Copyright RECONASS

D2.2 - LPS and sensor node Confidential

(Grant Agreement No. 312718)

7th Framework Programme

FP7-SEC-2012.4.3-1
Next Generation Damage and Post-Crisis Needs Assessment Tool for
Reconstruction and Recovery Planning
Capability Project

LPS and sensor node

Deliverable No. D2.2

2
Workpackage No. Workpackage RECONASS Monitoring System - Accurate
Title Positioning - Secure Communication
Sathish Nammi and Hassan Shirvani (ARU)
Author(s)

Status Draft

Version No. V1.00

File Name RECONASS_D2.2_LPS_and_sensor_node_v.1.00

Delivery Date 30/10/2015

Project First Start and

Dec. 1, 2013; 42 months
Duration

This project has received funding from the European Unions Seventh Framework Programme for research,
technological developmentand demonstration under grant agreement no [312718]
 Copyright RECONASS
D2.2 - LPS and sensor node Confidential
(Grant Agreement No. 312718)

DOCUMENT CONTROL PAGE

Title D2.2 - LPS and sensor node

Authors Name Partner
Sathish Nammi ARU
Hassan Shirvani ARU

Contributors Name Partner

Niko Joram TUD
Jonathan Naundrup GS
Dimitris Sofianos ICCS

Peer Reviewers Name Partner

Isaiah Saibu GS
Evangelos Sdongos ICCS

Format Text-MS Word

Language en-UK
Work Package WP2
Deliverable Number D2.2
Due Date of Delivery 30/09/2015
Actual Date of Delivery 03/11/2015
Dissemination Level PP
Rights RECONASS Consortium
Audience public
restricted
internal
Revision none
Edited by
Status draft
Consortium reviewed
WP leader accepted
Project coordinator accepted

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 Copyright RECONASS
D2.2 - LPS and sensor node Confidential
(Grant Agreement No. 312718)

REVISION LOG

Version Date Reason Name and Company

V0.01 07/09/2015 ToC, Structure and descriptions of Sathish Nammi (ARU), Hassan Shirvani
content (ARU)
V0.02 30/08/2015 First draft input from all Sathish Nammi (ARU), Hassan Shirvani
contributors (ARU), Niko Joram (TUD), Jonathan
Naundrup (GS), Dimitris Sofianos (ICCS)
V0.03 01/10/2015 Second Draft Initiation of review Sathish Nammi (ARU), Hassan Shirvani
round (for GS and ICCS) (ARU)
V0.04 30/10/2015 Third draft -evised version to be Sathish Nammi and Hassan Shirvani (ARU)
submitted after addressing
reviewers comments
V1.00 03/11/2015 Final Draft to be submitted to EC Evangelos Sdongos (ICCS), Stephanos
Camarinopoulos (RISA)

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 Copyright RECONASS
D2.2 - LPS and sensor node Confidential
(Grant Agreement No. 312718)

TABLE OF CONTENTS
DOCUMENT CONTROL PAGE .............................................................................................................................. 2
REVISION LOG....................................................................................................................................................... 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................................................................... 4
LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................................................. 6
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................................... 8
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS .................................................................................................................... 9
GLOSSARY OF TERMS ....................................................................................................................................... 11
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................................... 13
INTRODUCTION AND DELIVERABLE STRUCTURE ......................................................................................... 14
1. LOCAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (LPS) ...................................................................................................... 15
1.1 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION ...................................................................................................................... 15
1.1.1 Integrated Circuits ....................................................................................................................... 15
1.1.2 Prototype Module ........................................................................................................................ 16
1.2 FMCW SIGNALLING SCHEME ................................................................................................................. 17
1.3 COOPERATIVE POSITIONING ................................................................................................................... 18
1.4 EVALUATION OF RANGING AND POSITIONING ........................................................................................... 19
1.4.1 Ranging in an outdoor garden scenario ...................................................................................... 19
1.4.2 Ranging in an indoor corridor scenario........................................................................................ 21
1.4.3 Positioning in an outdoor garden scenario .................................................................................. 24
1.4.4 Positioning in an indoor scenario ................................................................................................ 25
1.4.5 Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 26
1.4.6 Functionalities, innovation and future actions.............................................................................. 27
2. STRAIN SENSORS ..................................................................................................................................... 28
2.1. ELECTRICAL RESISTANT STRAIN GAUGES ................................................................................................ 28
2.2. MACHINING AND SURFACE PREPARATION ................................................................................................ 29
2.2.1. Solvent degreasing...................................................................................................................... 30
2.2.2. Abrading ...................................................................................................................................... 31
2.2.3. Burnishing of layout lines ............................................................................................................ 31
2.2.4. Conditioning ................................................................................................................................ 32
2.2.5. Neutralizing ................................................................................................................................. 32
2.3. BONDING OF STRAIN-GAUGES TO STEEL-REBARS .................................................................................... 32
2.4. SOLDERING AND WIRING CONNECTIONS TO BCM .................................................................................... 36
2.5. BRIDGE COMPLETION MODULE ............................................................................................................... 36
2.5.1. Wiring and analogue output checks ............................................................................................ 38
2.6. STRAIN MEASUREMENT TESTS ................................................................................................................ 40
2.6.1. Functionalities, innovation achieved and future actions .............................................................. 42
3. TEMPERATURE SENSORS ....................................................................................................................... 44
3.1. INFRARED THERMOMETRY AND PYROMETER ............................................................................................ 46

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 Copyright RECONASS
D2.2 - LPS and sensor node Confidential
(Grant Agreement No. 312718)

3.2. ANALOGUE SIGNAL VERIFICATIONS ......................................................................................................... 46

3.2.1. Ice cubes temperature................................................................................................................. 46
3.2.2. Radiant heat comparison with a Leslie Cube .............................................................................. 47
3.2.3. Furnace temperature measurement ............................................................................................ 47
3.2.4. Summary and Future actions ...................................................................................................... 49
4. ACCELERATION SENSORS ...................................................................................................................... 51
4.1. GEOSIG ACCELEROMETERS IN RECONASS .......................................................................................... 51
4.2. PERFORMANCE OF GEOSIG ACCELEROMETERS ...................................................................................... 52
4.3. PHYSICAL LOCATIONS OF ACCELEROMETERS IN RECONASS .................................................................. 53
4.4. INSTALLATION METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................ 54
5. DATA ACQUISITION AND COMMUNICATION.......................................................................................... 55
5.1. THE RECONASS GATEWAY .................................................................................................................. 55
5.2. WIDE AREA NETWORK INTERFACES ......................................................................................................... 56
5.3. WIRELESS NETWORKS OF SENSORS ....................................................................................................... 57
5.4. DATAHUBS ............................................................................................................................................ 58
5.4.1. Communication between datahub and Gateway ......................................................................... 59
5.4.2. Communication between datahub and wireless sensor network ................................................. 59
CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................................................................... 61
REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................................................... 63

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 Copyright RECONASS
D2.2 - LPS and sensor node Confidential
(Grant Agreement No. 312718)

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: System chip block diagram .................................................................................................................... 15
Figure 2: LPS system ASIC micro photograph, size 2.0 x 1.4 mm ....................................................................... 16
Figure 3: Dual band power amplifier ASIC micro photograph, size 1.2 x 0.8 mm ................................................ 16
Figure 4: LPS prototype module block diagram and photographs, module size 100 x 70 x 35 mm ..................... 17
Figure 5: System signalling scheme for the case of three reference stations........................................................ 18
Figure 6: The resultant range in different reference points. The black dots represents the ideal range value and
the blue lines are the histograms of the measurements ........................................................................................ 20
Figure 7: Outdoor ranging accuracy and precision in different positions ............................................................... 21
Figure 8: Corridor ranging test scenario, dimensions are not to scale................................................................... 21
Figure 9: The resultant range for different reference points. The black dots represents the ideal range value and
the red lines are the histograms of the measurements.......................................................................................... 23
Figure 10: Indoor ranging accuracy and precision in different positions ............................................................... 23
Figure 11: Measured positions for outdoor scenario. ........................................................................................... 24
Figure 12: Outdoor positioning precision and accuracy for 9 different positions .................................................. 24
Figure 13: Measured positions for indoor scenario............................................................................................... 25
Figure 14: Indoor positioning precision and accuracy for 8 different positions ..................................................... 26
Figure 15: Indoor positioning precision and accuracy for 8 different positions with dual band ............................. 26
Figure 16-Strain gauges (a) 1-LY41-20/120 (b) K-LY4-1-11-120-3-1 .................................................................... 28
Figure 17-Steel-rebars tested ................................................................................................................................ 29
Figure 18-Grinding operation on steel-rebar.......................................................................................................... 29
Figure 19-Debris removal on steel-rebar ............................................................................................................... 30
Figure 20-Neutralizer 5A application on work surface ........................................................................................... 30
Figure 21-Degreasing steel-rebar.......................................................................................................................... 31
Figure 22-Abrading bonding area. ......................................................................................................................... 31
Figure 23-Burnishing a layout line ......................................................................................................................... 31
Figure 24-Conditioning the layout area ................................................................................................................. 32
Figure 25-Neutralizing layout area ........................................................................................................................ 32
Figure 26-Neutralizing work surface ...................................................................................................................... 33
Figure 27- Holding a strain-gauge with tweezers .................................................................................................. 33
Figure 28- Strain-gauge on work surface (bonding side down) ............................................................................. 33
Figure 29- Strain-gauge transfer with Mylar tape .................................................................................................. 34
Figure 30- Strain-gauge transfer to rebar .............................................................................................................. 34
Figure 31- Strain-gauge bonding side exposed ..................................................................................................... 34
Figure 32- Coating of CATALYST-C to bonding side of strain-gauge ................................................................... 35
Figure 33- Drops of adhesive on rebar .................................................................................................................. 35
Figure 34- Thumb pressure application on gauges ............................................................................................... 35
Figure 35-Bridge Completion Module .................................................................................................................... 37
Figure 36-Bridge balancing with adjustment potentiometer ................................................................................... 38
Figure 37-two-wire gauges wiring connections to BCM......................................................................................... 39
Figure 38-three-wire gauges wiring connections to BCM ...................................................................................... 39
Figure 39-Hogging and Sagging moments on rebar.............................................................................................. 40
Figure 40- Strain meters P3 and DP25-B .............................................................................................................. 41
Figure 41- Test on instrumented rebar with P3 strain meter ................................................................................. 41
Figure 42- Rebar at a strain of 2040 .................................................................................................................. 42
Figure 43- Positions of columns for strain-sensors (highlighted in red) of the test building ................................... 43
Figure 44- CSmi-SF15-C6/3 (a) Laser sighting (b) pyrometer (c) complete unit ................................................... 44
Figure 45- CSmi-SF15-C6/3 pyrometer Connection diagram ................................................................................ 45
Figure 46- CSmi-SF15-C6/3 pyrometer analogue output settings ......................................................................... 45
Figure 47- Block diagram of IR sensors ................................................................................................................ 46
Figure 48- Leslie cube and Pyrometer test set-up ................................................................................................. 47

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 Copyright RECONASS
D2.2 - LPS and sensor node Confidential
(Grant Agreement No. 312718)

Figure 49- Furnace at 864C temperature ............................................................................................................ 48

Figure 50- RayteK Hand held IR sensor ................................................................................................................ 48
Figure 51- Temperature sensor positions shown with circular contour on (a) ground (b) 1st and (c) 2nd floor of test
building .................................................................................................................................................................. 50
Figure 52- GeoSIG AC-43 structural monitoring accelerometer ............................................................................ 51
Figure 53- General topology of GeoSIG AC-43 accelerometers ........................................................................... 51
Figure 54- Example of GeoSIG accelerometer test pulse response...................................................................... 52
Figure 55- Measurement points for accelerometers in test building ...................................................................... 53
Figure 56- Accelerometer enclosure ..................................................................................................................... 54
Figure 57- Accelerometer installation overview ..................................................................................................... 54
Figure 58- Front and rear views, easy maintainable.............................................................................................. 56
Figure 59- LTE/3G/GPRS and Wi-Fi interfaces ..................................................................................................... 57
Figure 60- Wasp mote board with attached battery and XBee Pro S2 radio frequency module (left) & Sensor
prototyping board (right). ....................................................................................................................................... 58
Figure 61 - GeoSIG GMSplus6 ............................................................................................................................. 58
Figure 62 - Concept of proven communication setup using the NWS server. ....................................................... 59
Figure 63 - WGZBP-SMA5 ZigBee Pro gateway from Libelium. ........................................................................... 59
Figure 64 -WGZBP-SMA5 mounted on the internal electronics of the datahub. ................................................... 60

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 Copyright RECONASS
D2.2 - LPS and sensor node Confidential
(Grant Agreement No. 312718)

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Estimated system accuracy and precision................................................................................................ 26
Table 2 Performance comparison of developed prototype .................................................................................... 27
Table 3: Strain gauge specification ....................................................................................................................... 28
Table 4: BCM specification .................................................................................................................................... 37
Table 5: Measurement specifications of pyrometer ............................................................................................... 45
Table 6: Dynamic range of 4-cell sensor and 16-cell sensor ................................................................................. 52

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 Copyright RECONASS
D2.2 - LPS and sensor node Confidential
(Grant Agreement No. 312718)

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

ABBREVIATION DESCRIPTION
AC Alternating Current
ADC Analogue to Digital Converter
AES Advanced Encryption Standard
AODV Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector
ASIC Application-specific Integrated Circuit
BCM Bridge Completion Module
CAN Controller area network
CPU Central Processing Unit
FMCW Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave
FPGA Field Programmable Gate Array
GPRS General Packet Radio Service
GPS Global Positioning System
HTTP Hypertext transfer Protocol
HW Hardware
HWMP Hybrid Wireless Mesh Protocol
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IP Internet Protocol
IR Infrared
LAN Local Area Network
LNA Low Noise Amplifier
LSN Local Sensor Network
LOS Line-of-Sight
LPS Local Positioning System
LPS Local Positioning System
MAC Medium Access Control
MEMS Microelectromechanical Systems
MODBUS A serial communications protocol
NTP Network Time Protocol
PCCDN Post Crisis Needs Assessment Tool in regards to Construction Damage and related
Needs
PLL Phase Locked Loop
RECONASS Reconstruction and Recovery Planning: Rapid and Continuously Updated Construction

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 Copyright RECONASS
D2.2 - LPS and sensor node Confidential
(Grant Agreement No. 312718)

ABBREVIATION DESCRIPTION
Damage, and Related Needs ASSessment
RF Radio Frequency
RF Radio Frequency
RFD Reduced-function device
RS485 Serial interface standard in which data is sent in a differential pair
SRAM Static random-access memory
SRD Short range device
SSID Service Set Identifier
SSL Secure Socket layer
SW Software
TCP Transmission Control Protocol
USB Universal Serial Bus
VCO Voltage Controlled Oscillator
VLAN Virtual Local Area Network
WAN Wide Area Network
WDS Wireless distribution system
WEP Wired Equivalent Privacy
WLAN Wireless Local Area Network
WPA Wi-Fi Protected Access
WSN Wireless Sensor Network
xDSL Symmetric digital subscriber line
ZC ZigBee Coordinator
ZED ZigBee End Device
ZR ZigBee Router

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 Copyright RECONASS
D2.2 - LPS and sensor node Confidential
(Grant Agreement No. 312718)

GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Accelerometer A sensor that measures the specific force (i.e. acceleration).
Accuracy Deviation of a measured value to a reference value.
Anchor Any sensor node with known reference position that communicates with other nodes to give
them reference location data.
Communication In this work the Communication gateway Module refers to the overall communication
Gateway Module means utilised to exchange information from the sensors and LPS to the assessment tool
(PCCDN).
Coordinator or Connected to a certain number of LPS sensor nodes, coordinates positioning signals,
base station calculation of position of each node relative to anchor, interface to the rest of the monitoring
system.
Data hub Data hubs will be used to locally collect all data from the different sensors (acceleration,
strain, temperature, position), then transfer this data to the gateway.
Functional An FR is a statement of an action or expectation of what the system will take or do. It is
Requirement measured by concrete means like data values, decision making logic and algorithms.
(FR)
Gateway The communications module central unit where sensor collected data is aggregated,
formatted, classified, validated and finally transmitted to the PCCDN tool for further
processing and subsequently overall structural and non-structural assessment.
Furthermore, the underlying sensor network is monitored and managed through the
RECONASS gateway in a way that ensures the network is operating efficiently mainly in
terms of availability, reliability and power consumption.
LAN Local Area Network LAN access specifies the various interfaces between the gateway
and the data-hubs and the communication means deployed between the data-hubs and the
sensors.
LSN Local Sensor Network LSN access specifies the interfaces and the network deployed
between the wireless/wired sensor nodes and the data hubs.
Magnitude Size of an earthquake measured on the open ended scale of moment magnitude,
sometimes called Richter magnitude.
Non-structural All items in a building other than the building structural system and its foundation. Included
Components are all architectural elements such as cladding, glazing, ceiling systems and interior
partitions that are permanently attached to the building; all mechanical and electrical
equipment such as fire sprinkler systems, water and sewer piping, HVAC (Heating,
Ventilating and Air Conditioning) systems and electrical distribution and lighting systems
that are permanently attached to the building.
For the purposes of this deliverable non-structural components do not include building
contents.
Precision The repeatability of a distance or position measurement in an unchanged scenario.
Resolution The ability of the LPS to separate targets (i.e. tags) in close proximity.
Structural Building components that are part of the intended gravity, seismic, blast/impact or fire
Components forces resisting system, or that provide measurable resistance to these forces.
System A system architecture or systems architecture is the conceptual model that defines the
Architecture structure, behaviour, and more views of a system. An architecture description is a formal
description and representation of a system, organized in a way that supports reasoning
about the structures and behaviours of the system. A system architecture can comprise
system components, the externally visible properties of those components, the relationships
(e.g. the behaviour) between them. It can provide a plan from which products can be
procured, and systems developed, that will work together to implement the overall system.

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D2.2 - LPS and sensor node Confidential
(Grant Agreement No. 312718)

Sensor node or Small locatable device to be embedded at crucial points such as beams and columns in the
tag structure. Certain external nodes will be provided with access to GPS.
Strain gauge A strain gauge is a device used to measure strain on an object.
Technical Specification (often abbreviated as spec) may refer to an explicit set of requirements to be
Specification satisfied by a material, design, product, or service.
User A UR is a statement of what users need to accomplish. It is a mid-level requirement
Requirement describing specific operations for a user (e.g., a business user, system administrator, or the
(UR) system itself). They are usually written in the users language and define what the user
expects from the end product.
Wi-Fi The Wi-Fi Alliance, the organization that owns the Wi-Fi (registered trademark) term
specifically defines Wi-Fi as any wireless local area network (WLAN) products that are
based on the IEEE 802.11 standards.
WiMAX WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a wireless communications
standard designed to provide 30 to 40 megabit-per-second data rates, with the 2011 update
providing up to 1 Gbit/s for fixed stations. The name "WiMAX" was created by the WiMAX
Forum, which was formed in June 2001 to promote conformity and interoperability of the
standard. The forum describes WiMAX as "a standards-based technology enabling the
delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL"
Wireless Sensor Spatially distributed autonomous devices (nodes) using sensors to cooperatively monitor
Network physical (such as, acceleration, strain) or environmental conditions
(WSN)

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 Copyright RECONASS
D2.2 - LPS and sensor node Confidential
(Grant Agreement No. 312718)

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The requirements of Local Positioning System (LPS), and sensors were established in D1.4 and D2.1. This
deliverable presents the results of initial evaluation of RECONASS sensors and data-acquisition systems with
physical prototypes. In order to provide prototypes of the LPS and sensors, TUD, ARU and GS defined sensor
design criteria as well as their interfaces. LPS and the sensors were evaluated in the laboratory, tested inter alia,
for accuracy and reliability to meet RECONASS requirements. It is intended to place local positioning tags of
accuracy under 65 cm in the mid-span of the structural elements to monitor relevant displacements according to
structural engineers requirements. Strain-gauges of measuring range (-25000 to +25000) are intended to be
bonded on steel-rebars that act as reinforcements in concrete. The temperature sensors with measuring range of
40-1030C and accuracy of 10C to be installed on building walls with steel adjustable brackets. Acceleration
sensors of full scale input 5g and power consumption 1W are intended to be placed flat on the floor of level 0,
level 1, level 2 and on the roof of the building as specified by structural engineers (DBA).

The tests conducted were based on both the end user requirements and the input to satisfy WP3 on the structural
and non-structural assessment. TUD, ARU and GS tested hardware, prototypes and the output signals that feed
in to data-acquisition system. Relevant hardware to accept sensor signals and firmware were developed for data-
acquisition and communication systems. To minimise the cost, off-the-shelf hardware was used where possible.
Partners have interconnected, adjusted and configured the relevant hardware to create a customised solution.
Hardware was configured in-line with the needs of the project.

In brief, the LPS prototype module consists of a stack-up of 3 printed circuit boards (PCBs) and a 12V battery
supplying the unit. The strain sensors are the 1-LY41-20/120 ones and they are coupled with a Bridge
Completion Module that features several precision resistors to balance the strain resistance, hence it provides
accurate readings of strain. The temperature sensors are off the shelf pyrometers (CSmi-SF15-C6/3 Miniature
Pyrometer) whilst the accelerometers are the state of the art in structural monitoring devices, and are developed
by GeoSIG (Type AC-43 accelerometers).

Last but not least and as the prototyping of the overall RECONASS communication module evolves (to be
reported in D2.3), the appropriate hardware to support all sensors interfaces and the data acquisition,
management and transmission process were selected. The communication module consists of an off the shelf
wireless sensor network solution to support the LPS and the strain sensors. To this end, a proprietary software
and custom configuration is to be implemented in RECONASS. A local area network interconnects the remaining
sensors as well as provides the overall bridging of all the sensing components (via the data hubs) to the
RECONASS gateway. The latter is an embedded high processing unit with custom implementations (both
software and hardware) to process and manage the sensors data and subsequently provide them to the PCCDN
tool in the way the end users request them. The interconnection with the PCCDN tool is performed over a custom
wide area network solution with multiple interfaces to support heterogeneous networks towards a resilient and
robust communication of the monitored building with the outside world and the end users.

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