Linear Circuit Analysis (ELEN-1100)

Lecture # 20: Inductance and capacitance

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Slide credits

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Contents
Introduction
The inductor
Example
The inductor
Example
The inductor

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Introduction
Inductors and capacitors are circuit elements that have
the ability to store energy ( Cannot generate energy).
Both of these circuit elements are non dissipative.
They do not dissipate/waste power.
Inductors work on the phenomenon of magnetic fields.
Source of magnetic field is electric current.
Varying current produces varying magnetic field.
A varying magnetic field produces voltage in the conductor linked by
that field.
Capacitors work on the phenomenon of electric field.
Source of electric field is voltage.
Varying voltage produces varying electric field.
A varying electric field produces displacement current in the space
occupied by that field.
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Introduction
The parameters of inductor relates that induced
voltage with the current.
The parameters of capacitor relates that current with
the voltage.
Inductor and capacitor are passive elements.
In an ideal inductors and capacitors, only as much
energy can be extracted as has been stored.

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The inductor
Inductor is a device that stores charge in the form of
magnetic field and opposes any sudden change in
current.
Inductance is characterized by the term inductor.
The inductance is symbolized by the letter L.
Inductance depends on size, materials and
construction method of magnetic core.
It is measured in henry (H). It is not a function of
current.

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The Inductor
An inductor can be constructed by winding a coil of
wire around a magnetic core.

Where,
N is the number of turns that a wire is wound around the
core.
A is the area of cross section of core in sq. m
l is length of winding in meters.
is the permeability of magnetic core.
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The Inductor
From the voltage current relationship
Voltage across an inductor is proportional to the rate of
change of current di/dt
Thus for a constant current the di/dt=0
For a constant current the voltage across an inductor is
zero.
Inductor is a short circuit in a constant or a dc
current.
The di/dt means that current in an inductor cannot
change instantaneously.
Only possible if voltage is infinite which is not possible.

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Example 6.1 [8th ed.]
Find the voltage for given current in the inductor
(100mH).
i=0 for t<0
i=10te-5tA for t>0
di/dt=10(-5te-5t+e-5t)=10e-5t(1-5t) A/s
di/dt=0 when t=0.2sec
vL=Ldi/dt=(0.1)10e-5t(1-5t) =e-5t(1-5t)
Note that voltage in an inductor is proportional to
the di/dt, not i.
Voltage across an inductor
can change instantaneously
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The Inductor
Using the voltage equation

i(t) can be found by integrating voltage from -

until time t.
At t=- the value is often not known. So we split the
equation in two parts.

to is called initial time and i(to) is called initial

current. Normally to is set as 0.
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The inductor
Let us determine the voltage across an inductor.
The current is as follows.
L=0.1H
Using the relation of iL and vL

As t1 decreases v increases. Therefore, current can

be changed instantaneously only if t1=0, that
requires infinite voltage.
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Example 6.2 [8th ed.]
The voltage at t<0 was 0. Later a pulse was applied
and is given as v(t)=20te-10t V. Value of L=100mH.
Find i.
Sketch v(t)
Sketch v(t)
clc
clear all;
close all;
t=0:0.001:0.5;
x=20*t.*exp(-10*t);

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Example 6.2 [8th ed.]
At t=0 the inductor current is zero.
i=1/0.1 int(0,t)20te-10tdt+0
i=200[-e-10t/100(10t+1) Sketch i(t)
clc
clear all;
-10t
i=2[1-10te -e ]A-10t
close all;
t=0:0.001:1.25;
x=2.*[1-(10*t.*exp(-10*t))-(exp(-10*t))];

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The inductor
The power in an inductor is

Energy is power integrated over time

Integrating we get

For to=- i=0 therefore,

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