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Geography Madeline Adhiwana 11W

Geography of Food and Health - Definitions and Case


Studies
Key Term First Attempt at Definition Definition

Disease Condition that makes a person sick A disorder of structure or function in a human,
animal, or plant, especially one that produces
specific signs or symptoms or that affects a
specific location and is not simply a direct
result of physical injury.

Water-borne Involves transport through water Conveyed by, traveling on, or involving travel
or transportation on water.

Vector-borne Involves transport through insects Vector-borne diseases are infections


transmitted by the bite of infected arthropod
species, such as mosquitoes, ticks,
triatomine bugs, sandflies, and blackflies.

Food Miles Length of travel of food A mile over which a food item is transported
from producer to consumer, as a unit of
measurement of the fuel used to do this.

HALE Estimation of a persons life expectancy Health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE) is a


measurement developed by the World Health
Organization that attempts to capture a more
complete estimate of health than standard life
expectancy rates
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TNC Transnational corporation Transnational corporations (TNCs) are


incorporated or unincorporated enterprises
comprising parent enterprises and their
foreign affiliates.

Life Expectancy Number of year a person is expected to live The average period that a person may expect
to live.

Lifestyle The way a person lives A way of living of individuals, families


(households), and societies, which they
manifest in coping with their physical,
psychological, social, and economic
environments on a day-to-day basis.

Infant Mortality Rate Number of deaths under 1 year old per 1000 Number of deaths under one year of age
live births in a geographical area per year occurring among the live births in a given
geographical area during a given year, per
1,000 live births occurring among the
population of the given geographical area
during the same year.

Child Mortality Number of deaths under 5 year old per 1000 Child mortality, also known as under-
live births in a geographical area per year 5 mortality or child death, refers to the death
of infants and children under the age of five
or between the age of one month to four
years depending on the definition.

Calorie Intake Amount of calories a person takes Calorie intake measures the daily
consumption of food in calories compared
with the recommended daily consumption,
which is 1940 calories per day for women
and 2550 for men.
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Health Services Services for health-related things A public service providing medical care.

prevention as opposed to treatment Prevention is a better way (more efficient) to Measures taken for disease prevention, as
overcome a disease in a geographical area opposed to disease treatment.
compared to treatment.

malnutrition Lack of nutrition Lack of proper nutrition, caused by not having


enough to eat, not eating enough of the right
things, or being unable to use the food that
one does eat.

temporary hunger Need for food temporarily A short term physiological need for food.

chronic hunger Need for food in a longer term A long term physiological need for food. The
human body needs an average of 1800kcal
per day and without this, over a long period of
time (weeks and months) the body will begin
to metabolise fat, muscle tissue and
eventually organs, resulting in death.

famine Need for food until death An extreme shortage of food resulting in
mortality.

Food security Having enough food The state of having reliable access to a
sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious
food.

agribusiness Agriculture related businesses that use Agriculture conducted on commercial


technology for their business principles, especially using advanced
technology.

Green Revolution Period of time when advances in agriculture The Green Revolution was a period when the
Geography Madeline Adhiwana 11W

changed drastically (positively). It was led by productivity of global agriculture increased


Norman Borlaug. drastically as a result of new advances.
During this time period, new chemical
fertilizers and synthetic herbicides and
pesticides were created. The chemical
fertilizers made it possible to supply crops
with extra nutrients and, therefore, increase
yield. The newly developed synthetic
herbicides and pesticides controlled weeds,
deterred or kill insects, and prevented
diseases, which also resulted in higher
productivity.

food deficiency Lack of food The shortage or inability to access food,


resulting in hunger, malnutrition and
eventually, starvation.

trade barriers Barriers to trading A barrier to trade is a government-imposed


restraint on the flow of international goods or
services.

agricultural subsides Subsidies by the government to help people An agricultural subsidy is a


in agricultural related businesses governmental subsidy paid to farmers and
agribusinesses to supplement their income,
manage the supply
of agricultural commodities, and influence the
cost and supply of such commodities.

bilateral agreement Agreement between two countries An exchange agreement between two
nations or trading groups that gives each
party favored trade status pertaining to
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certain goods obtained from the signatories.

multilateral agreement Agreement between more than two countries An exchange agreement between three or
more nations or trading groups that gives
each party favored trade status pertaining to
certain goods obtained from the signatories.

food aid Help / aid in form of food from other countries Food aid is hard to summarize succinctly due
to countries in need to many related issues, but in general it is
about providing food and related assistance
to tackle hunger, either in emergency
situations, or to help with deeper, longer term
hunger alleviation and achieve food security
(where people do not have to live in hunger
or in fear of starvation).

free trade 1. Trade without money 2. International trade left to its natural
course without tariffs, quotas, or other
restrictions.

fair trade Trade with money 1. Trade in which fair prices are paid to
producers in developing countries.

sustainable agriculture Production of agriculture that is sustainable Sustainable agriculture is the production of
food, fiber, or other plant or animal products
using farming techniques that protect the
environment, public health, human
communities, and animal welfare.

energy efficiency ratios Measure of energy efficiency The ratio of a heating or cooling system's
output, per hour, in British thermal units to the
input in watts, used to measure the system's
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efficiency.

sustainable yields Supply of resource which will eventually The continuing supply of a natural resource,
regrow as timber, through scheduled harvests to
insure replacement by regrowth or
reproduction.

diseases of affluence Diseases caused by how a person lives. Diseases of affluence is a term sometimes
Normally occurs in MEDCs. E.g. diabetes given to selected diseases and other health
conditions which are commonly thought to be
a result of increasing wealth in a society.

diseases of poverty Diseases caused by the lack of money. Diseases of poverty is a term used to
Normally occurs in LEDCs. E.g. cholera collectively describe diseases, disabilities,
and health conditions that are more prevalent
among the poor than among wealthier
people.

diffusion by relocation Spread from a place to another Relocation diffusion is the spread of an idea
through physical movement of people from
one place to another.

diffusion by expansion Spread from a place outwards Expansion diffusion is idea or innovation
spreads outward from the hearth

Syllabus Content Example/Case Study Four Bullet Points About Case Study

The geographic factors that determine the Prevention of HIV in Uganda ABC
relative emphasis placed by policy-makers, in Campaign (Abstinence, Be Faithful, In Uganda developed a national HIV/AIDS
policy in 1992. A variety of approaches to
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one country or region, on prevention as Condoms)


opposed to treatment of disease AIDS education have been employed,
ranging from the promotion of condom use to
'abstinence only' programmes.

According to the WHO, around 41,000


women received Preventing Mother To child
Transmission (PMTCT) services in 2001.

Uganda was the first country to open a


Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT)
clinic in Africa called AIDS Information
Centre and pioneered the concept of
voluntary HIV testing centers in Sub-Saharan
Africa.

The Ugandan government has promoted this


as a success story in the fight
against HIV and AIDS, arguing it has been
the most effective national response to the
pandemic in sub-Saharan Africa.

Green Revolution Green Revolution by Norman Borlaug The Green Revolution is the name given to
the approach that was developed by Norman
Borlaug and others to increase the
productivity of agricultural land in key
countries of the world by educating farmers
and introducing new technologies.

Genetic engineering was used to produce


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higher yielding varieties of crops. This also


needed mechanisation, pesticides,
herbicides, chemical fertilisers and irrigation
water.

Through the 1960 and 1970ss a range of


techniques were introduced, some of which
were based on techniques that had been
used successfully in Mexico.

Another success was achieved in Punjab


state in India, where wheat and rice
production doubled (using the IR8 Mexican
rice which had a shorter stalk and a larger
head) and yielded twice as much rice.

the environmental, demographic, political, Poverty is the main cause of food insecurity: Poverty statistics:
social and economic factors that have caused Haiti, the Caribbean GDP per capita: USD $660, second
areas of food deficiency and food insecurity poorest country in the Caribbean
54% of all Haitians live on below
US$1 per day

Malnutrition statistics:
World Food Program reports that the
food supply in Haiti only covers 55%
of the population
24% of children under 5 suffer from
chronic malnutrition
Hunger responsible for almost 60% of
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all deaths of those under 18

Why is Haiti poor?


Main reason: most of Haitis
population impoverished due to great
political mismanagement under two of
its presidents, Francois and Jean-
Claude Duvalier.

Link between poverty and food insecurity


Low income = many households are
unable to afford food
Low levels of education = households
that use subsistence farming do not
have knowledge on how to fully utilize
land
Lack of access to inputs such as land,
credit or tools and machinery =
subsistence farmers find it difficult to
grow food
1) Inputs may be available in certain areas, but
cannot be afforded or accessed due to poor
infrastructure

variety of causes responsible for a recent 2011 Horn of Africa (HOA) famine Political: Governments e.g. Ethiopias have
famine begun leasing farmland to overseas investors
in China, India and Saudi Arabia. Deprives
locals of arable land to grow crops.
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Social: displacement of households due to


conflict

Economic: rising food prices due to poor


harvests and rising fuel prices. In Ethiopia,
maize prices have tripled in some areas.
Prevents locals from affording food.

Demographic: high levels of population


growth in these developing countries

the impacts at a variety of scales of trade Mc Donalds Many of the worlds biggest companies have
barriers, agricultural subsidies, bilateral and become that way by offering a basic
multilateral agreements, and transnational necessity which we cannot stop buying.
corporations (TNCs) on the production and
availability of food
TNCs are driven by profits rather than the
desire to provide us with the best possible
food. Decisions are not made on the grounds
of existing arrangements, and firms are not
necessarily sympathetic to changes in local
conditions.

McDonalds have a strategy that focuses on a


one-brand image, but some of these other
food companies own lots of brands, and their
involvement is less obvious. This can mean
that their overall operations are not always
subjected to the same public focus.
Geography Madeline Adhiwana 11W

Large companies have increased their


involvement in more aspects of the
production chain.

the relative importance of food aid, free trade Britain Ethiopia in 2011 Britain is to provide 38m in emergency food
and fair trade in alleviating food shortages. aid for 1.3 million people in Ethiopia, as parts
of east Africa experience the worst drought in
decades.

The international development secretary also


unveiled extra help for 329,000 malnourished
children and pregnant and breastfeeding
mothers.

Save the Children has launched a 40m


emergency appeal to help thousands of
Kenyan and Somali children.

UN humanitarian appeals for Somalia and


Kenya, each requesting about $525m
(326.6m), are barely 50% funded, while a
$30m appeal for Djibouti has reached just
30% of the target, say UN officials.

diseases of affluence Coronary Heart Disease in the US


Coronary heart disease is the term that
describes what happens when your hearts
bloody supply is blocked or interrupted by a
build up of fatty substances in the coronary
arteries.
Geography Madeline Adhiwana 11W

People in MEDCs generally have low levels


of physical activity due to the more
luxurious lifestyles that they lead. People
are generally employed in the tertiary sector,
so little exercise is involved in their work and
they spend long stretches of time sat at a
desk.

As people have access to more disposable


income, they are able to spend their money
on luxuries such as tobacco and alcohol both
of which have been shown to aid the
development of CHD.

Access to more money means people can


access a wider range of foods, many of which
are unhealthy (e.g chocolate, crisps/chips,
chips/fries).

diseases of poverty Malaria in Kenya


2013 population = 44.3 million people, with
an estimated population growth of 2.7% per
year

Children under age five account for 16% and


children under age 15 accounts for 42%.

Kenya is ranked 147 out of 187 countries on


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the 2014 United Nation's Human


Development Index

Life expectancy in Kenya has seen an overall


downward trend since the late 1980s but has
recently increased to an estimated 62 years
in 2013

the geographic concepts of diffusion by 1918 Influenza Flu Killed an estimated 40 million people
relocation and by expansion apply to the worldwide within just a few months, with
spread of diseases some estimates of casualties closer to 90
million.

Factors that slow down the spread of disease


include physical barriers (these might include
mountains, water barriers such as seas or
oceans, forests and difficult terrain) plus
political boundaries.

Travel restrictions and screening of travellers


can form part of these more human barriers.
Public health advice can also help in some
cases.

Disease will also change from an original


infusion into a population, through inflection
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and saturation, before it declines and leaves


a population.

geographic factors responsible for the Malaria in Kenya & HIV in Ethiopia Temperature Above 16 C for parasite to
incidence and spread of two diseases develop Below 32 C

Water Stagnant water to lay eggs e.g.


swamp/marsh

There is a very strong correlation between


poverty and incidence / spread of both
Malaria and HIV.

Education also plays a big role in the


incidence of both diseases.

The geographic impact of these two diseases Malaria in Kenya & HIV in Ethiopia Local: Financial resources diverted in health
at the local, national and international scales care instead of economic development and
education

National: Variations of impact as a result of


physical geography of country i.e. high aridity
and elevation variations mean that not all
areas of Ethiopia experience such extreme
well being impacts

International: Malaria is a disease of poverty


and thus does not exist in the more
developed parts of the world (except in small
pockets at low incidences)

International: Although there are climatic


factors involved in the global distribution of
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Malaria the eradication of the disease from


Europe, North America and parts of Asia
demonstrates that climate is not the dominant
causal factor.

the management strategies that have been Malaria in Sri Lanka Mosquitoes are more active at night
applied in any one country or region for one Being inside a building does not
of these diseases guarantee protection

Nets - Malaria nets are impregnated with


insect repellent, as well as providing a
physical barrier to the insects at a time when
people are particularly vulnerable.

Anti-malarial drugs - Drugs are expensive


and there are millions of people who would
need to be taking them, which could mean
that they lose some of their natural resistance
that they have.

Targetting mosquitoes and where they breed


- This strategy involves reducing the areas of
stagnant water where the mosquito might
breed. Open water should be covered,
redundant irrigation channels should be filled
in and open drains avoided.

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