate first) according to
Determination of Absorption Capacity instructions. Record its weight as Wssd sample (grams) in
Table 1.b-4 before proceeding.
3. Obtain a pycnometer; submerge pycnometer in the water bath until full and place the lid onto the
pycnometer while inside the water; take the pycnometer out of the water bath, dry off excess
water from the outside and weigh. Record it as Wpyc+water (grams).
4. Remove half of the water from the pycnometer and carefully pour in one of the weighed SSD
aggregates. Only ONE type of aggregate should be in the pycnometer.
5. With the pycnometer half full with water and the SSD sample inside, cover with vacuum lid,
apply vacuum, and vibrate the pycnometer to remove any air bubbles attached to the aggregates.
Wait for 10 min.
6. Remove the pycnometer from the vacuum apparatus.
7. CAREFULLY submerge pycnometer with aggregates in the water bath until full, place the lid on
the pycnometer while still inside the water bath; have the T.A. check your water bath at this time
for loss of fines.
8. Take the closed pycnometer out of the bath, dry off the excess water and record the weight of the
pycnometer-sample-water system as Wpyc+ssd sample+water (grams).
9. With extreme care and not losing grains, completely remove the aggregate sample from the
pycnometer and place the sample in a bowl (it does not matter if some water is present in the
bowl).
10. Label the sample with the following information:
o Group
o Section
o Test name (SG)
o SSD Aggregate Weight (Wssd sample)
11. Repeat steps 3 through 10 for your other type of aggregate.
14 | P a g e
12. After 24 hours, retrieve your sample from the oven, weigh the sample and the bowl, and record
the weight as oven-dry weight+bowl (Wod+bowl); dispose of the dry aggregate sample, weigh the
bowl, and record it (Wbowl). Remember to use Table 1.b-4 for all this information.
13. NOTE: Failure to properly label all samples and/or failure to return after 24 hours for the oven
dry weight will result in a penalty to the groups lab grade.
Record the summary of all data obtained from the above procedures in Table 1.b-11.
Calculation Notes
Dry Rodded Unit Weight:
= =
% =
Where:
DRUW = unit weight of the aggregate, lb/ft3 or kg/m3
WAB = weight of aggregate plus bucket, lb or kg
WB = weight of the bucket, lb or kg
GSB-OD = Specific Gravity (oven dry) of Aggregate
15 | P a g e
w = Density of Water (62.4 lb/ft3 or 1,000 kg/m3)
WA = WAB - WB
VB = volume of the bucket, ft3 or m3
Absorption Capacity:
= 100
Moisture Content:
= 100
Where:
WSSD = SSD weight of the sample
WOD = OD weight of the sample
WStock = Stock weight of the sample (anywhere from air dry to wet)
=
+
=
+
=
+
16 | P a g e
Where:
A = weight of the oven dry sample
B = weight of the SSD sample
C = weight of the Pycnometer filled with water
D = weight of the Pycnometer with SSD sample in water
Permeability:
= 2.303
Where:
L = length of the specimen, in
t = time water is flowing through aggregate, sec
h1 = initial height of water, in
h2 = final height of water, in
+ + +
=
+ + +
Where:
Pi = Percentages by weight of aggregate type 1, 2, ... , n
Gi = Specific gravity of aggregate type 1, 2, ... , n
Gblend = Specific gravity of aggregate blend
17 | P a g e
Data Collection
Table 1.b-1. Moisture Content (MC)
Wstock+ bowl Wod + bowl MC
Aggregate Wbowl (g) Wstock (g) Wod (g)
(g) (g) (%)
Coarse River Gravel
(CRG)
Coarse Limestone (CLS)
Int. River Gravel (IRG)
Int. Limestone (ILS)
Sand
Sand
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Table 1.b-4. Specific Gravity (SG or G)*
Wssd Wpyc + Wod
Wpyc Wssd W
sample + Wbowl water + ssd sample Wod Gsb-
Aggregate + water sample bowl Gssd Gsa
Wbowl (g) sample +Wbowl (g) od
(g) (g) (g)
(g) (g) (g)
Coarse
River
Gravel
(CRG)
Coarse
Lime-stone
(CLS)
Int. River
Gravel
(IRG)
Int. Lime-
stone (ILS)
Sand
*The Specific Gravity of the blends can be obtained through the use of the formula introduced above.
19 | P a g e
Table 1.b-6. Permeability, k
Group 1
Type Agg 1/Agg 2/Sand Length (in) Height 1 (in) Height 2 (in) Time (s) K (in/s)
Open / /Sand
Dense / /Sand
Group 2
Type Agg 1/Agg 2/Sand Length (in) Height 1 (in) Height 2 (in) Time (s) K (in/s)
Open / /Sand
Dense / /Sand
Group 3
Type Agg 1/Agg 2/Sand Length (in) Height 1 (in) Height 2 (in) Time (s) K (in/s)
Open / /Sand
Dense / /Sand
Group 4
Type Agg 1/Agg 2/Sand Length (in) Height 1 (in) Height 2 (in) Time (s) K (in/s)
Open / /Sand
Dense / /Sand
20 | P a g e
Lab Report 1 Topics
Lab Report 1 Minimum Items Required in the Engineering Report
In general, a statistical analysis (including average, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation) is
required for every test with multiple replicates, including when data from other sections is needed to
supplement your sections data.
Show ALL test data in appropriate tables, plots and graphs. Data not directly discussed should be
included in the Appendix. PLOTS and TABLES are ENCOURAGED.
List the test procedures (by ASTM or other standard designation) you followed.
Illustrate the gradations you determined during this lab. Plot gradation curves for 5 types of
aggregates (for your section). Sand gradation will need to be the average of all 4 groups in your
section. Remember: a statistical analysis is required. Discuss the data variation for the sand.
Determine the fineness modulus (FM) for each of the 5 types of aggregates (river gravel and
limestone; coarse, intermediate, and fine for your section). Sand FM will need to be the average
of all 4 groups; remember: a statistical analysis is required. Discuss the data variation for the
sand.
Show a small table with percentages (%CA, %IA, and %FA) chosen for all 8 blends (from all 4
groups); only your sections data is needed.
Plot gradation curves for all open graded blends (4) in semi-log chart(s) (Template shown in
Figure 1.a-3 on page 1-10); only your sections data are needed. Compare.
Show a comparison to the theoretical max density curve of all of the dense blend gradation curves
(4) in 0.45-power chart(s) (Template shown in Figure 1.a-2 on page 1-10); only your sections
data are needed. Discuss.
Discuss how FM, % voids, and DRUW vary with gradation type (as it pertains to Lab 1b).
21 | P a g e
Lab 2: Asphalt Concrete
Safety Considerations
Ovens, asphalt binder, and asphalt concrete are hot Always wear oven gloves to handle the
material and the molds
Avoid prolonged contact of asphaltic material with skin
Avoid excessive breathing of asphalt fumes and Varsol fumes
Use care when working with the gyratory compactor; it has moving parts so be watchful of long
hair and loose clothing
Wear rubber gloves when cleaning tools in the Varsol tub
22 | P a g e
Lab 2a: Prepare Asphalt Concrete
Specimens
Objectives
To find the Rice specific gravity of loose hot mix asphalt (HMA) samples
To compact HMA samples prepared with different binder contents using a gyratory compactor
To perform the volumetric analysis of the compacted HMA samples
To select the design asphalt content of the mix and compare the volumetric properties of the
designed mix to the Superpave mix design criteria.
To measure the COTE of asphalt concrete (AC)
Gyratory Compactor
Compaction molds
Paper disks for compaction
Temperature controlled oven
Flat-bottom metal pans
Weighing scale
Gloves for handling hot equipment
Markers or crayons for identifying the samples
Large scoop
Spoon or small scoop
DEMEC strain measurement gauge
23 | P a g e
Figure 2a-1. Gyratory compactor for making cylindrical asphalt concrete specimens
Procedures
Prepare samples, analyze the volumetric properties of the mix, select the design asphalt content, and
check if the Superpave criteria are met using the following binder contents:
Table 2.a-1. Binder contents by weight of aggregate and by weight of mix for each lab group
Binder content by weight of Binder content by total weight
Group
aggregate (%) of mix (%)
1 5.0 4.8
2 5.6 5.3
3 6.2 5.8
4 6.7 6.3
24 | P a g e
The aggregate gradations and properties of the aggregates used in the mixes are provided under the
Supplemental Information section at the end of Lab 2. A PG 64-22 asphalt binder is used. The mixing of
the asphalt binder with the aggregate is conducted at 305F (151.6C) followed by a short-term oven aging
for 2 hours at 275F (135C). For safety reasons, pre-made and short-term oven aged HMA is already
provided. The compaction temperature is 290F (143.3C).
A batch of about 14,000 grams of asphalt concrete mix is provided to each group. This amount should be
enough to prepare two compacted samples of 4,500g each and two or three Rice specific gravity samples
of 1,000 g each. The number of gyrations required for a traffic level of 3 to 10 million ESALs is as
follows: initial = 8 gyrations, design = 96 gyrations, maximum = 152 gyrations.
25 | P a g e
Determination of Maximum Theoretical (Rice) Specific Gravity (ASTM D 2041)
(RUN TWO COMPLETE MAXIMUM THEORETICAL (RICE) SPECIFIC GRAVITY MEASUREMENTS
of 1,000 grams each; AND CHECK THE VARIABILITY OF THE CALCULATED VALUES AS
DESCRIBED BELOW. IF THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN YOUR TWO TEST RESULTS IS TOO HIGH,
THEN RUN A THIRD RICE SPECIFIC GRAVITY). Do not throw away your excess material until you
have checked variability of your results.
26 | P a g e
Data Collection
27 | P a g e
Calculation Notes
Maximum theoretical or Rice specific gravity:
=
+
Where:
A = mass of dry sample in air, g
B = mass of Pycnometer + water, g
C = mass of Pycnometer + water + sample, g
+ + +
=
+ + +
Where:
Pi = Percentages by weight of aggregate type 1, 2, , n
Gi = Specific gravity of aggregate type 1, 2, , n
Gblend = Specific gravity of aggregate blend
100
=
100
Where:
Gmm = maximum theoretical specific gravity of the mix
Pb = percent asphalt binder by total weight of mix
Gb = specific gravity of the asphalt binder = 1.03 (given)
28 | P a g e
Voids in the mineral aggregate (VMA):
= 100
Where:
Gmb = bulk specific gravity of the compacted mix
Gsb = bulk specific gravity of the total aggregate
Ps = percent aggregate by total weight of mix
= 100
Where:
Gmm = maximum theoretical specific gravity of the mix
Gmb = bulk specific gravity of the compacted mix
= 100
mix agg
The following relationship can be used to calculate Pb if Pb is known
1
= 100
1+
100
Where:
= Percent binder by weight of mix
= Percent binder by weight of aggregate
29 | P a g e
Supplemental Information
The specific gravity of the asphalt binder is 1.03
Assume that the Superpave aggregate gradation meets all specification requirements for an acceptable
aggregate structure.
The typical linear COTEs for the asphalt concrete components are:
Binder: (3.6*10-5)/(F-32)
Limestone: 3.58*10-6/F
Table 2.a-5. Coarse and fine aggregate properties for the mix design
Coarse aggregate angularity (%) 100/100 85/50 min
Fine aggregate angularity (%) 49 45 min
Flat & elongated particles (%) 0 10 max
Clay content 65 45 min
30 | P a g e
Figure 2.a-4. Phase Diagram of Asphalt Mixture
Lab 2b: Asphalt Concrete Binder Testing
and Asphalt Concrete Stiffness and
Strength Properties
Objectives
Weighing scale
Damp towel
Water bath
Rotational viscometer
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Figure 2.b-2. Schematic of the rotational viscometer.
Procedures
33 | P a g e
Note: Each workstation has a viscometer set at a different temperature (two workstations are at 135C).
Each team will have to move around from workstation to workstation in order to acquire data at 120C,
135C, and 160C.
Viscosity, Pa s
10
5
1
.5
.3 Compaction Range
.2 Mixing Range
.1
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200
Temperature, C
Figure 2.b-3. Plot for selecting the compaction and mixing temperature ranges. The specified viscosity
limits (for the purposes of this lab) for the mixing range are 0.15 to 0.20 Pa sec, and for the compaction
range are 0.25 to 0.30 Pa sec. Note the Log scale on the y-axis
34 | P a g e
Asphalt Binder Data Collection
35 | P a g e
Figure 2.b-4. Compacted HMA sample during bulk specific gravity determination
Calculations
Bulk Specific Gravity:
Where:
A = mass of the dry specimen in air, g.
B = mass of the saturated surface dry specimen in air, g.
C = mass of the specimen in water, g.
36 | P a g e
Determination of Modulus of Elasticity (E):
Determine the modulus of elasticity (i.e. Youngs modulus) of the asphalt concrete mix from compression
tests.
1. Obtain the two asphalt concrete samples that were compacted last week.
2. One sample should be at room temperature and the other at the refrigerated temperature. (Leave
the refrigerated sample in the refrigerator until ready to test.)
3. Measure the length of the specimen and note this in Table 2.b-3 as L.
4. Measure the diameter of the sample and note this in Table 2.b-3 as d.
5. Place the asphalt sample on the test machine in a vertical position.
6. Use the arrow keys on the test machine to move the loading head to where contact is just made
and no extra load is applied.
7. Shift the control to the control unit and zero the load and displacement readings using the
appropriate keys.
8. Shift the control to the computer and then start the test.
9. Apply a load P=4000 lb..
10. Once the test in finished save the .txt file and the .mdl file in your folder in the computer. Get the
above files in your thumb drive before you leave the lab. Plot stress vs. strain for the above test.
11. Follow the same procedure for the sample at the refrigerated temperature.
Calculations
Modulus of Elasticity:
( )
= =
( )
Where:
Strain, = L/ L
L = Change in length of the sample after applying load P
L = Initial length of the sample
Stress, = P/ r2
P = Applied Load on the asphalt sample (maximum 4000 lb)
= pi = 3.14159
r = radius of the sample
(Calculate the modulus of elasticity using the elastic (i.e. the LINEAR) portion of the stress-
strain curve.)
37 | P a g e
Table 2.b-3. Compression test data and Modulus of Elasticity of the Asphalt Concrete
Modulus
Initial Change
Radius Load Stress of
Group Sample Length in length Strain
(in.) (lb) (psi) Elasticity
(in.) (in.)
(psi)
Sample 1
(Room
temperature)
Group 1
Sample 2
(Refrigerated
temperature)
Sample 1
(Room
temperature)
Group 2
Sample 2
(Refrigerated
temperature)
Sample 1
(Room
temperature)
Group 3
Sample 2
(Refrigerated
temperature)
Sample 1
(Room
temperature)
Group 4
Sample 2
(Refrigerated
temperature)
38 | P a g e
Splitting Tensile Test:
1. Take the same asphalt sample which was used to determine the modulus of elasticity.
2. Place the bottom wooden strip on the Testing Machine.
3. Place the sample horizontally on the wooden strip.
4. Place the top wooden strip on top of the sample. The purpose of the wooden strips is to ensure
the load is uniformly distributed over the length of the sample.
5. Apply load until sample fails.
6. Note down the failure load Ft in table 2.b-4.
7. Collect the crushed sample in a bowl and show it to the T.A.
8. Get the .txt and .mdl file from the computer.
Calculations
Tensile stress at failure:
2
=
Where
L = initial length of the sample
Ft = maximum applied load on the asphalt sample (Failure Load)
= pi = 3.14159
d = diameter of the sample
39 | P a g e
Lab 2c: Measuring the Linear Coefficient of
Thermal Expansion (COTE) of
Asphalt Concrete
Objectives
The primary objective of this lab is to determine the linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
(COTE) of asphalt concrete (AC) by heating and/or cooling the specimens for a specific period of time
and measuring the strain induced in the sample by different temperatures.
Most paving materials experience changes in volume (i.e. most solid materials expand on heating
and contract on cooling) due to changes in temperature, and this temperature dependency is expressed in
terms of a property called the coefficient of thermal expansion (COTE). AC exhibits this behavior; and
because AC is a composite material, the COTE of AC depends on the thermal behavior of its individual
components (especially that of the coarse aggregate [CA]). The COTE of the aggregate determines the
thermal expansion of the AC to a considerable extent because the aggregate comprises about 95 percent
of the total solid volume of the mixture.
Apparatus
Figure 2.c-1. DEMEC strain gauge, DEMEC measuring points, and DEMEC reference bar.
Procedures
1. Previously prepared AC samples with DEMEC measuring points inserted into the top are used.
Each group will use the AC sample mixed at their assigned binder content. The sample should be
at room temperature (about 25C/77F).
2. Measure the length on the DEMEC reference bar using a ruler, record this as LR.
40 | P a g e
3. Place the pins of the DEMEC strain gauge on the reference bar and zero the dial by pressing the
reset button.
4. Remove the stain gauge from the reference bar and place it on the measuring points on the AC
sample. Record the reading of the DEMEC dial. Note that the reading can be + or -.
5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 at least three times and calculate the average of the readings, record this as
LRT.
6. After the average reading is determined, place the sample in the freezer (about 0C/32F) for the
coming week. Check with the TA about the location of the freezer.
7. The following week in lab, remove the sample from the freezer and repeat steps 3 to 5 for the
frozen sample, record this as LF.
Calculations
Linear COTE:
1
= units: in (in )
+
Where:
COTE = linear coefficient of thermal expansion of AC
LRT = gauge length at room temperature, in
LF = gauge length at freezer temperature, in
LR = length of reference bar, in
TRT = room temperature, F
TF = freezer temperature, F
41 | P a g e
Composite Linear COTE Calculated Using the Linear COTEs of the Components:
+ + +
=
+ + +
Where:
COTE = composite linear coefficient of thermal expansion
Pi = individual percentage by weight of each component
COTEi = individual linear coefficient of thermal expansion of each component
Asphalt Concrete:
Determine the average Gse for the specified aggregate blend.
Compute the Superpave volumetric parameters (%AV, %VMA, %VFA, %Gmm at Nini, and %Gmm
at Nm) for each binder content.
Plot these parameters versus binder content %. Also plot asphalt binder content versus Gmb. Why
do the relationships change like they do?
Select the design asphalt content using the Superpave mix design method; revise the design
binder content against the Superpave criteria for compliance (see text for Superpave method of
design and the Superpave criteria).
Plot force versus displacement graphs for all modulus of elasticity and splitting tensile test
samples. Comment on the effect of temperature and asphalt binder content on both the elastic
modulus and displacement for compression test samples, and the effect of temperature and
asphalt binder content on both the failure force and displacement for split tensile test samples.
Using the Theory of Composites, calculate a CoTE for asphalt concrete using the CoTEs of the
components. (Typical component CoTEs are given in the text above). Compare to the measure
CoTE values for asphalt concrete. Discuss.
42 | P a g e
Binder:
Plot your data for viscosity (log scale) versus temperature, as shown in Figure 2.b-3.
Determine the mixing and compaction temperatures from the average viscosity vs.
temperature plot (choose only one speed [RPM]).
Plot average shear stress versus average shear rate at different temperatures. What does this plot
indicate?
43 | P a g e
Lab 3: Portland Cement Concrete
Objectives
Learn to conduct slump, unit weight, yield, and concrete strength tests.
Proportion and cast concrete mix designs to meet workability and strength requirements.
Analyze the interaction among w/cm (water-to-cementitious materials ratio), amount of aggregate
(coarse aggregate factor, CAF, and intermediate aggregate factor, IAF), and aggregate gradation;
and their effects on workability and concrete strength.
Analyze the relationship between compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, and
modulus of elasticity.
Determine variation of fresh and hardened concrete properties.
Consider the effect of using steel reinforcement and other types of fiber embedment in concrete.
Measure tensile strain in hardened concrete and steel reinforcement during flexural testing.
Tests
Safety Considerations
Aggregate, cement, and fly ash are dusty; consider wearing a face mask
Silica fume particles are extremely small; use of a face mask is highly recommended when working
with silica fume
44 | P a g e
Lab 3a: Fresh Concrete Tests
Objectives
To determine the effect of water-to-cementitious materials ratio (w/cm) and aggregate content
(coarse aggregate factor, CAF) on the workability of concrete.
Definitions
Concrete: Particle reinforced composite
Slump: A measure of workability, or resistance to flow, of concrete
Workability: Ease of placement
Apparatus
Figure 3.a-1. Scale for measurements under 10 lbs, slump cone and slump board, wheel barrow for material
transport, tamping rods, trowels, scoops, and Roll-A-Meter
45 | P a g e
Procedures
The T.A.s will provide mix design quantities to each group, but these will be based on oven dry
aggregates. Each group will need to measure the stockpile moisture conditions and adjust their
quantities according to the stockpile moisture conditions of the aggregates before weighing out
the materials.
Record your groups given AND stockpile mix quantities in Tables 3.a-2 and 3.a-3.
Perform the fresh concrete tests below. Do not discard any material from the fresh concrete
tests; this material will be re-mixed into the batch and used to make the hardened concrete
specimens as described in Lab 3b.
46 | P a g e
Table 3.a-2. Oven dry aggregate weights of materials
Air Moisture
Mixture Water Cement
Section Group CA (lb) Sand (lb) Entrainer Content of
# (lb) (lb)
(mL) Sand
1 1
Section 2 2
_____ 3 3
4 4
1 1
Section 2 2
_____ 3 3
4 4
47 | P a g e
13. Leave the material in the mixer while performing the fresh concrete tests (slump and unit weight).
14. After completing the fresh concrete tests, return the material to the mixer and mix for half a minute.
15. Deposit the mixed concrete into a clean wheel barrow.
16. Scrape and clean any excess material out of the mixer and wash the mixer out immediately with
water. Make sure that all material is washed off of the fins and from the bottom and sides of the
mixer.
17. Sweep up any excess material from the floor around the mixer.
Slump Test
1. Dampen the slump cone and place it on the slump board provided.
2. Hold the cone firmly in place by stepping on the foot tabs.
3. Fill the cone in 3 equal layers and rod it 25 times for each layer.
4. Strike off the surface with a straight edge.
5. Remove the cone immediately in one vertical motion, and place it next to the sample.
6. Turn the cone over and stand it on the slump board next to the slumped concrete. Measure the
vertical difference between the foot tab of the cone and the top of the concrete specimen. Record
this difference as the slump in Table 3.a-4.
Data Collection
Table 3.a-4. Fresh Concrete Test Results
Section Group Mixture # Slump (in) Unit Weight (lb/ft3)
1 1
Section 2 2
_____ 3 3
4 4
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Lab 3b: Concrete Strength Test Specimen
Preparation
Objectives
Apparatus
Figure 3.b-1. Cylinder molds: diameter 6" and height 12"; beam molds: 6"x6"x20"
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Procedures
In total, each group will prepare 2 cylindrical samples (6 in diameter 12 in height) and 2 beam samples
(6x6x20).
Each group is required to prepare 2 cylindrical samples and 1 unreinforced beam specimen using
the material that was created in Lab 3a, so that fresh concrete properties can be correlated to the
hardened properties.
A second mix, described later, will be used to prepare the second beam using reinforcing materials.
Table 3.b-1. Layer and roddings for cylinder and beam molds.
Specimen Type Number of Layers No. of Roddings / Layer
Cylinder 3 equal 25
Beam 2 equal 60
9. Insure that the rod penetrates the bottom layer throughout its depth. Distribute the strokes uniformly
over the cross section of the mold. For each upper layer, allow the rod to penetrate about 1/2 in. into
the underlying layer.
10. After each layer is rodded, tap the outside of the molds lightly 10 to 15 times with the mallet to
close holes left by rodding and to release any large air bubbles that may have been trapped. After
tapping the last layer, spade the top with a trowel.
11. Put an identification tag in the molds to identify your specimen later.
12. Samples should be labeled as follows: Date, Course #, section #, group #, and Sample #.
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13. Cure wet specimens outside for 24 hours. Place all samples together under plastic sheeting on the
outside patio of the concrete lab.
14. Within 24 hours of filling molds, samples must be removed from molds. This can be performed by
blowing air into the hole (located in the bottom of the plastic specimen) using the air hose.
15. After de-molding, the samples need to be moved to the 100% humidity room.
16. Samples will be cured in the humidity room for at least 7 days (check the curing period with your
instructor).
17. After curing, the samples are ready to be tested.
Important
When all samples have been made, discard any excess concrete from each mix in the black bins
located next to the mixers (or elsewhere as instructed by your T.A.).
Wash all equipment and return it to its original location.
Clean and re-assemble molds after de-molding.
Clean the mixer thoroughly and properly and sweep the ground (the working area around the mixer
that you use).
Failure to do all of the previous items will result in penalty to the lab grade.
Figure 3.b-2. Beam mold, 6"x 6" x 20"; and two fibers, polypropylene and steel, used for the second beam
in Lab 3b.
For the reinforced beam specimen, all groups will use the same mix parameters according to Table
3.b-2, but each group will use different reinforcement types according to Table 3.b-3.
3
Each group will need 0.70 ft of concrete for one beam (the beam mold volume is 0.42 ft 3). Record
the quantities of each material in Table 3.b-4.
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Groups 1 and 2: Fibers do not need to be added to the batches. Groups 1 and 2 can mix the batches
in one concrete mixer.
Groups 3 and 4: Due to the small yield of the fiber reinforced beam batches, use a wheelbarrow to
mix the fibers into the concrete. DO NOT USE MIXERS for the fibers.
Important
Reduce the sand content of the mix on a volumetric basis to compensate for inclusion of fibers.
Perform slump and unit weight tests. Record your results on Table 3.b-6.
Mold the specimens according to the following set of instructions.
3 3
Groups 1&2 (1.40 ft total), use the scale with units of pounds in the lab; groups 3&4 (0.70 ft
each), use the scales with units of grams on the workstation. Record your data in Table 3.b-4 and
show the associated units.
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3
Table 3.b-4. Mix Quantities per Batch (Yield = 0.70 ft per beam)*
Coarse Interm. Air Entrainer
Group Cement Fly Ash Water Sand Reinf. (g)
Agg Agg. (mL)
1&2
3
4
3 3
* Groups 1&2 (1.40 ft total), use the scale with units of pounds in the lab; groups 3&4 (0.70 ft each), use
the scales with units of grams on the workstation. Therefore, fill in your data and show the associated units
in this table.
Molding of Reinforced Beams for Hardened Concrete Flexural Tests (ASTM C39)
1. Clean the mold, making sure it is free of dust and/or old concrete.
2. Properly tighten all assembling parts of each mold.
3. With a small amount of lubricating oil, brush the insides of the mold. Do not let oil collect on
the bottom of the mold. With a towel, wipe off the excess oil from the mold.
4. Place the prepared mold as near as practicable to the place where the fresh samples are to be
stored during the first 24 hours (this is done outside the lab).
5. Attention Group 2:
6. You will use the #4 steel reinforcement bar that has two attached strain gauges.
7. The reinforcing bar needs to be inserted into the allotted holes in the beam mold.
8. Place the rebar into the mold after placing the first layer of mix into the mold, but before
pouring the second layer of concrete. Make sure the concrete fills the space underneath the
rebar.
9. Be sure the reinforcing bar is placed so that the strain gauges are facing up. (When the beam is
turned over for testing, the strain gauge will then be facing down and it will be measuring the
tension in the bottom of the beam).
10. Oil the mold, but do not oil the rebar.
11. Be very careful to not damage the strain gauges.
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12. Pour the fresh concrete into the molds using a scoop, blunted trowel or shovel, making sure to
achieve symmetrical distribution of concrete to minimize segregation of coarse aggregate inside
the mold.
13. Fill the mold according to Table 3.b-1. Use a 5/8" tamping rod.
14. Ensure that the rod penetrates the bottom layer throughout its depth. Distribute the strokes
uniformly over the cross section of the mold and for each upper layer allow the rod to penetrate
at least 1/2 in into the underlying layer.
15. After each layer is tamped, tap the outside of the molds lightly 15 times with the mallet to close
any holes left by tamping and to release any large air bubbles that may have been trapped. After
tamping the last (overflowing) layer, spade the sides with a spatula and level the top with a
trowel.
16. Put an identification tag in the molds to identify your specimen later.
17. Samples should be labeled as follows: Date, Course #, section #, group #, and reinforcement
type.
18. Cure all specimens by covering them with polyethylene sheeting for the first 24 hours.
19. Within 24 hours of filling molds, samples must be removed from molds. Wash, clean and
reassemble molds IMMEDIATELY after demolding, and return molds to your own
workstation.
20. After de-molding, the samples need to be moved to the 100% humidity room.
21. Samples will be cured in the humidity room for at least 7 days (check the curing period with
your instructor).
22. After curing, the samples are ready to be tested.
Important
When all samples have been made, discard any excess concrete from each mix in the black bins
located next to the mixers (or elsewhere as instructed by your T.A.).
Wash all equipment and return it to its original location.
Clean and re-assemble molds after de-molding.
Clean the mixer and/or wheel barrow thoroughly and properly and sweep the ground (the working
area around the mixer that you use).
Failure to do all of the previous items will result in penalty to the lab grade.
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Lab 3c: Hardened Concrete Property Tests
Objectives
To find the compressive strength, the splitting tensile strength, and the modulus of rupture of
concrete using the strength specimens cast last week.
To figure out the slippage effect between the concrete specimen and the reinforced steel bar using
the strain gauges.
To become familiar with compressive strength (ASTM C39, C192, C617)
Apparatus
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Figure 3.c-2. Splitting tensile test
P/2 P/2
1 in 1 in
6 in 6 in 6 in
Procedures
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4. Bring the upper block to bear on the specimen. Adjust the load to obtain uniform seating.
5. Apply the load at a loading rate of 0.15 inch/minute.
6. Apply the load till the specimen fails.
7. Record the maximum load at failure, P.
Calculation Notes
Where:
fc = Compressive strength, psi
P = Maximum load, lb
A = Cross sectional area bearing the load, in2
Calculation Notes
2
=
Where:
T = splitting tensile strength, psi
P = maximum applied force indicated by the testing machine, lb
L = length, in
D = diameter, in
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Flexural Strength: Flexural Test (Third-Point Loading Mode)
1. Obtain the reinforced beam specimens that were prepared in Lab 3b.
2. Draw the reference lines on all four sides of the specimen as shown in Figure 3.c-3.
3. IMPORTANT: The specimen must be tested on its side with respect to its position as molded and
centered on the bearing supports (EXCEPT for Group 2s Reinforced Beam with the rebar and the
strain gauges, which must be tested upside down from the position in which it was molded).
4. Center the entire loading system in relation to the applied force.
5. If full contact is not obtained at zero load between the specimen and the supports, shim with wood
strips to obtain full contact.
6. Group 2, on the rebar-reinforced beam: Zero the settings of the strain gauges of both reinforced
steel bar and the concrete before applying load.
7. Using the provided software, apply the load continuously at a rate of 0.25 in/min until the sample
ruptures.
8. Take measurements to determine the location of the fractures origin. The crack probably starts
from the sawcut notch. If yes, your crack location should be 7.5 in from the span.
9. Measure the maximum strength and the strain reading of both reinforced steel bar and the concrete
when its a maximum strength (Peak Loading Point).
10. Record strength and strain results on Table 3.d-2 (unreinforced beams) and 3.d-3 (reinforced
beams).
Calculation Notes
If the fracture initiates in the tension surface within the middle third of the span length then the modulus of
rupture is given by:
If the fracture initiates in the tension surface outside the middle third of the span length, but not by more
than 5 % of the span length, then the modulus of rupture is given by:
3
=
If the fracture occurs in the tension surface outside the middle third of the span length by more than 5 % of
the span length, discard the results of the test.
Where:
R = modulus of rupture, psi
P = maximum applied load indicated by the testing machine, lbf
L = span length, in
b = average width of the specimen, in
d = average depth of the specimen, in
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a = average distance between the line of fracture and the nearest support measured on the
tension surface of the beam, in.
Note: It is expected that the crack will occur within the middle third of the span length due to the sawcut.
Thus, there is high possibility to use the first equation.
Data Collection
Table 3.c-1. 7-Day Compressive and Split-Tensile Strength Test Results (Unreinforced Cylinders)
Compression Split-Tension
Group Peak Load fc Peak T
(lb) (psi) (MPa) Load (lb) (psi) (MPa)
1
2
3
4
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Table 3.c-3. Flexural Strength and Strain Test Results (Reinforced Beams)
Outside Location of Modulus of
Strain
Peak Load crack (% of span) Equation Rupture, R
Group
(lb) [(6-a)/18] Used Slippage
a (in) (psi) (MPa) Concrete Steel
*100% effect
1 -------- ------ -------
2
3 -------- ------ -------
4 -------- ------ -------
Note: For calculation of the slippage effect in the steel reinforced/strain gauged beams,
Strain in Concrete = Final Gauge Reading Initial Gauge Reading
Strain in Steel Bar = Final Gauge Reading Initial Gauge Reading
Slippage effect (%) = [(Strain in Steel Bar - Strain in Concrete)/ Strain in Steel Bar]*100
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Lab 4: High Strength Portland Cement
Concrete: Design and Competition
Objectives
Understand the components and curing methods and their impacts on the strength of concrete.
Mix and mold two concrete cylinders for high strength competition.
Safety Considerations
Aggregate, cement, and fly ash are dusty; consider wearing a face mask and/or eye goggles
Silica fume particles are extremely small; use of a face mask is highly recommended when working
with silica fume
Procedures
1. Calculate a design mix using any desired combination of w/c (or w/cm) ratio, aggregate type,
gradation or blend, CF and admixtures. NOTE: Minimum (CAF+IAF) = 0.40. You are
encouraged to use the mix design spreadsheet available for you on the class website.
2. The use of various admixtures (fly-ash, superplasticizer, silica fume, air entrainer, etc.) will be
available in the lab. Three types of aggregate are available; limestone (coarse and intermediate),
river gravel (coarse and intermediate) and sand (fine aggregate), as well as two types of cements
(Type I and Type III).
3. Record all mix design parameters on Table 4.a-1.
4. Weights of materials used in your mix design can be calculated using the excel spread sheet on CE
Notes.
5. Record the weights of all mix components on Table 4.a-2.
6. Make two 6 x 12 cylinder samples according to your mix design. All general molding, de-
molding and curing procedures and instructions from previous labs apply.
7. Label and cure the samples until they are to be tested (after 7 or 14 days see the lab schedule in
your syllabus).
8. Test the samples for compression after the curing period in the Tinius-Olsen testing machine.
9. Record compressive strength results on Table 4.a-3.
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Important
The high strength concrete mixes can be designed and cured with materials made available in the
lab; other materials and methods of curing in any manner must be approved by the lab TA and/or
professor.
NO freezing of the cylinders before testing is allowed. Hot water bath curing will be available,
but space is limited and must be signed up for on a first-come, first-served basis (ask your T.A.).
Any lab work needed outside of your lab section times must be approved by your T.A. Your T.A.
will also need to coordinate this with the Lab Manager. T.A.s will try to accommodate your work;
but work times outside of the lab section times cannot be guaranteed.
Calculation Notes
Compressive strength:
Where:
fc = Compressive strength, psi.
P = Maximum load, lb.
A = Cross sectional area bearing the load, in2
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Data Collection
Humidity Room/Times
Curing Method
Hot Water Bath/Times
*Note that (CAF + IAF) cannot be larger than 1.0; Y = yield; c.m. = cementitious materials
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Table 4.a-2. Mix Quantities per Batch
Superplasticizer
Air Entrainer
Cement (lb)
Silica Fume
Batch Size
Water (lb)
Sand (lb)
CA (lb)
Fly ash
(cu. ft.)
IA (lb)
Group
(mL)
(mL)
(lb)
(lb)
1
2
3
4
4
Notes: The compressive peak loads are from the high strength competition.
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Lab 5: Brick Masonry
Objectives
The primary objective of this lab is to develop an understanding of the factors that affect the strength of
brick masonry. Based on the various tests carried out, you should be able to generate key specification
items using the results of the testing program. The following sub-objectives are also included:
Lab 5a: Testing of masonry units, preparing mortar and prism specimens
Lab 5b: Testing of mortar cubes and prisms specimens
Lab 5c: Masonry wall construction
Tests
Safety Considerations
Lime, cement, and bricks are dusty; consider wearing a face mask and/or eye goggles
65 | P a g e
Lab 5a: Masonry Units, Preparation Of
Mortar And Prism Specimens
Objectives
Apparatus
Figure 5.a-1. Mortar cube molds, digital scale, mixer, lay-down frame, and flow table.
Procedures
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9. Strike off the mortar to a plane surface flush with the top of the mold by drawing the straight edge
of the trowel (held nearly perpendicular to the mold) using a sawing motion over the length of the
mold.
10. Clean excess mortar from the mold with a paper towel and label the mold (tie tag to the mold).
11. Group number
12. Section
13. Mortar Type (M or N)
14. Immediately after completion of molding, place specimens in 100% humidity room.
15. After 24 hours, strip cubes from molds, clean the molds, assemble them again and then immerse
your cubes in a 72 degree Fahrenheit water bath until test time.
16. Cure in water bath for 7 days, or as indicated by instructor.
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Table 5.a-2. Prism Specimen Preparation (4 prisms per Group)
Brick Moisture Condition
Curing
Method Dry SSD
Bond Compression Bond Compression
Air Cured
(on Shelf in
Lab)
Calculation Notes
Where:
C = Compressive strength, psi
P = Maximum load, lb
A = Average of the Gross areas (or effective areas if brick is holed) of the upper and
lower bearing surfaces, in2
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Modulus of Rupture (MOR) of Brick Units (Center-Point Loading)
1. Obtain one dry, full-brick specimen.
2. The load shall be applied in the direction of the depth of the brick (parallel to the direction of the
hole). Record its cross-sectional dimensions, width b and depth d, and the span length, S, in Table
5.a-4. Refer to Figure 5.a-4.
3. Using the appropriate equipment as indicated by the instructor, place the brick on the supports and
bring the mid-point loading crosshead to the top of the brick.
4. Apply the load at a displacement rate of 0.2 in/min or as indicated by instructor until the specimen
fails.
5. Record the peak load, W, and calculate and record the Modulus of Rupture in Table 5.a-4.
W
Solid Brick Holed Brick
A (Sect. A-A) (Sect. A-A)
d d
A b h
S/2 S/2 b
Figure 5.a-4. Center-point MOR Test and Flexural Effective Area (shaded)
Calculation Notes
3
Solid Brick: =
3
Holed Brick: =
( )
Where:
MOR = Modulus of Rupture, psi
P = peak load at failure, lb
S = span length, in
b = brick width, in
d = brick depth, in
h = hole diameter, in
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Initial Rate of Absorption (IRA) or Suction
1. Measure the length (l), width (b), and average hole radius (r) of the brick specimen and record this
in Table 5.a-5.
2. Weigh the dry specimen (Wd).
3. Add water to the tray so that the depth of water is 1/8 in. above the bottom of the test brick (1/8 in.
from surface of water to top of metal supports).
4. Carefully lay the brick on the metal supports without splashing.
5. Start timing as soon as you put the brick into the water.
6. Remove the brick at the end of 1 min.
7. Wipe the surface with a damp cloth to remove excess and then weigh the wet specimen (Ws).
8. Record the test values on Table 5.a-5.
Calculation Notes
( )
Solid Brick: = 30 in
( )
Holed Brick: = 30 in
Where:
IRA = Initial Rate of Absorption, g/min (for 30-in2) [The maximum bond strength and
minimum water penetration are obtained when the suction does not exceed 30-g / min for
a 30-in2 brick]
Ws = weight of saturated brick, g
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Wd = weight of dry brick, g
b = width of brick, in
l = length of brick, in
r = radius of hole, in
n = number of holes in the brick
Data Collection
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Lab 5b: Testing of Mortar Cubes and Prism
Specimens
Objectives
Procedures
Calculation Notes
Where:
f c = mortar compressive strength, psi
P = maximum load, lb
A = cross sectional area, in2 (for standard mortar cubes, 4 in2)
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Compression Testing of Prisms
Note: The 7-day compressive test should be done at 7 days +/- 3 hours from the time of casting.
Correspondingly, the 28-day compressive test should be done at 28 days +/- 12 hours.
Calculation Notes
Where:
f m = prism compressive strength, psi
P = maximum load, lb
A = gross area (or effective area if holed brick is used), in2
1. Calculate the gross area (effective area if holed brick is used) and the moment of inertia (Figure
5.b-3) of the brick and record it in Table 5.b-3.
2. Place the prism horizontally in the testing frame.
3. Adjust the pedestal height so that the mortar joint clears the lower clamping bracket by
approximately -in. Tighten the lower clamping bracket.
4. Carefully lower the upper clamping bracket on the top brick. Make sure the upper bracket is
properly aligned with the loading gauge. Tighten the upper bracket.
5. Zero the load gauge before applying any load.
6. Load at a rate of 120 lbs/min, or as indicated by instructor.
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7. Have one person from the testing read the load dial at all times. (The dial needle will bounce back
to zero immediately upon failure).
8. Apply the load until the joint breaks, and record the dial reading at failure (G) in Table 5.b-3.
9. Calculate the flexural bond strength and record all data in Table 5.b-3.
10. Repeat the same procedure for the other brick prism.
Calculation Notes
= +
= +
= 1.943
Where:
fb = bond strength, psi
M = total moment, lb*in
c = distance from neutral axis to outermost fiber in tension, in
P = total load exerted on prism, lb
I = moment of inertia, in4 (See Figure 5.b-2)
A = gross Area (or Effective Area if holed bricks are used), in2 (See Figure 5.b-2)
Whead = weight of loading head, lb (42.26 lb)
Pwrench = force exerted by loading wrench, lb
e0 = distance from loading head to center line of prism, in (0.53 in)
e1 = distance from loading wrench to center line of prism, in (13.13 in)
G = dial reading (1 division = 1)
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(a) (b) e0
w
Pwrench
l Whead
e1
c
1
I solid lw 3
12 Top view
w
Whead Pwrench
l r
1 3r 4
I holed lw 3 Side View
12 4
Figure 5.b-2. (a) Moment of Inertia (Top view); (b) Bond Wrench Representation
Data Collection
Cube 1
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Table 5.b-2. Prism Compressive Strength
4 N
1 M
Cross-Sectional 2 N
Area (sq. in.) 3 M
4 N
1 M
Compressive 2 N
Strength, fm (psi) 3 M
4 N
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Table 5.b-3. Prism Bond Strength
4 N
1 M
Cross-Sectional 2 N
Area (in2) 3 M
4 N
1 M
2 N
Dial Gage Reading
3 M
4 N
1 M
Bond Strength, fb 2 N
(psi) 3 M
4 N
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Lab 5c: Masonry Wall Construction
Objectives
Gain hands on experience laying up masonry units in a small masonry wall segment
Design and layup a selected unit pattern
Procedures
1. Use the masonry units you obtained from the brick plant tour to design a masonry wall segment
2. Mason will provide the mortar for the wall layup
3. Follow the instructions of the onsite mason in placing your masonry units in a wall
4. Wall segments will be judged and graded for aesthetics, consistency, and uniformity by the mason
prior to disassembling the wall segment
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Lab 6: Behavior of Wood
Objectives
To evaluate and recommend factors to consider when using wood under a variety of loading and
moisture conditions
To determine how moisture, grain orientation, and load orientation affect the performance,
strength, and relaxation properties of wood
Tests
Safety Considerations
Use caution with hand tools. Remember the training in the Shop and Tool Safety course that you took at
the beginning of the semester.
Consider wearing hearing protection as hammering will be loud.
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Lab 6a: Wood Strength And
Deformation
Objectives:
Definitions
Anisotropy: A phenomenon that exists when material properties (physical or mechanical) exhibit
different values when measured in different directions
Lignin: A complex polymer, the chief non-carbohydrate constituent of wood, that provides
rigidity and together with cellulose forms the woody cell walls of plants and the
cementing material between them
Apparatus
Measuring tape
Instron Testing Machine
Nails, screws, wood gusset plates, and steel gusset plates
Hammer, clamps, drill, and drill bits
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Procedures
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Table 6.a-1. Wood Testing Factor Combinations
Grain Moisture Nominal Nominal
Test Team Wood type
orientation condition Length Cross section
1 Pine Parallel Air-dry
2 Pine Parallel Wet
Compression 10 1.5 x 1.5
3 Pine Perpendicular Air-dry
4 DF Parallel Air-dry
1 Pine Parallel Air-dry
2 Pine Parallel Wet
Flexure 12 1.5 x 1.5
3 Pine Perpendicular Air-dry
4 DF Parallel Air-dry
1 Pine Parallel Air-dry
2 Pine Parallel Wet
Relaxation 1.5 1.5 x 1.5
3 Pine Perpendicular Air-dry
4 Pine Perpendicular Wet
Calculation Notes
Compressive Strength:
Where:
= compressive strength, psi
P = peak load, lb
A = cross-sectional area, in2
Modulus of Rupture:
3
=
2
Where:
MOR = modulus of rupture, psi
P = failure load, lb
L = span length, in (9-in)
b = beam width, in (1.5-in)
d = beam depth, in (1.5-in)
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Relaxation Stress: Based on a simple Maxwell Model
( )=
Where:
(t) = stress at time t (from data), psi
t = time, s
E = elastic property, psi (fit constant)*
= viscous property, s/psi (fit constant)*
o = initial (peak) stress (from data), psi
*These properties are to be found by iterations. Plot this function on top of the lab data for the same timeframe as
the data, and change E and iteratively until the curves match.
Strength Anisotropy: The strength of wood at an angle to the fiber direction can be found as
=
sin +
Where:
N = strength property (compressive, flexural, or tensile) (not for relaxation)
= fiber direction with respect to stress direction, 0 90
Q = strength perpendicular to grain
P = strength parallel to the grain
n = empirical constant (2 for compression; 1.5 for flexure)
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Data Collection
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Table 6.a-3. Joints Assignments
Group Type of Joint
1 Steel Gusset Plates
2 Wood Gusset Plates
3 Nails
4 Screws
8 min.
2 2
Figure 6.a-5. Nail jointed specimen setup
8 min.
2 2
Figure 6.a-5. Screw jointed specimen setup
Data Collection
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Lab 6b: Wood Truss Competition
Objectives
To design and build a wooden truss which has highest load to weight ratio and understand why and how
the truss fails.
Develop analysis to show how the results of Lab 6a affect your truss design
Apparatus
Figure 6.b-1. Two 1.5 x 1.5 x 8 boards, clamp, speed square, hand saw, file, hammer, 10 steel and 10 wood
gusset plates, and unlimited screws and nails.
Safety Considerations
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Rules of Competition
Construct a truss using the materials made available in the lab, any combination of wood types and joint
types is allowed.
The use of structural analysis software is allowed.
The truss must be built and tested within your lab session timeframe.
The truss must be 3 ft at its widest point (with 1/2 tolerance) at the base and 1 ft from
the base to the apex (with 1/2 tolerance) as shown in Figure 6.b-2. In addition the minimum
width of the truss should be 1.5 inches (1 wood piece wide).
You must show in your design analysis how the results from Lab 6a affected your truss design load.
The supports will be fixed at the span specified in Figure 6.b-2.
The truss may NOT use the supports as lateral restraint (must have flat bottom).
IMPORTANT: failure to comply with the above stated guidelines will result in automatic
disqualification.
Procedures
1. Obtain the following material to build your truss:
2. Two 8 ft wood pieces (pine or Douglas Fir)
3. 10 steel gusset plates
4. 10 wood gusset plates
5. Screws
6. Nails
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7. Assemble your truss according to your design.
IMPORTANT: do not nail or screw wood pieces onto the wooden tables
8. After the truss has been built: place all members names and signatures on the truss along with
section number and group number.
9. Weigh your finished truss and note the weight on Table 6.b-1.
10. Place and center the truss on top of the frame supports.
11. Place load cell on top of truss and begin test until failure. Use a displacement rate of
0.3 in/min.
12. Note the maximum load on Table 6.b-1 as well as the location of the failure and possible
reason.
Data Collection
Table 6.b-1. Truss competition results
Group Truss Weight (lb) Peak Load (lb) Load to Weight Ratio
1
2
3
4
Discuss the factors that affect the strength of wood. Discuss results obtained from your compressive and
tensile strength testing.
Discuss the effect of grain orientation (parallel/perpendicular) and moisture content (wet/air-dry) on
compressive strength. Include one stress-strain plot which shows all four of the compression tests.
Discuss the effect of grain orientation (parallel/ perpendicular) and moisture content (wet/air-dry) on
flexural strength. Include one stress-strain plot which shows all four of the flexure tests.
Discuss the effect of grain orientation (parallel/perpendicular) and moisture content (wet/air-dry) on
relaxation behavior. Include one stress-time plot which shows all four of the relaxation tests.
Include plots of compressive and flexural strengths as functions of grain orientation (use the N
equation) on Air-Dry wood.
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Show a schematic of your truss and give a design analysis on why you chose your specific design.
Include an explanation of the mode of failure of your truss.
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