Grammar Reference

STARTER UNIT Language review Determiners

El determinante modifica al sustantivo, pero no lo describe.
Hay varios tipos de determinantes.
Parts of speech Articles
Las palabras se clasifican en categoras gramaticales (parts The man has got a beard.
of speech) tales como el verbo, el sustantivo y el adjetivo.
Identificar dichas categoras ayuda a entender cmo se Quantifiers
construyen las frases. A lot of people came to the party.

Verbs Possessive adjectives

El verbo se utiliza para describir acciones, hechos y estados. My aunt is a doctor. Her job is very stressful.
Estas son las principales formas verbales:
Infinitives Adverbs
El infinitivo es la forma bsica del verbo, la que se
El adverbio describe al verbo. Aade informacin sobre
encuentra en los diccionarios. Se utiliza con to detrs de
el lugar, el momento, el modo o la causa de la accin. El
algunos verbos, y sin to detrs de los verbos modales.
adverbio tambin modifica a ciertos adjetivos.
I want to go home.
He drives carefully.
Gerunds Youre really late!
La forma en -ing permite utilizar un verbo en funcin de
Pronouns
sustantivo. Tambin se utiliza detrs de ciertos verbos.
El pronombre sustituye al sustantivo.
I hate cleaning.
I liked the book. I liked it.
Present participles El participio presente se utiliza en Maria went out. She went out.
tiempos verbales que describen acciones que se estn
produciendo en un momento dado. Su forma coincide Prepositions
con la del gerundio. La preposicin precede a un sustantivo o pronombre para
I am cleaning. hacer referencia a un lugar, direccin, hora o mtodo.
I put the cup on the table.
Past participles
I go to school by car.
El participio pasado se utiliza para construir formas
verbales compuestas. Conjunctions
Ive seen that film twice. La conjuncin une palabras o expresiones. Puede aparecer
al principio, en medio o al final de la frase.
Auxiliaries
Los verbos auxiliares (be, do, have) no aportan un I was disappointed because it was raining.
significado concreto, sino que acompaan a otros verbos She was very angry. However, she soon forgave me.
para construir formas negativas, interrogativas y ciertos
tiempos verbales. Personal pronouns
They dont enjoy horror films. El pronombre personal sustituye a un sustantivo o sintagma
We have finished. nominal. Se utiliza cuando ya se conoce a la persona o el
objeto al que se refiere el hablante. Evita repetir las palabras.
Nouns
Subject pronouns
El sustantivo hace referencia a personas, objetos, lugares,
El pronombre (I, you, he, she, it, we, they) puede sustituir a
cualidades y actividades.
un sustantivo como sujeto de la frase. Los pronombres de
Money cant buy happiness. sujeto no se pueden omitir en ingls.
Atencin! Hay dos tipos de sustantivos: contables e He was late again!
incontables. They enjoyed the show.
Id like a sandwich and some water, please.
Object pronouns
Adjectives El pronombre (me, you, him, her, it, us, them) puede
sustituir al sustantivo como objeto directo y tambin
El adjetivo describe al sustantivo y al pronombre.
aparecer detrs de una preposicin.
The car is red.
She really likes him.
Atencin! En ingls, el adjetivo no concuerda en gnero ni Is that present for me?
en nmero con el sustantivo.
They are beautiful houses.
Grammar Reference73
 Possessive pronouns El artculo definido se utiliza
El pronombre posesivo (mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs) para referirse a algo en concreto.
se utiliza para indicar posesin. What does the article say? (= el que ests leyendo)
If you havent got a pen, you can borrow mine.
Their house is bigger than ours. cuando solo hay una unidad de algo.
They have travelled all over the world.
Atencin! No se debe confundir el pronombre posesivo con Sara is in the garden.
el adjetivo posesivo (my, your, his, her, its, our, their), que
aparece delante del sustantivo.
Omission of the article
The book is hers. (= pronombre posesivo)
Its her book. (= adjetivo posesivo) El artculo no se utiliza
c on sustantivos en plural y sustantivos incontables
Reflexive pronouns cuando hacen referencia a personas u objetos en general.
El pronombre reflexivo (myself, yourself / yourselves, himself, Petrol is expensive.
herself, itself, ourselves, themselves) se utiliza cuando el I love films.
objeto de la frase coincide con el sujeto.
He hurt himself while he was playing tennis. en ciertas expresiones de lugar y tiempo:
I bought a present for myself. at / from home in / out of bed
to / at / in / from church at / to university / school
Definite and indefinite articles to / in / from class last / next week
by bus / train on Monday
Indefinite articles
to / in hospital in May
El artculo indefinido (a / an) se coloca delante de los
sustantivos contables en singular. Comparatives and superlatives
I have a brother. Formacin
A precede a sustantivos que comienzan por una consonante, Adjetivo Comparativo Superlativo
mientras que an se coloca delante de sustantivos que
empiezan por vocal. Monoslabo adjetivo + -r the + adjetivo
acabado en -e + -st
an applea boy
nice nicer the nicest
Atencin! Esta norma se aplica a los sonidos, y no a las
Monoslabo adjetivo (con the + adjetivo
letras. Hay vocales que se pronuncian con un sonido
acabado en consonante final (con consonante
consonntico, y consonantes que se traducen en sonidos
consonante + vocal duplicada) + -er final duplicada)
voclicos.
+ consonante + -est
a uniforman hour
big bigger the biggest
El artculo indefinido se utiliza Bislabo acabado adjetivo (sin -y) the + adjetivo
p
 ara mencionar algo por primera vez, y cuando no se en -y + -ier (sin -y) + -iest
hace referencia a un objeto en concreto. funny funnier the funniest
Theyve got a house in France.
Otros adjetivos adjetivo + -er the + adjetivo +
There is a bookshop on the High Street.
monoslabos y -est
con los nombres de profesiones. bislabos
He wants to be a teacher. clever cleverer the cleverest
She is a dancer. De tres o ms more + adjetivo the most +
slabas adjetivo
A / an no se utiliza con sustantivos incontables ni con
sustantivos contables en plural. expensive more expensive the most expensive
I need some advice.My friends are students.
Atencin! Algunos adjetivos tienen formas irregulares para
Atencin! Se utiliza a, y no one, para hablar de objetos el comparativo y el superlativo.
individuales. Solo se utiliza one cuando se quiere enfatizar o
especificar ese nmero. Adjetivo Comparativo Superlativo
Ive got a cat. good better the best
Ive only got one cat, but my sister has got three. bad worse the worst
far further the furthest
Definite articles
El artculo definido (the) precede a todo tipo de sustantivos:
Usos
contables e incontables, en singular y en plural.
El comparativo se utiliza para comparar cosas.
Did you buy the milk?
The TV is broken. Televisions are cheaper than computers.
The students are learning English. Some things are more important than others.

74 Grammar Reference
El superlativo describe cualidades en grado mximo. hbitos y acciones que se dan repetidamente.
The USA is the richest country in the world. I go out every Saturday night.
Her family is the most important thing in her life. We often watch films.

As ... as describe cualidades del mismo grado.

John is as tall as his brother. (= Tienen la misma altura.) The present continuous
The second film was as good as the first. (= Fueron igual de Formacin
buenas.) El present continuous se construye con be + participio
presente.
Not as as significa lo mismo que less than.
The second exam wasnt as difficult as the first. Afirmativa
She isnt as old as her sister. I am (m) infinitivo -ing
He / She / It is (s)
STARTER UNIT Present tenses You / We / They are (re)
I am (Im) going out with Paul.
The present simple He is (Hes) waiting for me.
Formacin
Negativa
El present simple se construye con el infinitivo (o el
infinitivo + -s en la tercera persona del singular). I am not (m not) infinitivo -ing

Afirmativa He / She / It is not (isnt)

I / You / We / They infinitivo You / We / They are not (arent)

He / She / It infinitivo -s I am not (Im not) learning French.

She is not (She isnt) going out with him.
We play. She plays.
Interrogativa
Negativa
Am I infinitivo -ing ?
I / You / We / They do not (dont) infinitivo
Is he / she / it
He / She / It does not (doesnt)
Are you / we / they
I do not (dont) play. He does not (doesnt) play.
Are you meeting your girlfriend?
Is it raining outside?
Interrogativa
Do I / you / we / they infinitivo ? Atencin! En general, el participio presente se construye
con el infi nitivo + -ing. Sin embargo, la ortografa de algunos
Does he / she / it verbos cambia al aadir -ing.
Do you play? Does she play?
Verbos acabados en
Atencin! consonante + -e Se elimina la -e.
E
 n general, las formas negativa e interrogativa se make mak + -ing making
construyen con el verbo auxiliar do / does. Sin embargo,
-ie Se sustituye -ie por -y.
cuando el verbo principal es be, have got o un verbo
lie l + -y + -ing lying
modal, no se utiliza el auxiliar do / does.
Are you in the same class? No, were not. -l Se duplica la -l.
I havent got a girlfriend. travel travell + -ing travelling
consonante + vocal + Se duplica la consonante final
La ortografa de algunos verbos cambia al aadir la -s.
consonante (una o dos
Verbos acabados en slabas, acento en la
ltima slaba)
-o, -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x Se aade -es. run runn + -ing running
watch watch + -es watches forget forgett + -ing forgetting
consonante + -y La -y se sustituye por -ies.
study stud + -ies studies Usos
El present continuous hace referencia a
Usos
acciones que se estn produciendo mientras se habla.
El present simple se utiliza para describir
Im waiting for my friends.
hechos y estados. Shes watching TV.
I love pizza. situaciones pasajeras.
She goes to my school. My dads working in London this week.
Shes revising for her exams at the moment.

Grammar Reference75
 Stative verbs Verbos acadabos en
Hay verbos que nunca se utilizan en present continuous. -e Se elimina la -e.
Son los llamados verbos de estado o stative verbs. He aqu phone phon + -ed phoned
los ms comunes:
verbos que expresan pensamientos y opiniones: consonante + -y La -y se sustituye por -i.
marry marri + -ed married
agree knowrememberthinkunderstand
-l Se duplica la -l.
I remember your face. travel travell + -ed travelled
verbos que expresan gustos y preferencias. consonante + vocal + La consonante final se
consonante (una o dos duplica
hate likelovepreferwant slabas, acento en la
ltima)
We like the new teacher.
stop stopp + -ed stopped
verbos relativos a los sentidos. admit admitt + -ed admitted

M
 uchos verbos tienen formas irregulares para el participio
sound looksmelltaste
pasado.
This soup tastes of chicken.
Irregular Verb List, pginas 127128
Atencin!
Think es considerado un verbo de estado cuando signifi Usos
ca tener una opinin. Sin embargo, se puede utilizar en El present perfect simple se utiliza para describir
present continuous cuando signifi ca tener pensamientos a cciones o situaciones del pasado que tienen un efecto
o ideas acerca de algo. en el presente.
I think their music is great! Weve moved house.
Be quiet. Im thinking. Ive been to the supermarket.

a cciones y situaciones que comenzaron en el pasado y

The present perfect simple siguen en la actualidad.
Formacin How long has he lived in Barcelona?
El present perfect simple se construye con have + participio He has worked there for five years.
pasado.
e xperiencias del pasado para las que no se da una
Afirmativa referencia temporal.
I / You / We / They have (ve) participio pasado Hes met a lot of interesting people.
Shes travelled all over the world.
He / She / It has (s)
The past simple and the present perfect simple, pgina 77
We have (Weve) worked.
She has (Shes) worked. Atencin! A menudo se utiliza been (en lugar de gone)
como participio pasado de go para describir hechos que ya
se han completado.
Negativa
Marta has been to London. (= Ha ido y ha vuelto.)
I / You / We / They have not (havent) participio Marta has gone to London. (= Sigue all.)
pasado
He / She / It has not (hasnt)
I have not (havent) worked. for and since
He has not (hasnt) worked. For y since se utilizan con el present perfect para describir
la duracin de un estado o una accin que comenz en el
Interrogativa pasado y sigue en la actualidad.
Have I / you / we / they participio pasado ?
for
Has he / she / it For indica durante cunto tiempo se ha dado una accin o
Have you worked? un estado.
Has it worked? Shes worked here for three months.
Weve known them for years.
Atencin!
L a mayora de los participios pasados se construyen con since
el infinitivo + -ed. Sin embargo, la ortografa de algunos Since hace referencia al momento concreto en el que se
verbos cambia al aadir -ed. inici un estado o una accin.
Shes worked here since last summer.
Hes been at this school since 2006.

76 Grammar Reference
Atencin! En ingls, las frases que contienen for o since
llevan el verbo en present perfect.
UNIT 1 Past tenses
Ive lived here for two years. no I live here for two years.
Ive known him since last summer. no I know him since last summer. The past simple
Formacin
still, yet, just and already El past simple de los verbos regulares se construye con el
Las frases en present perfect simple a menudo contienen infinitivo + -ed.
expresiones de tiempo.
Afirmativa
still I / You / He / She / It / We / They infinitivo -ed
Still enfatiza el hecho de que una situacin no ha cambiado. He phoned me last night. They lived next door.
En el present perfect, still solo se utiliza en frases negativas,
y se coloca entre el sujeto y el verbo auxiliar have.
Negativa
It still hasnt stopped raining!
Its seven oclock, and they still havent arrived! I / You / We / They / He / did not (didnt) infinitivo
She / It
yet I didnt meet your last girlfriend. My sister didnt like her.
Yet se utiliza en la forma interrogativa para preguntar si una
accin se ha completado. Se coloca al final de la frase. Interrogativa
Has she finished yet?
Did I / you / he / she / it / we / they infinitivo ?
Have you watched the DVD yet?
Did it rain last night? Where did you meet him?
Yet se utiliza en la forma negativa para referirse a acciones
que an no se han completado, pero esperamos que se Atencin!
completen en el futuro. Se coloca al final de la frase. La ortografa de algunos verbos cambia al aadir -ed.
Im worried because Lara hasnt phoned yet.
The present perfect simple, pgina 76
They havent bought their new car yet.
A
 lgunos verbos tienen formas irregulares para el past
Atencin! Yet no se utiliza en frases afi rmativas.
simple.
just Irregular Verb List, pginas 127128
Just hace referencia a una accin que ha sucedido hace
muy poco. Se coloca entre el auxiliar have y el participio Usos
pasado del verbo principal. El past simple describe
Tom has just left. acciones y hachos que se completaron en el pasado.
Ive just seen Martha. Did you do your homework last night?

estados del pasado.

already
He was very ill a few years ago.
Already se utiliza para subrayar que una accin ya se ha
completado. Se coloca entre el auxiliar have y el participio hechos que sucedieron repetidamente en el pasado.
pasado del verbo principal.
We had a test every month.
Hes only fifteen, but hes already made his first million.
Im not hungry. Ive already eaten.
The past simple and the present perfect simple
Atencin!
El past simple describe estados o acciones que se
Still, yet, just y already tambin se utilizan con otros completaron en el pasado.
tiempos verbales.
I lived in Albacete when I was six years old. (= Ahora no vivo
They still live in Madrid. all.)
She cant swim yet.
Hes already got his own motorbike. El present perfect simple describe estados o acciones que
comenzaron en el pasado y siguen en el presente.
E
 n general, yet, just y already no se utilizan con el past
Ive lived in Albacete since 2004. (= Sigo viviendo all.)
simple.
The train has just left. no The train just left. El past simple especifica cundo sucedi algo. A menudo
We have already had lunch. no We already had lunch. va acompaado de una expresin de tiempo.
I visited London last weekend.

El present perfect simple se utiliza si no se quiere especifi

car cundo ocurri algo.
Have you been to LA? (= It doesnt matter when.)

Grammar Reference77
 The past continuous The past perfect simple
Formacin Formacin
El past continuous se construye con was / were + participio El past perfect se construye con had + participio pasado.
presente.
Afirmativa
Afirmativa
I / You / He / She / It / We / They had participio
I / He / She / It was infinitivo -ing pasado
You / We / They were He had left.They had gone.
He was waiting for me.
They were kissing. Negativa
I / You / He / She / had not (hadnt) participio pasado
Negativa It / We / They
I / He / She / It was (wasnt) infinitivo -ing I hadnt remembered.They hadnt phoned me.
You / We / They were not (werent)
Interrogativa
He wasnt working yesterday.
They werent getting on very well. Had I / you / he / she / it / participio pasado ?
we / they
Interrogativa Had you told her? Had they gone?
Was I / he / she / it infinitivo -ing ?
Usos
Were you / we / they
El past perfect simple se utiliza
Was it snowing?
p
 ara describir acciones o situaciones pasadas que
Were you listening to me?
sucedieron antes que otras.
Atencin! La ortografa puede cambiar al aadir -ing. Id only seen snow on television before I visited the mountains.
They hadnt found a new house when they sold their old one.
The present continuous, pgina 75
p
 ara hacer referencia a acciones o situaciones que
Usos sucedieron antes de un momento concreto del pasado.
El past continuous hace referencia a By the time I was sixteen, Id lived in three different houses.
a cciones que se estaban desarrollando en un momento Id never failed an exam before this one.
concreto del pasado.
con la expresin it was the fi rst / second / third time.
At midnight, I was going to bed.
Yesterday morning we were sitting outside. It was the third time that wed been to the hotel.

acciones del pasado que fueron interrumpidas por otras. Atencin!

He was talking to his girlfriend when I saw him.
We were waiting at the bus stop when he shouted to us.
The past simple and the past continuous
El past simple describe acciones que se completaron en
el pasado.
I made dinner last night. I started at seven oclock and I finished
at ten past seven.
E
 l past continuous hace referencia a acciones que se
estaban desarrollando en un momento concreto del
pasado.
What were you doing at five past seven? I was making dinner.
E
 l past simple y el past continuous se combinan
utilizando when y while. El orden de ambos tiempos
verbales puede variar en la frase.
While I was eating, the phone rang.
The phone rang while I was eating.
A
 lgunos verbos tienen formas irregulares de participio
pasado.
Irregular Verb List, pginas 127128
Observa la diferencia entre estas frases:
We ate dinner at eight oclock.

(= La accin se complet a las ocho.)
We were eating dinner at eight oclock.

(= La accin an se estaba desarrollando.)
We had eaten dinner at eight oclock.

(= A las ocho, la cena ya haba acabado.)
Time expressions
Las expresiones de tiempo unen acciones del pasado,
especificando cul sucedi primero, y cules a la vez.
as, while and when
As, while, y when indican que dos acciones pasadas
sucedieron a la vez. A menudo se utiliza el past continuous
detrs de as y while, y el past simple detrs de when.
As / While / When / I was walking home, I met George.

78 Grammar Reference
Atencin! As y while solo se usan cuando una accin larga would
es interrumpida por otra de menor duracin. When se puede
Formacin
emplear cuando una accin larga es interrumpida, o cuando
dos acciones de poca duracin suceden simultneamente. Afirmativa
She broke her arm when she fell off her bike.
I / You / He / She / It / We / They would infinitivo
When I was a child, I would spend my holidays in Menorca.
after
After destaca el hecho de que una accin sucedi despus
Negativa
de otra. A menudo se utiliza el past perfect simple con after.
After we had finished our meal, we went out to the cinema. I / You / He / She / It / We / wouldnt infinitivo
She phoned me after the plane had landed. They
We wouldnt have lunch until 2 oclock.
as soon as
As soon as se utiliza para indicar que una accin sucedi Interrogativa
inmediatamente despus de otra. Generalmente se utiliza el Would I / you / he / she / it / infinitivo ?
past simple o el past perfect simple con as soon as. we / they
I ran downstairs as soon as I saw the postman.
Would you swim in the sea every day?
As soon as I had finished work, I went home.

Usos
used to Would + infinitivo tambin se utiliza para hacer referencia a
Formacin hechos y situaciones del pasado.
Afirmativa In the evenings, my grandfather would sit by the fire and read.

I / You / He / She / It / We / They
I used to hate vegetables.
We used to play computer games every night.
Negativa
used to infinitivo Esta estructura pertenece al registro formal de la lengua
escrita. En el ingls oral se utiliza used to o el past simple.
When I was a child, I would spend my holidays in Menorca.
When I was a child, I used to spend my holidays in Menorca.
When I was a child, I spent my holidays in Menorca.

I / You / He / She / did not (didnt) infinitivo Atencin! Would no se utiliza para referirse a estados del
It / We / They use to pasado. En ese caso se emplea used to o el past simple.
I didnt use to get on with my brother. When I was younger, I used to like sweets.
They didnt use to like each other. o When I was younger, I liked sweets.
no When I was younger, I would like sweets.

Interrogativa
Did I / you / he / she / use to infinitivo ?
it / we / they
UNIT 2 Future forms
Did you use to go out with Sally?
What class did you use to be in? will
Formacin
Atencin! No se debe confundir used to con be used to
(estar acostumbrado a) o get used to (acostumbrarse a). Afirmativa
get / be used to, pgina 90 I / You / He / She / It / We / They will (ll) infinitivo
I will (Ill) ask her.
Usos
He will (Hell) be late again.
Used to se utiliza para referirse a acciones, hbitos o
situaciones del pasado que ya no se dan en el presente.
Negativa
She used to hate him. (= Ya no lo odia.)
I / You / He / She / It / We / They will not infinitivo
Atencin! For y since no se utilizan con used to. (wont)
We went out for two years. no We used to go out for two years. I will not (wont) be at school next week.
We will not (wont) forget.

Grammar Reference79
 Interrogativa h
 acer predicciones basadas en indicios presentes en el
momento en el que se habla.
Will I / you / he / she / it / we / infinitivo ?
they They only left home ten minutes ago. They are going to be late.

Will you tell him? Atencin! Tanto will como be going to sirven para hacer
What will he say? predicciones.
will describe predicciones genricas sin indicio alguno.
Usos I think it will rain next week.
Will se utiliza para
be going to expresa predicciones basadas en indicios.
hacer predicciones o dar opiniones sobre el futuro.
Look a the sky! Its going to rain.
I think he will love the present.
Im worried we wont get there in time.
Time expressions with be going to
d
 escribir decisiones que se toman de forma espontnea
Los adverbios never, ever, just, only y still suelen aparecer
mientras se habla.
con be going to.
I dont know your sister. OK. Ill introduce you.
Im just going to ring my boyfriend.
Is he ever going to ask her out?
Atencin! Para ofrecerse a hacer algo, se utiliza will, y no el
present simple.
Ill help you. no I help you. The present continuous with future meaning
Formacin
Time expressions with will The present continuous, pgina 75
Las frases con will a menudo contienen adverbios como
never, ever, just, only o still. Dichos adverbios se colocan Usos
entre will y el infinitivo del verbo principal. El present continuous se utiliza para referirse a planes a
I will never speak to him again. corto plazo. En este tipo de frases se suelen especificar
momentos y lugares concretos.
What are you doing at the weekend?
be going to I am seeing Mike on Saturday.
Formacin
Atencin! Be going to y el present continuous se utilizan
Afirmativa para describir planes. En general, el present continuous
I am (m) going to infinitivo describe planes a corto plazo, y suele ir acompaado de
referencias a momentos y lugares concretos.
You / We / They are (re)
Im going to stay with Ellie.
He / She / It is (s) Im meeting Ruth at the cinema this evening.
I am (Im) going to meet her tonight.
They are (Theyre) going to have an argument. The present simple with future meaning
Formacin
Negativa
The present simple, pgina 75
I am not (m not) going to infinitivo
Usos
You / We / They are not (arent)
El present simple hace referencia a hechos futuros que
He / She / It is not (isnt) aparecen en tablas de horarios.
I am (Im) not going to pass this exam. The next train leaves at six oclock.
This film is not (isnt) going to be very good. Lessons start on 12th September.

Interrogativa
Future time clauses
Am I going to infinitivo ? Las expresiones temporales before, after, as soon as, when y
Are you / we / they while hacen referencia al futuro. La oracin principal incluye
will o be going to, mientras que el present simple aparece en
Is he / she / it la oracin subordinada temporal (de futuro).
Is she going to be at the party? I will phone you when I get home.
Who are you going to meet? Im going to have a gap year before I go to university.
Well go to bed after this programme finishes.
Ill clean the kitchen while you do the washing up.
Usos
Be going to se utiliza para Atencin! Will nunca aparece detrs de las expresiones de
describir planes e intenciones. tiempo before, after, as soon as, when y while.
What are you going to wear to the party? Well have dinner after you get home.
no Well have dinner after you will get home.

80 Grammar Reference
The future perfect simple Atencin! La ortografa puede cambiar al aadir -ing.
Formacin The present continuous, pgina 75
El future perfect simple se construye con will have +
participio pasado. Usos
El future continuous describe
Afirmativa
a cciones que se estarn desarrollando en un momento
I / You / He / She / will (ll) have participio pasado determinado del futuro.
It / We / They At two oclock Ill be playing basketball.
I will (Ill) have finished by the time you get here.
a cciones que se seguirn desarrollando durante un
periodo de tiempo en el futuro.
Negativa
Well be working on our project all evening.
I / You / He / She / will not (wont) participio pasado
It / We / They have Atencin! Fjate en la diferencia entre estas frases:
The film will not (wont) have finished by eight oclock. Ill do my homework at seven oclock.
(= Empezar a esa hora.)
Ill be doing my homework at seven oclock.
Interrogativa
(= Los estar haciendo a esa hora.)
Will I / you / he / she / have participio ? Ill have done my homework at seven oclock.
it / we / they pasado (= A esa hora los habr acabado.)
Will you have eaten?

Atencin!
UNIT 3Conditionals
La ortografa puede cambiar al aadir -ed.
The present perfect simple, pgina 76 Las oraciones condicionales constan de dos partes: la
proposicin condicional (encabezada por if) y la proposicin
Muchos verbos tienen participios pasados irregulares. principal, que describe el resultado de la condicin anterior.
Irregular Verb List, pginas 127128
Proposicin condicional Proposicin principal
Usos If the train is late, Ill phone you.
El future perfect describe una accin que se habr
completado en un momento del futuro. Ese momento lo El orden de las proposiciones puede variar en la frase.
especifica un sintagma encabezado por by.
Proposicin condicional Proposicin principal
By eight oclock, I will have finished my homework.
Will you have read the book by next week? Ill phone you if the train is late.
Well have left school by this time next year.
Cuando la proposicin condicional encabeza la oracin, se
suele aadir una coma detrs. Si la proposicin principal
The future continuous aparece en primer lugar, no se aade la coma.
Formacin Hay diversos tipos de oraciones condicionales: de grado
El future continuous se construye con will be + participio cero, de primer grado, de segundo grado y de tercer grado.
presente.

Afirmativa
The zero conditional
Formacin
I / You / He / She / will be infinitivo -ing
It / We / They if + present simple, present simple
At eight oclock tonight I will be watching the match on TV.
present simple if + present simple
Negativa
If I see clothes I like, I buy them.
I / You / He / She / will not infinitivo -ing The alarm sounds if a fire starts.
It / We / They (wont) be
At eight oclock tonight I wont be working. Usos
El condicional de grado cero se utiliza para
Interrogativa
describir hechos genricos.
Will I / you / he / she / be infinitivo -ing If water reaches 0C, it freezes.
it / we / they
describir situaciones cuyo resultado es siempre el mismo.
What will you be doing at seven oclock this evening?
If I feel tired, I go to bed early.

Grammar Reference81
 The first conditional
Formacin
if + present simple, will + infinitivo
will + infinitivo if + present simple
If it rains tomorrow, well stay at home.
Ill be upset if I fail my exam.
Atencin! Will nunca se debe utilizar en la proposicin
condicional.
If the weather is nice, we will go to the beach.
no If the weather will be nice, we will go to the beach.
Usos
El condicional de primer grado se utiliza para
d
 escribir hechos que es posible, o incluso probable, que
sucedan en el futuro.
If I have time tonight, Ill help you.
We wont make a difference if we dont try.
formular promesas y advertencias.
If you cook dinner, Ill do the washing up.
If you dont do any revision, you wont pass your exam.
The second conditional
Formacin
if + past simple, would + infinitivo
would + infinitivo if + past simple
If I had a lot of money, Id travel all over the world.
Wed go to that restaurant if it wasnt so expensive.
A veces could sustituye a would en la proposicin principal:
If I had a mobile phone, I could call him.
Atencin! En el registro formal, were puede sustituir a was
con I, he, she, it en la proposicin condicional.
If I were you, I wouldnt take the job.
If he were stronger, hed be a better tennis player.
Usos
El condicional de segundo grado se utiliza para
hacer referencia a situaciones imaginarias del presente.

If I were a millionaire, I wouldnt work.
(= No soy millonaria.)
You would get better exam results if you worked hard.
(= No lo haces, por eso no obtienes buenos resultados.)
referirse a hechos poco probables del futuro.
If I won the lottery, Id have a big party for all my friends.
Id stay in a hotel if I went to London.
82 Grammar Reference
The third conditional
Formacin
if + past perfect, would have + infinitivo
would have + infinitivo if + past perfect
If she hadnt helped us, we would have had a lot of problems.
You wouldnt have done anything if I hadnt told you.
Usos
El condicional de tercer grado se utiliza para referirse a
hechos hipotticos del pasado, es decir, a acontecimientos
que nunca se produjeron.
If I had got to the airport on time, I wouldnt have missed the plane.
(= I didnt get to the airport on time so I missed the plane.)
If they hadnt been late, they would have got a ticket.
(= They were late so they didnt get a ticket.)
unless
Unless se utiliza en la proposicin condicional para expresar
una condicin negativa. Significa a menos que.
Well be late unless we go now. = Well be late if we dont go now.
Ill come with you unless Im busy. = Ill come with you if Im not busy.
had and would
Had y would cuentan con la forma contracta d, que se
utiliza en las oraciones condicionales.
If I won the lottery Id (= I would) buy a sports car.
If youd (= you had) told me, Id (= I would) have understood.
Had solo se puede contraer como d cuando funciona como
auxiliar, nunca si es el verbo principal.
If Id (= verbo auxiliar) worked harder, I d have passed the exam.
If I had (= verbo principal) a lot of money, Id travel to the USA.
UNIT 4 Relative clauses
who, which, where and when
Los pronombres relativos se utilizan para aadir una
proposicin (de relativo) a una frase. Hacen referencia al
sustantivo que precede a la proposicin de relativo.
We use
which hace referencia a los objetos.
This is the CD which I bought.
who se refiere a las personas.
The woman who wrote that song.
when marca referencias temporales.
That was the day when we arrived.
where describe referencias espaciales.
This is the house where he was born.
that
That puede sustituir a who o which en las proposiciones de
relativo.
Hes the singer that (= who) Ive met.
Heres the album that (= which) we bought.
En ingls es muy habitual utilizar that detrs de something,
anything, everything, nothing, all y los superlativos.
Heres something that you can listen to.
Have you got anything thats similar?
Her parents give her everything that she wants.
Its the worst record that Ive ever bought.
That tambin puede sustituir a when.
I remember the day when I started school.
I remember the day that I started school.
That se puede utilizar en lugar de where, pero hay que
aadir una preposicin al final de la frase.
This is the house where we lived.
This is the house that we lived in.
Prepositions in relative clauses
Si la proposicin de relativo contiene un verbo al que va
asociada una preposicin, esta se coloca al final de la frase.
We told you about this song.
This is the song that we told you about.
Did you speak to that guy?
Is that the guy who you spoke to?
Cuando la proposicin de relativo hace referencia a un lugar,
se pueden utilizar dos estructuras:
where (sin preposicin)
that / which + preposicin
This is the restaurant. Paul went to it.
This is the restaurant where Paul went.
This is the restaurant which Paul went to.
This is the restaurant that Paul went to.
Si la proposicin de relativo contiene una referencia de
tiempo, no se utiliza la estructura which + preposicin, sino
when sin preposicin.
Tuesday is the day. We usually have a test on this day.
Tuesday is the day when we usually have a test.
Tuesday is the day which we usually have a test on.
Tuesday is the day that we usually have a test on.
Omission of relative pronouns
El pronombre relativo se puede omitir si es el objeto de la
proposicin de relativo. Si va seguido de un sujeto y un
verbo, es probable que sea el objeto.
Thats the guitar (that / which) they gave me.
Hes the boy (that / who) I was going to the concert with.
A menudo se omiten los pronombres relativos who, which,
that, where y when, sobre todo en el ingls hablado.
Thats the boy (who) Maria is going out with.
Ill never forget the day (when) I started school.
El pronombre no se puede omitir si constituye el sujeto de la
proposicin de relativo.
Hes the boy who / that lives near me.
El pronombre where se puede omitir, pero en ese caso hay
que aadir una preposicin al final de la frase.
This is the house where we lived. This is the house we lived in.
whose
El pronombre relativo whose marca referencias de posesin
y pertenencia.
Theyre the children whose mother is a famous singer.
(= They are the children. Their mother is a famous singer.)
Thats the boy whose dog was run over.
(= Thats the boy. His dog was run over.)
El pronombre whose nunca se puede omitir en una
proposicin de relativo.
Atencin! No se debe confundir whose con whos (la forma
contracta de who is o who has).
The person whos (= who is) staying next door plays loud music in
the mornings.
Thats the girl whos (= who has) just got a recording contract.
Defining and non-defining relative clauses
Defining relative clauses
Las proposiciones de relativo especificativas aportan
informacin esencial acerca del sustantivo al que siguen.
Sin la proposicin de relativo, no queda claro a qu persona,
objeto, lugar o momento se refiere el hablante.
Shes the singer who visited my school.
Who, which y that se pueden omitir cuando son el objeto de
la proposicin de relativo.
Non-defining relative clauses
Las proposiciones de relativo explicativas ofrecen
informacin adicional, pero no esencial, sobre el sustantivo
al que siguen. Si las eliminamos, sigue quedando claro a
qu persona, objeto, lugar o momento se refiere el hablante.
The band, who are starting a tour next week, have just released
their third album.
Esta frase est completa, pero podemos aadir informacin
mediante una proposicin explicativa, siempre separada del
resto de la frase mediante comas.
The tickets, which cost over 50 each, are available online.
She was born in Bogot, which is the capital of Colombia.
Podemos combinar dos oraciones simples utilizando una
proposicin de relativo explicativa.
My uncle is called Carl. Hes a singer.
My uncle, whos a singer, is called Carl.
o My uncle, whos called Carl, is a singer.
Grammar Reference83
 Atencin! Pronouns and possessive adjectives
That nunca se utiliza en las proposiciones explicativas. Al pasar una frase de estilo directo a indirecto, cambian
Siempre se debe emplear who o which. tambin algunas palabras y expresiones relativas al hablante,
The song, which got to number one, was written by a 15-year- a la posicin de este y al momento en el que habla.
old. no The song, that got to number one, was written by a We arrived late, she said.
15-year-old. She said that they had arrived late.
N
 unca se puede omitir el pronombre en una proposicin My sister studies Tourism, she said.
de relativo explicativa. She said that her sister studied Tourism.
The lead singer, who is only eighteen, lives with his
parents. no The lead singer, is only eighteen, lives with his Time and place expressions
parents.
Time
Estilo directo Estilo indirecto
UNIT 5 Reported speech now then, at that moment
today that day
Formacin
tonight that night
El estilo indirecto se utiliza para contar lo que ha dicho otra
persona, sin citar sus palabras textuales. this (morning / afternoon / that (morning / afternoon /
evening / week / month / year) evening / week / month / year)
Estilo directo Estilo indirecto
yesterday the day before
Fame is the only thing I live for. He said that fame was the only
thing he lived for. last (week / month / year) the (week / month / year)
before
En el registro informal, that se puede omitir.
(two minutes) ago (two minutes) earlier
I want to be a celebrity, said the girl.
The girl said (that) she wanted to be a celebrity. tomorrow the next day, the following day

Atencin! En el estilo indirecto no son necesarias las next (week / month / year) the next (week / month / year),
comillas. the following (week / month /
year)
Tense changes in reported speech
Al pasar una frase de estilo directo a indirecto, el tiempo Place
verbal cambia para dar un paso atrs en el tiempo.
Estilo directo Estilo indirecto
I love Chinese food. She said she loved Chinese food.
Were leaving on Saturday. They said they were leaving on this that
Saturday.
these those

Estilo directo Estilo indirecto here there

present simple past simple
I wait I waited Modal verbs in reported speech
La mayora de los verbos modales (should, could, would,
present continuous past continuous
might, ought to) no cambian en el estilo indirecto.
I am waiting I was waiting
You should sing. She said that I should sing.
present perfect simple past perfect simple
I have waited I had waited Pero will, can y must s cambian en el estilo indirecto.

past simple past perfect simple Estilo directo Estilo indirecto

I waited I had waited
will would
past perfect simple past perfect simple I will wait I would wait
I had waited I had waited
can could
am / is / are going to was / were going to I can wait I could wait
Im going to wait I was going to wait
must had to
Atencin! El past perfect simple no cambia. I must wait I had to wait
They had already left. She said that they had already left. I can get her autograph. He said that he could
get her autograph.
I will talk to her. He said that he would talk to her.
You must pay. They said that we had to pay.

84 Grammar Reference
say and tell UNIT 6 The passive
Los verbos say y tell se utilizan de forma diferente:
say (+ that) + estilo indirecto.
tell + objeto indirecto (+ that) + estilo indirecto.
The present simple passive
Formacin
The police officer said (that) they had found the robbers.
The police officer told me that they had found the robbers. La voz pasiva se construye con be + participio pasado. El
no The police officer told they had found the robbers. tiempo del verbo be no cambia respecto a la voz activa.
o The police officer said me they had found the robbers.
Voz activa Voz pasiva
Tell + objeto + (not) + to + infinitivo se utiliza para relatar Many tourists visit Big Ben. Big Ben is visited by many
instrucciones y rdenes en estilo indirecto. tourists.
Sit down! He told me to sit down.
Dont talk! The teacher told us not to talk. The present simple passive
Atencin! Say no se utiliza para relatar instrucciones y Afirmativa
rdenes en estilo indirecto. I am (m) participio pasado
Dont worry! He told me not to worry.
You / We / They are (re)
no He said me not to worry.
He / She / It is (s)

Reported questions Shopping is enjoyed by many people.

En la forma interrogativa del estilo indirecto, el orden de la
frase cambia. Coincide con el de las frases afirmativas. Negativa
Pregunta en estilo directo Pregunta en estilo indirecto I am (m not) participio pasado
How is he? she asked. She asked (me) how he was. You / We / They are (arent)
He / She / It is (isnt)
Formacin
Russian isnt studied by the students.
Si la pregunta en estilo directo contena alguna partcula
interrogativa (who, why, when, how, what), esta se mantiene
en estilo indirecto. Interrogativa

Preguntas en estilo directo Preguntas en estilo Am I participio ?

(con partcula interrogativa) indirecto pasado
Are you / we / they
partcula interrogativa + partcula interrogativa + Is he / she / it
verbo + sujeto sujeto + verbo
What are you doing? he asked He asked her what she was Are all the meals cooked by a chef?
her. doing.
Atencin! Algunos verbos tienen formas irregulares para el
Si la pregunta en estilo directo era de tipo yes / no (es decir, participio pasado.
no contena partculas interrogativas), se aade if o whether
Irregular Verb List, pginas 127128
en la pregunta en estilo indirecto.

Preguntas en estilo directo
(sin partcula interrogativa)
verbo + sujeto
Are you famous? he asked her.
Preguntas en estilo The subject, the object and the agent
indirecto En la voz activa, el sujeto de la frase es tambin el agente de
la accin, es decir, el que realiza dicha accin. Sin embargo,
if / whether + sujeto +
al pasar esa frase a la voz pasiva, el objeto de la voz activa se
verbo
convierte en el sujeto. Para indicar quin realiza la accin,
He asked her if / whether she
se aade by + complemento agente al final de la frase.
was famous.
Voz activa
Music companies advertise the CDs.
sujeto y agente verbo (en la voz activa) objeto

Voz pasiva
The CDs are advertised by music companies.

sujeto verbo (en la voz pasiva) by + complemento

agente

Grammar Reference85
 Atencin! Algunos verbos carecen de una forma para la voz cuando el agente no es muy importante, o bien es obvio.
pasiva. Figuran entre ellos verbos intransitivos (verbos que cuando no se quiere citar el agente.
expresan acciones pero no admiten un objeto directo) tales
The window was broken while we were playing football.
como die, sleep y swim.
No siempre se puede omitir by + agente, ya que puede
Other tenses in the passive contener informacin importante para la frase.
El tiempo del verbo be no cambia respecto a la voz activa. My parents gave me the money.
The money was given to me by my parents.
Voz activa Voz pasiva
Penlope Cruz will open the mall.
Present continuous The mall will be opened by Penlope Cruz.
is / are taking is being taken

Present perfect Transformations: active passive

has / have taken has / have been taken
Para pasar una oracin de la voz activa a la voz pasiva, se
Past simple deben seguir estos cinco pasos.
took was / were taken Voz activa: They have banned hoodies.
Past perfect 1 Identifica el objeto de la oracin activa: hoodies
had taken had been taken
2 Colcalo al comienzo de la oracin, es decir, en posicin
will de sujeto: Hoodies
will take will be taken 3 Fjate en el tiempo verbal de la oracin activa: have banned
be going to = present perfect
is / are going to take is / are going to be taken 4 Utiliza el mismo tiempo verbal de be junto al participio
pasado del verbo principal: have been + banned
verbos modales
can / must / should take can / must / should be taken 5 Decide si hace falta incluir la estructura by +
complemento agente (they):
Someone will buy it. (will futuro) It will be bought.
Voz pasiva: Hoodies have been banned.
The police have arrested the shoplifters. (present perfect)
The shoplifters have been arrested. no Hoodies have been banned by them. (No se sabe quines son
ellos.)
We must take his advice seriously. (verbo modal) His
advice must be taken seriously.
Transformations: passive active
Usos Para pasar una oracin de la voz pasiva a la voz activa, se
La voz pasiva se utiliza deben seguir los cinco pasos anteriores, pero a la inversa.
Quiz haya que aadir un sujeto. Decide quin ha podido
p
 ara subrayar la accin (el verbo), y no quin (el agente)
ser el responsable de la accin.
la realiza.
We threw away our old TV last week. Passive: They were being watched. (Quin? No se sabe, luego
(Es importante indicar quin la tir.) no se puede dar un nombre.)
Thousands of old TVs are thrown away every week.
(No importa quin las tira.)
Active: Someone was watching them.
para colocar la idea central al comienzo de la frase.
Passive: The shopping centre was designed by a famous architect.
Adi Dasler invented the name Adidas in 1948. The
(Quin lo dise? La informacin es importante. Por eso,
name Adidas was invented in 1948 (by Adi Dasler).
un arquitecto famoso se convierte en el sujeto de la voz
They sell millions of trainers every year. Millions of activa.)
trainers are sold every year.

Active: A famous architect designed the shopping centre.

Omission of the agent
En una oracin pasiva, by introduce el complemento agente
(la persona que realiza la accin). have something done
The record company will release the album on Monday. Formacin
The album will be released on Monday by the record company. El llamado causativo se construye con have (en cualquier
tiempo verbal) + objeto + participio pasado.
By + complemento agente se omite
Sujeto have objeto participio pasado
cuando no se sabe quin es el agente.
My wallet has been stolen. He had the room painted.

86 Grammar Reference
Usos
Interrogativa
El causativo have something done se utiliza para describir
acciones que no realizamos nosotros, sino que mandamos verbo modal I / you / he / she / infinitivo ?
hacer a otros, generalmente a un profesional en la materia. it / we / they
Esta estructura se puede utilizar en cualquier tiempo verbal. Should I go?
Amy had her camera repaired. (= Alguien lo hizo por ella.)
Atencin! Cannot se escribe como una sola palabra. En el
Igual que ocurre en la voz pasiva, en este tipo de frases caso de otros verbos modales, not forma una palabra aparte.
tampoco es necesario especificar el agente de la accin.
Were having our house painted. (= Es obvio que lo har un Semi-modals and other verbs
pintor.) Algunos verbos, llamados semimodales, solo cumplen una o
dos de las caractersticas antes citadas. El ms utilizado es
Cuando alguien realiza una accin que generalmente se ought to, que precede al infinitivo con to.
encargara a otra persona, se puede aadir un pronombre
reflexivo para dar nfasis a ese hecho. Otros verbos no cumplen ninguna de las caractersticas de
los verbos modales, pero funcionan de forma similar. Es el
Theyre building the house themselves.
caso de have to.
She cuts her hair herself.
Afirmativa
I / You / We / They have to infinitivo
UNIT 7 Modal verbs He / She / It has
He has to work.
Characteristics of modal verbs
Los verbos modales tienen caractersticas especiales y Negativa
aportan un matiz determinado al verbo principal, por
I / You / We / They dont have to infinitivo
ejemplo obligacin o permiso.
He / She / It doesnt
Formacin
He doesnt have to work.
He aqu las caractersticas que comparten los verbos
modales:
Interrogativa
E
 n general, preceden al infinitivo sin to del verbo
principal. La excepcin es ought to). Do I / you / we / they have to infinitivo ?
I must study harder. Does he / she / it
She should get some advice.
Does he have to work?
pero I ought to ask someone.

No llevan -s en la tercera persona del singular.

Ability, permission, obligation and advice
He can speak three languages.
can, cant
N
 o utilizan el auxiliar do / does en las formas negativa e Can y cant se utilizan para hablar de habilidad y capacidad
interrogativa ni en las respuestas breves. en el presente.
She might not come. I can use a computer.
We must not be late. I cant understand this.
Should I apply? Yes, you should.
El verbo modal can tambin se utiliza para expresar permiso
Forman contracciones en las frases negativas. en presente.
I should not be late. I shouldnt be late. Can I leave now?
You must not park here. You mustnt park here. I cant go out until Ive finished my homework.

Los verbos modales ms utilizados son can, must y should.

must, have to, mustnt, dont have to
Afirmativa Para expresar obligacin se utilizan must y have to (que no
I / You / He / She / verbo modal infinitivo es un verbo modal).
It / We / They You must work hard.
You have to do three years of training.
He can go.
Dont have to (que no es un verbo modal) indica que no
Negativa existe obligacin de hacer algo.
I / You / He / She / verbo modal + not (nt)* infinitivo We dont have to work at weekends.
It / We / They
Mustnt expresa prohibicin.
You mustnt go.
You mustnt lie on your application form.

Grammar Reference87
 Atencin! Must y have to tienen un significado similar en
la forma afirmativa, pero totalmente diferente en negativa.
Mustnt expresa una prohibicin, mientras que dont have to
indica que no hay obligacin de hacer algo.
You mustnt work seven days a week.
You dont have to work seven days a week.
should, shouldnt, ought to, ought not to
Ought to y should se utilizan para dar consejos y hacer
recomendaciones.
You ought to / should apply for the job.
You ought not to / shouldnt spend so much on clothes.
Should y ought to tienen un significado parecido, pero ought
to es algo ms formal que should.
Speculation and deduction
could, may, might, must, cant
May, may not, might, might not y could se utilizan para
hablar de hechos posibles en el presente o en el futuro.
It could be a fantastic job.
They might enjoy that film.
You might not get an interview.
Could y couldnt describen capacidad en pasado.
I could walk when I was 11 months old.
She couldnt talk until she was three.
Be able to (que no es un verbo modal) + infinitivo expresa
capacidad en el futuro: will / wont + be able to.
Ill be able to work weekends.
They wont be able to start until September.
Be able to tambin se utiliza para expresar habilidad y
capacidad en past simple, present perfect y past perfect.
I wasnt able to go.
They havent been able to find someone for the job.
We hadnt been able to arrange an interview.
Modal perfects
Los verbos modales se utilizan con have + participio pasado
para referirse a hechos del pasado.
Formacin
Afirmativa
I / You / He / She / verbo have participio
It / We / They modal pasado

Cant y must expresan deducciones lgicas. Cant indica que He might have phoned her last night.
creemos o adivinamos que algo es imposible. They must have left early.
It cant be midnight already!
Negativa
Must indica que estamos seguros de lo que decimos.
I / You / He / She / verbo not have participio
Hes not here. He must be on holiday.
It / We / They modal pasado
Atencin! You shouldnt have done that.
Can nunca se utiliza para hablar de hechos que son They might not have left yet.
posibles en el presente o en el futuro.
It could / might / may be a fantastic job. Interrogativa
no It can be a fantastic job. Verbo I / you / he / she / have participio ?
modal it / we / they pasado
May not y might not se pueden utilizar para negar
posibilidades del presente y el futuro, pero could not Should we have left a tip for the waiter?
nunca se debe utilizar con este signifi cado. Might she have forgotten your birthday?
He might / may not be at home.
(= Its possible that he isnt at home.) Usos
no He could not be at home.
might / may / could have + past participle
Se utiliza cant, no mustnt, para indicar que algo es Might, may y could have + participio pasado se utilizan para
imposible. describir algo que era posible en el pasado.
Theres no answer. He cant be at home. He might / may / could have left the company.
no He mustnt be at home. She may not / might not have taken the job.

Could have + participio pasado tambin se utiliza para

can, could and be able to sugerir acciones que se habran podido dar en el pasado,
Can y cant expresan capacidad en presente. aunque ya es demasiado tarde para que se cumplan.
I can use a computer. He could have been a doctor, but he didnt want to go to university.
I cant understand this.
might / may not have + past participle
Might not have y may not have + participio pasado se
refieren a algo que seguramente no sucedi en el pasado.
He might not have got your message.
They may not have gone to university.

88 Grammar Reference
couldnt have + past participle
Couldnt have + participio pasado se utiliza para hacer
referencia a algo que era imposible en el pasado.
We couldnt have finished earlier.
Atencin! Observa la diferencia entre might / may not have y
could not have.
He might not / may not have seen you.
(= Its possible he didnt see you.)
He couldnt have seen you.
(= Its impossible that he saw you.)
cant have + past participle
Cant have + participio pasado describe algo que era
imposible en el pasado.
He left the job after two weeks. He cant have enjoyed it.
He cant have understood the question.
must have + past participle
Must have + participio pasado se utiliza para expresar
certeza o hacer una deduccin lgica acerca del pasado.
You must have seen the advert.
They must have trained for a long time.
Atencin! Must have + participio pasado se utiliza para
hacer deducciones en pasado, no para indicar obligacin.
should have + past participle
Should have + participio pasado expresa una opinin acerca
de hechos del pasado, aunque ya sea tarde para cambiarlos.
He should have taken some advice from his friends, but he didnt.
I should have worn a suit but I havent got one.
shouldnt have + past participle
Shouldnt have + participio pasado expresa una crtica.
They shouldnt have gone out late last night but they did.
She shouldnt have gone by car but she thought it would be quicker.
UNIT 8 Gerunds and infinitives
Cuando dos verbos van juntos, el segundo puede ser un
infinitivo (con to) o una forma en -ing.
They enjoy being with each other. (verbo + forma en -ing)
I really want to go out with him. (verbo + infinitivo)
Al aprender un verbo nuevo, es muy til saber si debe ir
seguido del infinitivo o de la forma en -ing.
Verbs + gerund or infinitive
Common verbs followed by a gerund
Estos verbos suelen ir seguidos de la forma en -ing:
admit adviseavoid cant help cant imagine detrs de algunos adjetivos.
cant stand completeconsiderdiscussdislike She was scared to go into the room.
dont mind enjoyfinish give up imagine
keep mentionmindmisspractise
recommend regretreportresistrisksuggest
I regret going out with him.
Do you enjoy meeting new people?
I cant avoid seeing her every day at school.
La forma negativa se construye colocando not delante de la
forma en -ing.
Imagine not having friends!
Common verbs followed by an infinitive
Estos verbos suelen ir seguidos del infinitivo (con to):
afford agreeappeararrangeaskattempt
beg choosedaredecidedemand
deserve expectfailhesitatehopeintend
learn managemeanneedofferprepare
pretend promiserefuseseemthreaten
wait wantwish would like
Would you like to come out with us tonight?
She refused to accept my apology.
I didnt manage to speak to Helen.
La forma negativa se construye colocando not delante del
infinitivo.
We agreed not to argue any more.
I decided not to go on the date.
Common verbs followed by a gerund or an infinitive
Algunos verbos pueden ir seguidos tanto del infinitivo como
de la forma en -ing sin que su significado cambie. He aqu
algunos de ellos: begin, hate, like, love, prefer, start.
I love learning languages. / I love to learn languages.
You should start to have some fun. / You should start having some
fun.
Other rules for gerunds and infinitives
El infinitivo y la forma en -ing tambin se utilizan en otro tipo
de estructuras.
La forma en -ing se utiliza
detrs de algunas preposiciones.
I was angry with him for using my phone.
He thanked her by buying her some flowers.
c uando el verbo funciona a modo de sustantivo,
generalmente como sujeto de la frase.
Swimming is a good form of exercise.
Using mobile phones isnt allowed during the flight.
El infinitivo se utiliza
para expresar finalidad.
I phoned her to ask about the party.
They wrote to the travel company to complain about
their holiday.
Im very happy to help you.
Grammar Reference89
 get / be used to
Get used to y be used to se utilizan con sustantivos y con la
forma en -ing del verbo.
G
 et used to significa acostumbrarse a. Hace referencia
a un proceso.
Youll soon get used to the weather here.
After a few years, I got used to travelling all the time.

B
 e used to significa estar acostumbrado a. Hace
referencia a un estado.
I dont find this food strange, because Im used to it.
Im used to living in a city.
Atencin! No se deben confundir las dos estructuras
anteriores con used to + infinitivo.
used to, pgina 79
I used to live in Madrid. (= I lived there in the past, but not
now.)

90 Grammar Reference
 Phrasal Verb Reference
STARTER UNIT Literal and idiomatic phrasal verbs

Los phrasal verbs estn formados por un verbo y una partcula. La partcula puede ser
una preposicin o un adverbio, como por ejemplo, in, out, on, off, for, over.

El significado de algunos phrasal verbs es literal. Si sabemos lo que significan el verbo

y la partcula, podemos descifrar el significado del phrasal verb.
The teacher told the students to sit down.

Algunos phrasal verbs tienen un significado idiomtico. El verbo y la partcula no

nos ayudan a entender lo que significa el phrasal verb. Tenemos que aprender su
significado tratndolo como una palabra nueva.
Hes looking for a job.

A veces los phrasal verbs tienen un significado literal y otro idiomtico.

Look up there! Is that an aeroplane?
I looked up her number in the telephone directory.

1 Fjate en los phrasal verbs en negrita. Su significado es literal o idiomtico?

1 Put down your pens and stop writing!
2 I had just got on the train when the doors closed.
3 I give up! Whats the answer?
4 Can you see through that window?
5 My grandma has taken up salsa dancing.
6 Mikes on holiday, but hes coming back tomorrow.

UNIT 2 Phrasal verbs with up and down

Algunas partculas nos pueden ayudar a descifrar lo que significa un phrasal verb. Los
phrasal verbs que contienen las partculas up y down suelen indicar que algo est en
proceso, o que se produce un aumento o una disminucin de algo.
It will warm up.Har ms calor.
It will cool down.Har ms fro.

La partcula up tambin puede indicar que se completa o se termina una accin.

Eat up! Cmetelo todo!
Youve used up the milk! Te has terminado la leche!
The rain has cleared up.Ha parado de llover.

2 Completa las frases con up o down.

1 The bus company has put its prices, due to the rising cost of petrol.
2 Can you speak ? I cant hear you.
3 Slow ! Youre going too fast!
4 Cheer ! Things arent that bad.
5 Hes very stressed. He really needs to calm .
6 Ill tidy the kitchen.

Phrasal Verb Reference91

 UNIT 4 Separable and inseparable phrasal verbs

Los phrasal verbs se dividen en tres grupos: separable (separables), inseparable

(inseparables) e intransitive (intransitivos).

1 Separable
Estos phrasal verbs son transitivos (es decir, llevan objeto directo). Cuando el objeto
es un sustantivo, este puede colocarse delante o detrs de la partcula.
Well pick the guests up. oWell pick up the guests.

Cuando el objeto es un pronombre, este debe colocarse delante de la partcula.

Well pick them up. no Well pick up them.

2 Inseparable
Estos phrasal verbs tambin son transitivos, pero, en este caso, si el objeto es un
sustantivo, siempre debe colocarse detrs de la partcula.
Hes looking for a job. no Hes looking a job for.

Cuando el complemento es un pronombre tambin debe colocarse detrs de la

partcula.
Hes looking for it. no Hes looking it for.

Los phrasal verbs con dos partculas siempre son inseparables.

I get on with my sister. no I get my sister on with.

3 Intransitive
Los phrasal verbs intransitivos no llevan objeto directo, de forma que no se separa
nunca el verbo de la partcula.
Were going away this weekend.
Cuando aprendas un nuevo phrasal verb y tomes nota de su significado, apunta
tambin a cul de estos tres grupos pertenece. Un buen diccionario te indicar si el
verbo y la partcula se pueden separar o no.
Muchos diccionarios (y el apartado Phrasal Verb List de la pgina 123) indican que
un phrasal verb se puede separar colocando sb / sth (somebody o something) en
medio del verbo:
pick sb / sth up

Suelen indicar que un phrasal verb es inseparable colocando sb / sth al final del
verbo:
look for sth

Los phrasal verbs intransitivos suelen aparecer solos, sin sb / sth:

go away

3 Indica si los siguientes phrasal verbs son separables, inseparables o intransitivos.

Utiliza un diccionario.
1 grow up
2 carry out
3 look up (= check in a dictionary)
4 think of
5 put up with
6 bring in

4 Ordena las palabras en negrita para construir frases. Si hay ms de una respuesta
posible, escribe ambas respuestas.
1 He lot / in / a / month / brings / of / every / money
2 What you / her / do / of / think / ?
3 I village / grew / very / up / in / small / a
4 You brothers very annoying. do / put / how / you / up / him / with / ?
5 Scientists experiment / carried / laboratory / the / a / out / in
6 Im not sure if this phrasal verb is separable. will / look / I / it / up

92 Phrasal Verb Reference

UNIT 7 Phrasal verbs with more than one meaning

Muchos phrasal verbs tienen ms de un significado y pueden variar sus caractersticas

gramaticales segn el significado.
Please turn the radio / heating / air conditioning up. (transitive / separable)
Por favor, sube la radio / la calefaccin / el aire acondicionado.

The police turned up five minutes later. (intransitive)

La polica apareci cinco minutos ms tarde.

Cuando busques un nuevo phrasal verb en el diccionario, recuerda que, adems de

mirar el significado, debes fijarte en la estructura gramatical del verbo para poder
utilizarlo correctamente.

5 Cuntos significados tienen estos phrasal verbs? Utiliza un diccionario. Para cada
significado, comprueba si el phrasal verb es separable, inseparable o intransitivo.
1 hold up
2 come across
3 take off
4 make up
5 pick up
6 get through

6 Completa cada frase con un phrasal verb adecuado del ejercicio 5.

1 Hes got a great CV, but he doesnt well in interviews.
2 My dad used to stories for us when we were young.
3 I thought the exams would last for ever, but I them.
4 He his glasses and cleaned them.
5 She the dog and put him in his basket.
6 The traffic us and we arrived ten minutes late.

UNIT 8 Phrasal verbs in contemporary language

Todos los phrasal verbs son bastante informales. No solemos emplearlos en escritos
muy formales. Algunos phrasal verbs solo se utilizan en contextos muy coloquiales.
Stop worrying and chill out! Deja de preocuparte y reljate!

Constantemente estn apareciendo nuevos phrasal verbs para expresar conceptos

actuales o avances tecnolgicos. De aqu a que este libro aparezca publicado, se
habrn inventado unos cuantos phrasal verbs nuevos.

7 Relaciona los phrasal verbs en negrita 16 y las definiciones AF.

1 The DJ bigged up the bands new album.
2 My mum is going to freak out when she sees my new haircut.
3 When I email Anna, Ill copy you in.
4 Anna hangs out with Caroline and Gemma a lot.
5 Ive forgotten my password so I cant log in.
6 I crashed out on the sofa as soon as I got home.

A access a computer system or website

B send a copy of an email that you have written for someone else
C spend time with
D recommend enthusiastically
E fall asleep immediately because you are really tired
F get very angry or excited

Phrasal Verb Reference93

 Writing Reference
COMPLETAR TAREAS DE REDACCIN
1 Pensar
Antes de empezar a escribir, lee detenidamente la
tarea de redaccin.
Anota tus ideas.
Escribe palabras y expresiones que te puedan resultar
tiles.
2 Planificar
Organiza tus ideas en prrafos.
 Decide qu ideas deben ir al principio, y cules debes
dejar para el final.
Aade el resto de las ideas siguiendo un orden lgico.
3 Redactar
Utiliza palabras y expresiones variadas.
Incluye conectores para enlazar las ideas.
4 Repasar
Has utilizado los tiempos verbales correctamente?

Has evitado las repeticiones en la medida de lo
posible?
Has comprobado la ortografa?
CORREGIR ERRORES
Intenta evitar los errores ms comunes. Consulta el
diccionario siempre que te surjan dudas sobre las palabras
que has utilizado.
Gramtica
Preposiciones
He is one of the most famous singers of the world. in
We went to the shop for buy ice creams. to
We went at the caf. to
It depends of various factors. on
Adjetivos
She has beautifuls eyes. beautiful eyes
There were some paintings very old. very old paintings
Adverbios
I didnt go out as I was too much tired. too
I was such frightened that I couldnt move. so
Artculos y otros determinantes
My mother is teacher. is a teacher
I went to the school every day. to school
The money can cause many problems. Money
Hers hair is very long. Her
This shoes are too small. These
Every days are the same. Every day is
Pronombres
I think is wrong to buy pirated DVDs. it is
I like he. him
94 Writing Reference
Sustantivos contable e incontables
I would like some informations. information
People is very kind. are
Infinitivos y formas en -ing
Id like going to London. to go
You should to read this book. should read
Ortografa
Consonantes simples y dobles
We stoped at a garage. stopped
The door was openning. opening
Palabras acabadas en -y
He flys to London once a month. flies
He plaies football really well. plays
Verbos acabados en -e
Im makeing a cake. making
Palabras acabadas en -ght
It is not righth to test on animals. right
Palabras que contienen la secuencia ie
I beleived him. believed
Palabras que empiezan por wh-
Wich one do you want? Which
Signos de puntuacin
Maysculas
Im going away on monday. Monday
My mother is french. French
Comas

I enjoyed the film, it was very exciting.
I enjoyed the film; it was very exciting.
Vocabulario
do / make: You should make exercise. do
say / tell: He said me to go home. told
only / alone: My grandmother lives only. alone
last / latest: I enjoyed the last Bond film. latest
as / like: I have blonde hair as my mother. like
all / everything: All is very expensive. Everything
for / during: We lived there during five years. for
borrow / lend: He borrowed me the book. lent
see / watch / look at: I love watching paintings. looking at
travel / journey / trip: We went on a travel through the
Sahara. journey
Problemas de traduccin
He has 28 years old. is
We took a coffee. had
I am agree with you. agree
The film liked me. l liked the film.
My fathers met at university. parents
I think no. I dont think so.
CONECTORES TILES

Aadir ideas
Al comienzo de una frase: Also, Tambin, In addition, Adems, Moreover, Adems,
Whats more, Lo que es ms, As well as Adems de
Para unir palabras y proposiciones: and y in addition to adems de as well as adems de
Al final de una frase: as well. tambin. too. tambin.

Expresar causa
Al comienzo de una frase: Due to Debido a Because Como Because of A causa de
That is why (Es) por eso (que) As Como Since Ya que
Para unir palabras y proposiciones: due to debido a because porque because of a causa de
as como since puesto que
Al final de una frase: for that reason. por ese motivo.

Expresar efecto
Al comienzo de una frase: As a consequence, Como consecuencia, As a result, Como resultado,
Consequently, En consecuencia, Therefore Por lo tanto
Para unir palabras y proposiciones: so as que
Al final de una frase: as a consequence. como consecuencia. as a result. como resultado.

Expresar finalidad
Al comienzo de una frase: In order to Para In order that Para que
Para unir palabras y proposiciones: so that de manera que in order to para in order that
para que
Al final de una frase: for this purpose. con este propsito. to this end. con este fin.

Expresar contraste
Al comienzo de una frase: However, Sin embargo, Nevertheless, En cualquier caso, Nonetheless,
En cualquier caso, One the one hand, Por una parte, On the other hand Por otra parte,
Para unir palabras y proposiciones: but pero yet pero although / even though / despite (the fact
that ) aunque, a pesar de que in spite of (the fact that) a pesar de que
Al final de una frase: , though. Pero

Expresar condicin
Al comienzo de una frase: As long as Siempre que Providing that Siempre que Unless
A menos que
Para unir palabras y proposiciones: as long as siempre que providing that siempre que unless
a menos que but only if pero solo si
Marcar la secuencia de una narracin
Al comienzo de una frase: Before Antes de Before, Antes, After Despus de Afterwards,
Despus, After that, Despus, First, Primero, Then Despus, Finally,
Al final, In the end, Al final,
Para unir palabras y proposiciones: before antes de after despus de
Al final de una frase: afterwards. despus. in the end. al final.

Describir la secuencia de una argumentacin

Al comienzo de una frase: Firstly, Primero, Secondly, En segundo lugar, Thirdly, En tercer lugar,
Finally, Por ltimo, Lastly, Por ltimo,

Writing Reference95
 UNIT 1 A narrative

Qu es una narracin?
Una narracin describe una ancdota o historia, generalmente escrita en pasado.
Suele hacer referencia a acontecimientos entre los que a menudo se incluye un hecho
inesperado, extrao o problemtico.

Estructura
Prrafo 1 Introduccin
Describe el momento, el lugar, los personajes y el entorno.
Prrafo 2 Hechos ms importantes
Describe los hechos ms destacados.
Prrafo 3 Conclusin
Describe lo que sucedi al final.

Contenido
Utiliza tiempos verbales de pasado.
Incluye expresiones de tiempo y secuenciacin.
Une oraciones utilizando expresiones de tiempo.

Redacta un comienzo interesante para tu historia. Empieza con una frase breve o
chocante, o bien con una pregunta.
Utiliza adjetivos y adverbios para describir tus sentimientos.
Incluye trminos que intensifiquen el significado.
Divide el texto en prrafos bien definidos.
Escribe un final contundente para tu historia.

Vocabulario y expresiones tiles

Conectores tiles, pgina 95

Tiempos verbales propios de la narracin

Las narraciones se suelen redactar en pasado. Utiliza distintos tiempos verbales para
organizar tus ideas. Por ejemplo:
Past simple I was in the bank yesterday morning
Past continuous I was waiting in the queue when
Past perfect The robbers had just arrived when
Present perfect I have never been so frightened in my life!
used to I used to think banks were boring places

Expresiones de tiempo y secuenciacin

Expresiones que se utilizan con tiempos compuestos
already everforjustneversinceyet
Secuencia principal
First, Then Next, Finally, In the end, Last of all,
Anterioridad y posterioridad
Before (+ past simple / past perfect)
After (+ past simple / past perfect)
Earlier (on),
Afterwards,
After that,
After a while,
Later (on),

96 Writing Reference
Simultaneidad
As (+ past simple / past continuous)
While (+ past simple / past continuous)
When (+ past simple / past perfect simple)
As soon as (+ past simple / past perfect simple)

Utilizar vocabulario variado

Adverbios
Amazingly, Fortunately,Incredibly,Luckily,Suddenly,Unfortunately,
Adjetivos
amazed angryanxiouscoldconfuseddelighteddryexcited
exhausted freezinggladgrateful guilty happyhothungry
lonely miserablenervouspleasedproudrelievedsadscared
shocked surprisedterrifiedtiredupsetwarmworriedwet

Otras expresiones tiles

I have never been so happy / frightened / relieved / excited in my whole life!
It was the happiest / most frightening / most exciting moment of my life!
Ill always remember / Ill never forget ...
One of my happiest / worst memories
It was the best / worst day of my life.
Never again!

Tarea de redaccin

My first camping trip

Last summer I went camping in the south of Spain Utiliza expresiones de tiempo y
secuenciacin
with some friends. I had never been camping before, so
Utiliza tiempos verbales variados
I was really nervous . On the first day, we were staying
Utiliza elementos que intensifiquen
on a small campsite when disaster struck ! el significado

We were sitting in our tent at about eight oclock. Describe los sentimientos de los
protagonistas
Everyone was tired and hungry because we had had
Utiliza adverbios para que el texto
a busy day. Suddenly , it started to rain hard, and we resulte ms interesante
heard thunder. At first , I thought we were safe, but Describe los sentimientos de los
then I saw the water coming in. The camp site was protagonistas al final de la historia

flooding! By the time we realized what was happening ,

the water had already got inside our tent! Some people
came to rescue us, but we couldnt save our bags, and we
were absolutely terrified . As soon as we could , we
phoned for help.

In the end , it stopped raining, although our tents were

ruined. Luckily , nobody was hurt, but Ive never had
such a frightening experience Ill never forget it!

Writing Reference97
 UNIT 2 A topic essay

Qu es un texto temtico?
Un texto temtico ofrece informacin acerca de una cuestin determinada, sin dar
argumentos a favor ni en contra. El autor puede expresar su opinin brevemente al final,
pero la parte central del texto debe aportar datos objetivos.

Estructura
Prrafo 1 Introduccin
Introduce el tema en una o dos frases.
Prrafo 1 Primera idea
Explica la primera idea y su relacin con el ttulo
del texto.
Prrafo 2 Segunda idea
Explica la segunda idea.
Prrafo 3 Tercera idea
Explica la tercera idea.
Prrafo 1 Conclusin
Resume tu visin en una o dos frases.

Contenido
Aporta datos, y no opiniones.
Aade ejemplos que apoyen los datos anteriores.
Utiliza expresiones de causa y efecto.
Evita repeticiones utilizando sinnimos y estructuras variadas.
Expresa tu opinin brevemente al final.

Vocabulario y expresiones tiles

Conectores tiles, pgina 95

Dar ejemplos

such as (+ sustantivo / sintagma nominal)

like (+ sustantivo / sintagma nominal)
For example, (+ frase)
For instance, (+ frase)

Expresar causa

due to (+ sustantivo / sintagma nominal)

because (+ frase)
because of (+ sustantivo / sintagma nominal)
as (+ frase)
since (+ frase))
For that reason, ( + frase)
That is why (+ frase)

Expresar efecto

As a consequence, (+ frase)
As a result, (+ frase)
Consequently, (+ frase)
Therefore, (+ frase)
(frase +) so (+ frase)

98 Writing Reference
Utilizar sinnimos
Sustantivos
problem difficultydilemmaobstaclequestion
solution answerkey
result effectconsequenceoutcome
situation circumstancespositioncase
person member of the public citizenindividual
Verbos
think believeconsiderfeel be of the opinion be under the impression
see regardviewperceive
Adjetivos
big largegreatsizeable
important significantmajor
difficult challengingproblematicharddemanding
essential crucialvitalcritical
nice pleasantattractiveenjoyable
Cuantificadores
much a lot of a large amount of
many a lot of a large number of numerous
some severalvarious a number of
not much little a small amount of
not many few a small number of
Intensificadores
very extremelytremendouslyimmensely
quite somewhatratherfairlyslightlyrelatively

Atencin! Muy pocos trminos cuentan con sinnimos perfectos. En la mayora de los
casos, el significado vara ligeramente. Consulta el diccionario para decidir qu palabra
es la ms acertada en cada caso.

Tarea de redaccin

How will the rising cost of fuel change our cities Introduce el tema
in the future? Utiliza expresiones de causa y efecto

Our way of life is starting to change due to the increased cost Recurre a sinnimos para evitar
repeticiones
of fuel. If this continues, cities will be very different places in
the future. Utiliza expresiones para aadir
ejemplos
As fuel will be expensive, people will not use cars as much and Expresa tu opinin al final
cities will be less polluted. More people will walk or cycle, and
consequently, citizens will be fitter and healthier.
Due to the small amount of traffic, cities will be safer for their
citizens. For example, children will be able to play outside
safely. In addition, there will be fewer accidents.
Because of the price of fuel, consumer items such as clothes
will cost significantly more. City-dwellers will therefore
spend less time shopping and more time relaxing outside.
I believe that the high cost of fuel will have a positive effect
on cities in the future. Due to the reduced number of cars,
they will be cleaner, safer and more pleasant.

Writing Reference99
 UNIT 3 A formal letter

Qu es una carta formal?

Las cartas formales se escriben para dirigirse a empresas y organismos, no a gente que
conocemos personalmente. Se pueden utilizar, por ejemplo, para pedir un trabajo. Estos
textos presentan una estructura y un lenguaje especficos.

Estructura
Prrafo 1 Prrafo introductorio
Explica por qu escribes la carta, y dnde has visto la oferta de trabajo.
Prrafo 2 Formacin y experiencia
Describe tu formacin y cualquier experiencia profesional que pueda
resultar til para el empleo que solicitas.
Prrafo 3 Cualidades y aptitudes personales
Describe tus cualidades y explica por qu estas te ayudaran a hacer
bien el trabajo.
Prrafo 4 Prrafo final
Indica cundo te podras incorporar al nuevo puesto, muestra tu
disposicin a acudir a una entrevista y completa la carta.

Contenido
Utiliza un lenguaje formal.
No emplees contracciones.
Incluye verbos modales tales como would, should, could.
No utilices expresiones coloquiales.
Deja claro el motivo por el que escribes la carta.
Une las oraciones utilizando and, but y because.
Divide el texto en prrafos bien diferenciados.

Vocabulario y expresiones tiles

Conectores tiles, pgina 95

Saludos
Si no conoces el destinatario: Dear Sir or Madam,
Si el destinatario es un hombre, pero no conoces su nombre: Dear Sir,
Si el destinatario es una mujer, pero no conoces su nombre: Dear Madam,
Si conoces el nombre del destinatario: Dear Mr / Mrs / Ms / Miss (+ name),

Explicar el motivo por el que escribes la carta

I am writing because ...
I am writing in response to ...
I am writing to (enquire / apply for / ask about / complain about / request) ...

Solicitar informacin
I would be interested to (know / find out ) ...
I wonder if you could (send me / tell me / let me know ) ...
I would be grateful if you would ...

Describir tus aptitudes y tu experiencia profesional

As you will see from my / the enclosed CV, ...
I am suitable for the post because ...
I have experience of (+ forma en -ing)
I would describe myself as (+ adjetivo)

100 Writing Reference

Describir la documentacin que adjuntas
I enclose ...
Please find enclosed ...

Secuenciar ideas
First of all, ... Firstly, ... Secondly, ... Thirdly, ... Finally,

Expresiones tiles
I would like to point out that
I saw your advert in (newspaper) / on (website)
Please do not hesitate to contact me if you require any further information.
I have a few queries regarding ...

Expresiones para finalizar la carta

I look forward to your response. I am available to ...
I look forward to hearing from you soon. I would be happy to attend an interview.

Despedidas
Si conoces el nombre del destinatario: Yours sincerely,
Si no conoces el nombre del destinatario: Yours faithfully,

Tarea de redaccin
Group Leader wanted for Cambridge Summer Camp
Must speak English and at least one other European language (preferably Spanish), and
get on well with children and young people. Experience in organizing drama activities an
advantage. Applications should be sent to Cambridge Summer Camp, St Johns Lane,
Cambridge CB14 4SF. (From: www.student-summer-jobs.co.uk, 25 May 2009)

23 Preston Road
Peterborough PE1 4PU Tu direccin
27 May 2009
La fecha
Human Resources Manager Cargo y direccin del
Cambridge Summer Camp destinatario
St Johns Lane
Cambridge CB14 4SF Saludo
Explica el motivo por el que
Dear Sir or Madam, escribes
I am writing in response to the advertisement for a Group Leader, which appeared Describe tu formacin y
on the website www.student-summer-jobs.co.uk on 25 May. I would like to be experiencia profesional
considered for the position, and I enclose a copy of my CV.
Describe tus cualidades y
I believe I am suitable for the post because I have experience of organizing activities aptitudes personales
for children. As you will see from my CV, l am a member of a drama group which
organizes workshops and shows for under-10s. I have studied Spanish for five years, Utiliza una expresin de
and have been to Spain several times, so I also have the necessary language skills. despedida adecuada
I am suitable for the post because I am sociable and hard-working. I am also a good
leader and I get on well with children of all ages.
I am available to start work at the end of June and I would be happy to attend an
interview.
I look forward to hearing from you.
Yours faithfully,
Sally White
Sally White

Writing Reference101
 UNIT 4 An opinion essay

Qu es un artculo de opinin?
En un artculo de opinin, el autor explica y razona su visin en torno a un tema. Algunas
veces responde a una pregunta, y otras veces explica si est o no de acuerdo con una
afirmacin.

Estructura
Prrafo 1 Introduccin
Introduce el tema en una o dos frases.
Prrafo 2 Opinin
Expresa lo que piensas sobre el tema, aadiendo y explicando tus
razones una a una. Si es posible, aporta datos con los que reforzar
tu opinin.
Prrafo 3 Conclusin
Resume tu visin.

Contenido
Aporta datos y ejemplos sencillos para reforzar tus ideas.
No hagas referencia a ventajas y desventajas, ni plantees argumentos a favor y en
contra del tema. En este caso, no se trata de dar un razonamiento equilibrado.
Utiliza trminos de secuenciacin y conectores para unir prrafos y frases.
Emplea expresiones adecuadas para expresar tu opinin.
Incluye expresiones adecuadas para razonar tu opinin.
Aporta datos tales como estadsticas que contribuyan a reforzar tu opinin.

Vocabulario y expresiones tiles

Conectores tiles, pgina 95

Expresar opiniones
I think ...
I believe ...
In my opinion,
In my view, ...
It seems to me that ...
I feel (very strongly) that
As I see it, ...
As far as I am concerned,
It is clear to me that
I am convinced that
I am sure that

Razonar opiniones
This is because ...
One reason for my opinion is
My main reason is
Another reason is

102 Writing Reference

Secuenciar ideas
Firstly, ...
Secondly, ...
Thirdly, ...
Finally, ...
Lastly, ...

Aportar datos
It is a well known fact that
Research has shown that
This is shown / demonstrated / proven by ...
On average, ...
According to a survey, ...

Ofrecer informacin adicional

In addition, ...
What is more,
Moreover,
Furthermore, ...
also ...
... too.
... as well.

Concluir el artculo
To conclude,
To sum up,
All in all,
In conclusion,

Tarea de redaccin

The government should make flying more

expensive. Do you agree?
At the moment, flying is relatively cheap, and many people Introduce el tema
choose to travel by air. However, in my opinion, flying Utiliza expresiones de opinin
should become more expensive.
Incluye trminos de secuenciacin
Firstly, flying damages the environment. I feel very strongly
Aporta datos que apoyen tu visin
that we all need to fly less because planes cause so much
pollution. Research has shown that people fly more when Utiliza expresiones para concluir
el artculo
prices are low. For example, at the moment the average
European takes five or six flights a year. Resume tu opinin al final

Secondly, if the government increased the tax on air travel, it

could spend more money on greener forms of transport. For
example, it could improve train services, which people use
every day.
In conclusion, air travel is bad for the environment
and people fly more when it is cheap. I think that if the
government made it more expensive, it could invest the
extra money in train travel. This would help to protect the
environment and it would benefit more people too.

Writing Reference103
 UNIT 5 An informal letter or email

Qu es una carta informal o un email?

Las cartas informales y los mensajes de correo electrnico se suelen dirigir a gente que
conocemos personalmente. A menudo describen cosas que nos ocurren, y plantean
preguntas. La estructura y el lenguaje que se utilizan en las cartas informales son
distintos a los de las cartas formales.

Estructura
Prrafo 1 Saludo y comentario inicial
SSaluda a tu amigo o amiga y pregntale cmo est.
Prrafo 2 Motivo por el que escribes
Explica el por qu de tu carta, dando detalles.
Prrafo 3 Informacin adicional
Aporta informacin adicional sobre tu vida, por ejemplo, acerca de
algo que hayas hecho recientemente o vayas a hacer pronto.
Prrafo 4 Conclusin y despedida
Completa el email y despdete de tu amigo o amiga.

Contenido
Utiliza contracciones en lugar de formas completas.
Formula preguntas directas.
Utiliza expresiones coloquiales.
Incluye expresiones de relleno.
Emplea palabras breves, evitando trminos largos de origen latino.
Incluye signos de exclamacin y guiones.

Vocabulario y expresiones tiles

Conectores tiles, pgina 95

Saludos
Hi (nombre) Hello!
Hi there! Dear (nombre),

Comentarios iniciales
How are you? How are things? All well, I hope.
Hows it going? Hope alls well.
Hows life? What have you been up to?

Responder a la carta de otra persona

Thanks for your letter.
It was good / great to hear from you.
You asked about / You wanted to know about / Thanks for asking about
You asked me to tell you

Anunciar novedades
Ive got some great news!
Guess what!
Youll never guess whats happened!

104 Writing Reference

Disculparse
Im sorry I havent written for a while, but
Its been ages since I last wrote to you, but

Aadir informacin
What else? Oh, yes
I also wanted to tell you about
By the way,

Expresiones de relleno
Well, Anyway, Otherwise, ...

Expresiones para concluir la carta

Write soon. Looking forward to hearing your news.
Keep in touch. See you soon!

Saludos
Love, All the best,
Lots of love, See you,
Take care,

Tarea de redaccin
Write to a friend who lives in another part of the country, and tell him or her
your news.

12 Greendale Avenue 
Tu direccin
Leicester LE2 5DX 
La fecha
3 November 2009

Saludo
Dear Lucy, 
Pregunta a tu amigo o amiga
How are things? All well, I hope! Thanks for your letter. cmo est
It was great to hear from you! Sorry I havent written 
Utiliza expresiones para dar las
written for a while Ive been really busy! gracias o disculparte ante tu
amigo o amiga
What have you been up to? Ive been busy studying for
exams, so Ill be really glad when theyre all finished! Incluye contracciones
Ive got a bit of a problem. I met a boy on holiday in the 
Emplea un lenguaje informal
summer, and now he wants to come and visit me. The Utiliza expresiones de relleno
thing is, I got on well with him on holiday, and I thought
he was really cool, but now Im not sure, and I dont Despdete con una expresin
informal
know if Ill get on with him back at home. What should I
do?
Anyway, thats enough about my problems! I was
wondering if youd like to come and visit. Im having a
party next month. You can stay here, of course. Itd
be great to catch up.
Write soon!
Love,
Maria

Writing Reference105
 UNIT 6 A discussion essay

Qu es un texto de debate?
En un texto de debate se presentan los dos lados de una argumentacin, generalmente
a partir de una afirmacin. Al final del texto, el autor da su opinin sobre dicha
afirmacin, razonando el por qu.

Estructura
Prrafo 1 Introduccin
Escribe una afirmacin genrica sobre el tema.
Prrafo 2 Argumentos a favor de la afirmacin
Aporta dos o tres puntos a favor.
Prrafo 3 Argumentos en contra de la afirmacin
Describe dos o tres puntos en contra.
Prrafo 4 Conclusin
Di si ests o no de acuerdo con la afirmacin, y explica por qu.

Contenido
Incluye argumentos a favor y en contra del tema.
Aporta ejemplos que apoyen tus ideas.
Utiliza conectores para introducir nuevos elementos y contrastar ideas.
Expresa tu opinin al final del texto.
Razona tu opinin.

Vocabulario y expresiones tiles

Conectores tiles, pgina 95

Ofrecer una argumentacin equilibrada

On the one hand On the other hand
There are advantages and disadvantages to
There are arguments for and against
There are positive and negative aspects of
Some people think / argue that , but / while other people think / argue that
People have different opinions on this subject.

Introducir la argumentacin
Another (dis)advantage / problem is (that)
Another argument for / against is
One (dis)advantage is

Secuenciar la argumentacin
Firstly,
Secondly,
Thirdly,
Lastly,
Finally,

106 Writing Reference

Aportar datos
For example,
According to
It is clear that
Research has shown (that)
It has been proven that
We do not have any evidence that

Expresar contraste
but
However,
Nevertheless,
although
even though
despite (+ sustantivo) / (the fact that + frase)
in spite of (+ sustantivo) / (the fact that + frase)
, though.

Concluir
To conclude,
To sum up,
All in all,
In conclusion,

Tarea de redaccin

All hunting is wrong and should be

against the law. Discuss. Introduce el tema
Indica que hay dos aspectos en la
People all over the world hunt and kill animals, but argumentacin
more and more people now believe that it is wrong
Utiliza expresiones adecuadas
and should be illegal. However, there are arguments para plantear una argumentacin
for and against making hunting illegal. equilibrada

On the one hand, hunting has various benefits for Incluye expresiones para secuenciar
humans. Firstly, it is a cultural tradition in many la argumentacin

countries. Secondly, many people hunt for food. Aporta pruebas y ejemplos
Finally , some animals, such as foxes, do a lot of damage, Utiliza expresiones para concluir el
and hunting helps to control their numbers. texto

On the other hand, some forms of hunting can be Expresa tu opinin como punto final

cruel. For example, some scientists say that fish suffer

pain when they are caught. Another argument
against hunting is that most Western forms of hunting
are purely for fun. According to a recent report, very
people who shoot in Britain never eat the animals that
they kill.
In conclusion, I would agree that hunting is acceptable
when people are killing animals for food. However,
I think that it should be illegal to kill any animal just
for fun because in my opinion this is cruel.

Writing Reference107
 UNIT 7 A newspaper report

Qu es una crnica periodstica?

Una crnica periodstica describe un suceso o incidente, ofreciendo informacin sobre
cundo y dnde ocurri, y a quin le afect. Suele comenzar con un repaso de lo
sucedido, para pasar despus a ofrecer detalles, y acabar a menudo expresando una
opinin.

Estructura
Prrafo 1 Resumen del hecho
Ofrece la informacin bsica, pero sin entrar en detalles.
Prrafo 2 Informacin ms importante
Realiza una descripcin ms detallada del incidente. Ofrece el
punto de vista de las personas implicadas.
Prrafo 3 Conclusin y opinin
Describe lo que ocurri al final y aade alguna opinin acerca de lo
sucedido.

Contenido
Utiliza la voz pasiva.
Incluye verbos introductorios adecuados.
Ofrece la opinin de la gente acerca de lo ocurrido.
Utiliza contracciones en lugar de formas completas.
Incluye expresiones adecuadas para aadir informacin.
Utiliza expresiones adecuadas para aportar datos que an no han sido confirmados.
Coloca los adjetivos en el orden correcto.
Comienza el artculo con un resumen de lo sucedido.
Concluye con la opinin de alguna persona implicada.

Vocabulario y expresiones tiles

Conectores tiles, pgina 95

Voz pasiva
Past simple Three people were injured.
Past continuous The bank was being monitored by CCTV cameras.
Past perfect He had been convicted of similar offences in the past.
Present perfect Security has been improved since the incident.
will They will be sentenced to at least two years in prison.

Verbos introductorios
say (that)
tell sb (that) / to (+ infinitivo)
comment (that)
remark (that)
complain (that)
insist (that)
explain (that)
remind sb (that) / to (+ infinitivo)
promise (that)
advise sb (to + infinitivo)
warn sb (that) / to (+ infinitivo)
order sb to (+ infinitivo)
instruct sb to (+ infinitivo)

108 Writing Reference

Verbo + preposicin
fine sb for
suspect sb of
acquit sb of
arrest sb for
charge sb with
accuse sb of
find sb guilty / not guilty of
convict sb of
sentence sb to

Dar informacin adicional

also
too.
as well.
In addition,
Moreover,
What is more,
Furthermore,

Aportar datos no confirmados

is reported to have (+ participio pasado)
is believed to have (+ participio pasado)
was seen (+ forma en -ing)
According to reports, (+ frase)
Apparently, (+ frase)

Tarea de redaccin
Write a newspaper report about a bank robbery.

Three arrested after bank robbery

Comienza haciendo un resumen de lo
Two men were arrested in London last night after sucedido
robbing the Three Counties Bank in Richmond.
Utiliza expresiones para aadir
In addition, a third man was arrested for driving informacin
the getaway vehicle.
Utiliza verbos introductorios variados
The robbery took place late on Friday evening. Two
Coloca los adjetivos en el orden correcto
men were seen behaving suspiciously by Mr Edward
Jones, 55, who was driving past the bank. They Explica lo que sucedi al final
were wearing masks, he explained to reporters. He Ofrece alguna opinin sobre lo ocurrido
noticed an old, white van parked opposite the bank
as well. I called the police and they advised me to
stay where I was, he said. They also warned me
not to approach the men. When the police arrived,
the robbers, who are reported to have stolen over
200,000, had escaped in the van. Luckily, Mr Jones
had made a note of the vans registration number.
Thomas Black and John Williams were arrested
for the robbery. The third man, Robert Allen,
was charged with helping the criminals. A police
spokesman said, Mr Jones did the right thing.

Writing Reference109
 UNIT 8 A biography

Qu es una biografa?
La biografa cuenta la vida de una persona. Ofrece informacin importante sobre su
infancia y su trayectoria profesional. En una biografa, los hechos se relatan en orden
cronolgico, desde el nacimiento de una persona hasta su muerte, o, si se trata de un
personaje vivo, se detiene en la descripcin de su trabajo ms reciente. Al final, describe
el motivo por el cual esa persona ha resultado interesante o influyente.

Estructura
Prrafo 1 Introduccin e infancia
Describe a qu se dedica el protagonista, y aporta uno o dos datos
acerca de
su infancia.
Prrafo 2 Trayectoria profesional
Describe sus logros ms importantes.
Prrafo 3 Informacin sobre actividades recientes y conclusin
Explica lo que ha hecho recientemente, o, si el protagonista no es
un personaje vivo, indica cundo muri. Finalmente, explica por
qu se le considera una persona influyente.

Contenido
Utiliza tiempos verbales de pasado para describir a un personaje fallecido.

Emplea tiempos de presente, as como el present perfect, para referirte a un
personaje vivo.

Introduce trminos de secuenciacin para marcar con claridad la secuencia de los
hechos.
Incluye adjetivos que describan el carcter del protagonista.
Explica por qu esa persona es considerada una figura importante.

Vocabulario y expresiones tiles

Conectores tiles, pgina 95

Adjetivos para describir a las personas

ambitious brilliant creative determined exceptional famous generous
hard-working idealistic imaginative influential inspiring intelligent popular
respected sensitive shy successful talented well-known wise world-class

Etapas de la vida
Primeros aos
was born in (lugar) on (fecha) / in (ao)
At an early age,
His / Her early life was
He / She was educated at
At the age of
As a child, he / she
As a teenager, he / she
By the time he / she was years old,
Acontecimientos destacados
By 1998,
Soon afterwards,
The following year,
Later that year,
By the late 1950s,
Within (two years), he / she had

110 Writing Reference

Aos siguientes
He / She is best known for
He / She was the first person to
Recently, he / she
until his / her death in (1999).

Verbos y expresiones verbales tiles

live
grow up
spend time (+ forma en -ing)
develop
become the first person to
create
influence
pioneer
discover
manage to (+ infinitivo)
invent
break a record
top the charts
succeed in (+ forma en -ing)
win (a prize / an award) (for)
retire

Tarea de redaccin
Write a biography of a famous actor.

A biography of Daniel Radcliffe

Daniel Radcliffe is a world-famous actor who has played the

Explica por qu es famoso el
leading role in the extremely successful Harry Potter films. protagonista
He was born on 23 July 1989 in London and, as a child, he Indica su ao y su lugar de
loved drama. By the age of five, he had already developed an nacimiento

interest in acting. He grew up in London and was educated at Utiliza expresiones temporales
variadas
the Sussex House School, a boys school.
Explica la importancia del
protagonista en la actualidad
By the time Radcliffe was ten, he had already appeared in
a television drama. In 2000, he was chosen to play Harry in
Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone. Since then, he has
appeared in several other films and plays as well as the Harry
Potter films. He left school when he was seventeen because he
wanted to concentrate on acting.

Radcliffe is a very popular and talented actor, and is one of

the richest actors in the world today. He has only just started
his career, and has a great future ahead of him.

Writing Reference111
 Word-building Reference
UNIT 1Adjective and adverb suffixes Algunos adverbios tienen la misma forma que el adjetivo:
This car is fast. You can drive fast in this car.
Paul is a hard worker. Paul works hard.
Adjectives ending in -ed and -ing We climbed to a really high place. We climbed really high.
Para formar adjetivos se pueden aadir sufijos a ciertos
Holly is always late. Holly always arrives late.
sustantivos y verbos. Dos de los sufijos ms comunes que se
aaden al verbo para formar adjetivos son -ed y -ing. The picture isnt straight. The picture wasnt put up straight.
L os adjetivos acabados en -ed suelen describir estados y  l adverbio well es una forma irregular, completamente
E
sentimientos. diferente del adjetivo good.
Verbo Sufijo Adjetivo Sergio is a good footballer. Sergio plays football well.
frighten -ed frightened
I felt very frightened.
UNIT 2 Negative prefixes
L os adjetivos acabados en -ing describen a la persona o
cosa que causa ese estado o sentimiento.
A menudo se aade un prefijo negativo a un adjetivo,
Verbo Sufijo Adjetivo sustantivo o verbo para obtener su antnimo.
frighten -ing frightening
The film was very frightening.
Negative adjective prefixes
Hay bastantes prefijos negativos que se pueden utilizar con
He aqu algunos verbos de uso frecuente que forman adjetivos. He aqu algunos de los ms utilizados:
adjetivos con estos sufijos: a- symmetrical asymmetrical
un- happy unhappy
amaze |amuse|annoy|bore|embarrass|excite
frighten |irritate|terrify|thrill|tire|worry dis- organized disorganized
non- violent non-violent
Atencin!
Atencin! Solemos colocar un guin detrs de non-, pero
Los adjetivos acabados en -ing siguen las mismas reglas no se utiliza guin con los dems prefijos.
ortogrficas que los participios presentes.
No hay reglas que se puedan aplicar para saber qu prefijo
The present continuous, WB pgina 75 utilizar. La nica manera es aprenderse la forma negativa de
L os adjetivos acabados en -ed siguen las mismas reglas cada palabra. Sin embargo, cuando el adjetivo proviene del
ortogrficas que los participios pasados. latn, s existen reglas para saber qu prefijo utilizar.

The present perfect simple, WB pgina 76 Adjectives derived from Latin

Se suele emplear el prefijo negativo in- delante de palabras
Forming adverbs from adjectives derivadas del latn. Pero este prefijo cambia cuando la
La mayora de los adverbios se forman aadiendo -ly al palabra comienza por ciertas letras.
adjetivo.
Adjetivo positivo Adjetivo negativo
quick + -ly quickly
Adjetivos que empiezan por m- y p- im- + adjetivo
Pero a veces debemos realizar otros cambios ortogrficos. possible, moral impossible, immoral
Adjetivo Adverbio Adjetivos que empiezan por l- il- + adjetivo
Adjetivos acabados en -ble adjetivo (sin -e) + -y literate illiterate
comfortable comfortably Adjetivos que empiezan por r- ir- + adjetivo
Adjetivos acabados en -y adjetivo (sin -y) + -ily responsible irresponsible
happy happily
Atencin! Los adjetivos que no derivan del latn a menudo
Adjetivos acabados en -ic adjetivo + -ally llevan otros prefijos, aunque empiecen por m, p, l o r, por
fantastic fantastically ejemplo:
likely unlikely
Atencin!
mistakeable unmistakeable
 i el adjetivo acaba en -ly, no se aade el sufijo -ly. Se
S
emplea una locucin adverbial:
The man was friendly. He spoke to me in a friendly way.

112 Word-building Reference

Negative noun prefixes Creencias, movimientos e Personas (sustantivos /
Estos son los prefijos negativos que ms se utilizan con los ideologas (sustantivos) adjetivos)
sustantivos. socialism socialist
dis- order disorder Modernism Modernist
non- fiction non-fiction racism racist
Los sustantivos derivados de un adjetivo suelen tener el
mismo prefijo negativo que el adjetivo.
asymmetrical asymmetry UNIT 4Compound adjectives
unhappy unhappiness
disorganized disorganization Un adjetivo compuesto est formado por dos o ms
non-violent non-violence palabras.
impossible impossibility A menudo se puede formar un adjetivo compuesto a partir
immoral immorality de una expresin de dos o ms palabras. Se coloca la
illiterate illiteracy expresin delante del sustantivo y las palabras se unen
mediante un guin.
irresponsible irresponsibility
I work part time. Ive got a part-time job.
Cuando el adjetivo compuesto est formado por un nmero
Negative verb prefixes y una unidad de medida, la unidad de medida se pone en
Estos son los prefijos negativos que ms se utilizan con los singular..
verbos:
The pool is fifty metres long. Its a fifty-metre pool.
dis- appear disappear
un- do undo
UNIT 5Noun, verb and adjective
prefixes
UNIT 3Noun suffixes (1)
A menudo se aade un prefijo a un adjetivo, sustantivo o
verbo para obtener su antnimo. (Consulta Unit 2.) Pero hay
A menudo se utilizan sufijos para formar sustantivos que
prefijos que cambian el significado de las palabras de otras
hacen referencia a personas. Estos sustantivos suelen describir
maneras.
el trabajo que realiza una persona o sus ideas y creencias, y se
suelen formar a partir de verbos y otros sustantivos. He aqu algunos de los prefijos ms utilizados:
paint (verbo) painter (sustantivo) Prefijo Significado
pacifism (sustantivo) pacifist (sustantivo) over- demasiado
Muchos sustantivos se forman de las siguientes maneras: under- no suficiente
ex- antiguo
Muchas verbo + -er edit + -or editor
profesiones or -or re- otra vez
farm + -er farmer
anti- opuesto a
Profesiones del sustantivo neurology + -ist
pro- a favor de
campo de la + -ist neurologist
medicina y la extra- fuera de
ciencia super- grande / ms de lo normal
Msicos sustantivo violin + -ist hyper- muy grande / mucho ms de lo normal
+ -ist violinist trans- a travs de
Profesiones sustantivo + politics + -ian
acabadas en -c -ian politician A veces se coloca un guin despus del prefijo, sobre
o -cs todo
c uando el prefijo acaba en la misma letra con la que
Atencin! Hay otros sufijos que se emplean a menudo para empieza la palabra siguiente. anti-intellectual
nombres de profesiones y actividades, por ejemplo: c uando la palabra siguiente es un sustantivo que se
-ant account (verbo) accountant escribe con mayscula. pro-European
-ent study (verbo) student despus del prefijo ex-. ex-student
-man / woman camera (sustantivo) cameraman
Tambin se utiliza el sufi jo -ist para hacer referencia a
personas que tienen ciertas creencias o prejuicios, o que
pertenecen a ciertos grupos ideolgicos. Estas palabras
suelen ser sustantivos o adjetivos y normalmente derivan de
sustantivos acabados en -ism.

Word-building Reference113
 UNIT 6Compound nouns
Un sustantivo compuesto est formado por dos o ms
palabras.
Algunos sustantivos compuestos se escriben como una sola
palabra. bookshop
Otros se unen mediante un guin (-). fox-hunting
Algunos se escriben como dos palabras separadas. police
officer

No hay reglas que te ayuden a saber cmo se escribe cada

sustantivo compuesto. Utiliza siempre un diccionario.
Muchos sustantivos compuestos estn formados por un
adjetivo y un sustantivo. En la forma plural solo vara el
sustantivo.
We saw a polar bear. We saw two polar bears.
Muchos otros sustantivos compuestos estn formados por
dos sustantivos. El primer sustantivo suele ir en singular,
aunque tenga un significado plural.
I keep my books on a bookshelf.
El segundo sustantivo solo vara en la forma del plural.
Shes got a new handbag. Shes got two new handbags.

UNIT 7 Noun suffixes (2)

A menudo se puede aadir el sufijo -er (o -or) a un verbo
para formar un sustantivo (Consulta Unit 3). Este sustantivo
hace referencia a la persona o cosa que realiza la accin.
clean (verbo) cleaner (sustantivo person or thing)

Tambin muy a menudo se puede aadir -ing a un verbo

para formar un sustantivo. El sustantivo resultante hace
referencia a la actividad.
Cleaning your kitchen regularly is very important.
Cuando utilizamos la forma en -ing de un verbo como
sustantivo se le da el nombre de gerund.
Hay muchos otros sufijos que se pueden aadir al verbo
para formar sustantivos. He aqu algunos de los sufijos ms
utilizados:
-age marrymarriage
-al arrive arrival
-ance disturb disturbance
-ation organize organization
-ence depend dependence
-ion possess possession
-ment achieve achievement

114 Word-building Reference

 Speaking Reference
LENGUAJE FUNCIONAL Para hacer una presentacin
Today Im going to talk about Hoy voy a hablar de
Ill begin by (+ forma en -ing) Empezar
Para pedir informacin
Then Ill (+ infinitivo) Luego
What ? Qu ?
Firstly, En primer lugar,
Which ? Qu / Cul ?
Secondly, En segundo lugar,
Who ? Quin ?
Thirdly, En tercer lugar,
Where ? Dnde ?
Whats more, Lo que es ms,
When ? Cundo ?
Finally, Por ltimo,
How often (+ present simple)? Cada cunto tiempo ?
I hope youve found my talk interesting. Espero que la
How long (+ present perfect simple)? Cunto hace que /
presentacin os haya parecido interesante.
Cunto tiempo ?
Thank you for listening. Gracias por vuestra atencin.
Para relatar una conversacin a otra persona
I asked Pregunt
IDEAS Y OPINIONES
I wanted to know Quera saber
I wondered Me preguntaba
He / She told me (that) l / Ella me dijo que Para expresar acuerdo
He / She said (that) l / Ella dijo que I agree (with you). Estoy de acuerdo (contigo).
He / She replied (that) l / Ella contest que I think so too. Yo tambin lo creo.
Youre right. Tienes razn.
Para comentar los resultados de una encuesta
Most people said that La mayora de la gente dijo que Para expresar desacuerdo
Not many people said that No mucha gente dijo que I disagree (with you). No estoy de acuerdo (contigo).
The majority (dis)liked A la mayora (no) le gust que I dont agree (with you). No estoy de acuerdo (contigo).
A few people thought that Im not sure about that. No estoy seguro de eso.
Algunas personas pensaban que
According to several people, Segn varias personas Para expresar una opinin
Overall, people felt that I think Pienso que
En general, la gente senta que I believe Creo que
In my opinion, En mi opinin,
Para pedir consejo In my view, Desde mi punto de vista,
What should I (+ infinitivo)? Qu debera ? It seems to me that Me da la impresin de que
Do you think I should (+ infinitivo)? Crees que debera ? As I see it, A mi modo de ver,
What if ? Qu te parece si ? I feel (very strongly) that Creo (profundamente) que
What would you do? T qu haras? As far as Im concerned, En / Por lo que a m respecta,
Can you give me some advice? Me puedes dar consejo? Its clear to me that Me parece evidente que
Im convinced that Estoy convencido / a de que
Para dar consejo Im sure that Estoy seguro / a de que
You should(nt) (+ infinitivo) No deberas
If I were you, Id (+ infinitivo) Si yo fuera t, , Yo, en tu Para convencer de algo
lugar,
Havent you considered that ? No has pensado que ?
Whatever you do, (dont) (+ infinitivo)
Dont you think that ? No piensas que ?
Hagas lo que hagas, (no)
We shouldnt forget that No deberamos olvidar que
Para hacer sugerencias Surely you must agree that
Estars de acuerdo en que
You could (+ infinitivo) Podras
Couldnt you (+ infinitivo)? No podras ?
Why dont you (+ infinitivo)? Por qu no ?

Speaking Reference115
 Para reconocer que otro tiene razn Para hacer comparaciones
I see what you mean about Both photos show Ambas fotos muestran
Entiendo lo que quieres decir de One similarity is that they both
Youve got a point about Tienes razn sobre lo de Una similitud es que las dos
I understand what youre saying. Like Photo A, Photo B shows
Entiendo lo que quieres decir. Al igual que la foto A, la foto B muestra
I agree with you up to a point.
Estoy de acuerdo contigo hasta cierto punto. Para contrastar dos imgenes
In Photo A , whereas in Photo B
Para expresar una preferencia En la foto A , mientras que en la foto B
I really like / love (+ forma en -ing / infinitivo) In Photo A , while in Photo B
Me gusta mucho / encanta En la foto A , mientras que en la foto B
I really dont like / hate (+ forma en -ing / infinitivo) Unlike Photo A, Photo B shows
No me gusta nada / odio (+ gerundio / infinitivo) A diferencia de la foto A, la foto B muestra
Id (much) prefer to (+ infinitivo)
Preferira (con diferencia)
Id prefer (sustantivo) to (sustantivo) Prefiero a
Id rather (+ infinitivo) Preferira
Id very much like to (+ infinitivo) Me gustara mucho
I wouldnt like to (+ infinitivo) No me gustara mucho
I might consider (+ forma en -ing) Me planteara
Id never (+ infinitivo) Nunca
I wouldnt dream of (+ forma en -ing) Nunca se me ocurrira

Theres no way that Id (+ infinitivo)
Nunca se me ocurrira

Para preguntar por las preferencias de los dems

What about you? Y t?
Which (sustantivo) would you prefer? Qu prefieres?
Would you rather (infinitivo) or (infinitivo)?
Prefieres o ?

HABLAR DE UNA FOTO

Para describir la foto

On the right / left, theres a(n) / there are
A la derecha / izquierda, hay un / unos
In the foreground / background, I can see
En primer / segundo plano, veo
Theres a(n) / There are in the photo.
Hay un / unos en la foto.
The photo shows La foto muestra
You can see Se ve

Para hacer suposiciones

He / She / It / They look(s) (adjetivo)
l / Ella / Eso / Ellos parece(n)
He / She / It / They look(s) like a (sustantivo)
l / Ella / Eso / Ellos parecen (un)
It looks as if / though Parece como si
Maybe its / theyre Quiz es / son
It / They might be Puede(n) ser
Perhaps its / theyre Quiz es / son

116 Speaking Reference

 Phonetic Symbols
Consonants
/p/ as in pen /pen/
/b/ as in big /bIg/
/t/ as in tea /ti:/
/d/ as in do /du:/
/k/ as in cat /k&t/
/g/ as in go /g@U/
/f/ as in four /fO:/
/v/ as in very /"veri/
/s/ as in son /sVn/
/z/ as in zoo /zu:/
/l/ as in live /lIv/
/m/ as in my /maI/
/n/ as in near /nI@/
/h/ as in happy /"h&pi/
/r/ as in red /red/
/j/ as in yes /jes/
/w/ as in want /wQnt/
/T/ as in thanks /T&Nks/
/D/ as in the /D@/
/S/ as in she /Si:/
/Z/ as in television /"telIvIZn/
/tS/ as in child /tSaIld/
/dZ/ as in German /"dZ3:m@n/
/N/ as in English /"INglIS/
Vowels
/i:/ as in see /si:/
/I/ as in his /hIz/
/i/ as in twenty /"twenti/
/e/ as in ten /ten/
/&/ as in stamp /st&mp/
/A:/ as in father /"fA:D@/
/Q/ as in hot /hQt/
/O:/ as in morning /"mO:nIN/
/U/ as in football /"fUtbO:l/
/u:/ as in you /ju:/
/V/ as in sun /sVn/
/3:/ as in learn /l3:n/
/@/ as in letter /"let@/
Diphthongs (two vowels together)
/eI/ as in name /neIm/
/@U/ as in no /n@U/
/aI/ as in my /maI/
/aU/ as in how /haU/
/OI/ as in boy /bOI/
/I@/ as in hear /hI@/
/e@/ as in where /we@/
/U@/ as in tour /tU@/
Phonetic Symbols117
 Vocabulary List
STARTER UNITChanges UNIT 1 Memory and experience

Topic vocabulary, SB page 5 Topic vocabulary, SB page 13

do a roleplay /%du: @ "r@UlpleI/ jugar a un juego de rol appointment /@"pOIntm@nt/ cita, compromiso
do an activity /%du: @n &k"tIv@ti/ hacer una actividad calendar /"k&lInd@(r)/ calendario
do an exercise /%du: @n "eks@saIz/ hacer un ejercicio diary /"daI@ri/ agenda
do sport /%du "spO:t/ hacer deporte forget /f@"get/ olvidar
make a difference /%meIk @ "dIfr2@ns/ influir learn by heart /%l3:n %baI "hA:t/ aprender de memoria
make a list /%meIk @ "lIst/ hacer una lista memorize /"mem@raIz/ memorizar
make an effort /%meIk 2@n "ef@t/ esforzarse memory /"mem@ri/ memoria, recuerdo
make notes /%meIk "n@Uts/ tomar apuntes mind /maInd/ mente
make progress /%meIk "pr@Ugres/ progresar recall /rI"kO:l/ recordar
pronounce /pr@"naUns/ pronunciar record /rI"kO:d/ anotar
read aloud /%ri:d @"laUd/ leer en voz alta remember /rI"memb@(r)/ recordar
revise /rI"vaIz/ repasar, preparar un examen remind /rI"maInd/ recordar
spell /spel/ deletrear
write sth down /%raIt ... "daUn/ escribir, anotar algo Topic vocabulary, SB page 18
amazed /@"meIzd/ muy sorprendido, alucinado
angry /"&Ngri/ enfadado
astonished /@"stQnISt/ muy sorprendido, estupefacto
cross /krWQs/ enfadado
delighted /dI"laItId/ encantado
devastated /"dev@steItId/ deshecho, destrozado
frightened /"fraItnd/ asustado
furious /"fjU@ri@s/ muy enfadado, furioso
glad /gl&d/ feliz
heartbroken /"ha:tbr@Uk@n/ desconsolado
pleased /pli:zd/ alegre
scared /ske@d/ asustado
surprised /s@"praIzd/ sorprendido
terrified /"terIfaId/ muy asustado, aterrorizado
thrilled /TrIld/ muy contento
upset /Vp"set/ disgustado

Idioms and expressions, SB page 18

be over the moon /%bi: %@Uv@ D@ "mu:n/ estar encantado
be scared stiff /%bi %ske@d "stIf/ estar muerto de miedo
burst into tears /%b3:st %Int@ "tI@z/ echarse a llorar
go bright red /%g@U %braIt "red/ sonrojarse
not be able to believe (your) eyes
/%nQt %bi: %eIbl t@ bI%li:v %(jO:r) "aIz/
no poder creer lo que ven (tus) ojos

118 Vocabulary List

UNIT 2 Our planet
Topic vocabulary, SB page 25
bottle bank /"bQtl %b&Nk/ contenedor de vidrio
carbon footprint /%kA:b@n "fUtprInt/ huella ecolgica
dump /dVmp/ vertedero
environment /In"vaIr@nm@nt/ medio ambiente
get rid of /%get "rId @v/ deshacerse de
green /gri:n/ ecolgico
packaging /"p&kIIN/ envase(s)
pollution /p@"lu:Sn/ contaminacin
recycle /ri:"saIkl/ reciclar
recycling bin /ri:"saIklIN %bIn/ contenedor de reciclaje
reuse /ri:"ju:z/ reutilizar
rubbish /"rVbIS/ basura
rubbish bin /"rVbIS %bIn/ cubo de basura
throw sth away /%Tr@U ... @"weI/ tirar algo
waste (n. / v. / adj.) /weIst/ restos, malgastar, usado
Topic vocabulary, SB page 30
carbon offsetting /%kA:b@n "QfsetIN/ compensacin de la
huella ecolgica
climate change /"klaIm@t %eIn/ cambio climtico
congestion charge /k@n"es@n %A:/ tasa de congestin
energy-saving /"en@i %seIvIN/ de bajo consumo
environmentally friendly /InvaIr@n%ment@li
"frendli/ ecolgico
exhaust fumes /Ig"zO:st %fju:mz/ gases que despide el tubo
de escape
fossil fuels /"fQsl %fju:@lz/ combustibles fsiles
global warming /%gl@Ubl "wO:mIN/ calentamiento del
planeta
greenhouse gases /"gri:nhaUs %g&sIz/ gases de efecto
invernadero
polar ice caps /%p@Ul@r "aIs %k&ps/ casquetes polares
renewable energy /rI%nju:@bl "en@i/ energa renovable
sea level /"si: %levl/ nivel del mar
solar panel /%s@Ul@ "p&nl/ placa solar
unleaded petrol /Vn%ledId "petr@l/ gasolina sin plomo
wind farm /"wInd %fA:m/ parque elico
UNIT 3 Ambition and motivation
Topic vocabulary, SB page 37
achieve /@"i:v/ conseguir
achievement /@"i:vm@nt/ logro, xito
challenging /"&l@nIN/ estimulante
fail /feIl/ suspender
fulfil /fUl"fIl/ cumplir, alcanzar
get (sth) right /%get (...) "raIt/ hacer (algo) bien, acertar
get (sth) wrong /%get (...) "rQN/ hacer (algo) mal,
equivocarse
goal /g@Ul/ objetivo
motivated /"m@UtIveItId/ motivado
overcome /@Uv@"kVm/ superar
pass /pA:s/ aprobar
put pressure on /%pUt "preS@r %Qn/ presionar
satisfying /"s&tIsfaIIN/ gratificante
strength /streNT/ virtud, punto fuerte
under pressure /%Vnd@ "preS@(r)/ presionado
weakness /"wi:kn@s/ punto dbil
Topic vocabulary, SB page 42
ad, advert /&d/ /"&dv3:t/ anuncio
applicant /"&plIk@nt/ solicitante
application form /&plI"keISn %fO:m/ (impreso de) solicitud
apply (for) /@"plaI %fO:(r), f@(r)/ solicitar
boss /bQs/ jefe, jefa
employer /Im"plOI@(r)/ patrn, patrona
experience (n.) /Ik"spI@ri@ns/ experiencia
fill sth in /%fIl ... "In/ rellenar algo
full-time /%fUl "taIm/ a tiempo completo
interview (n.) /"Int@vju:/ entrevista
job centre /"Qb %sent@(r)/ oficina de empleo
part-time /%pA:t "taIm/ a tiempo parcial
position /p@"zISn/ puesto, trabajo
post /"p@Ust/ puesto, trabajo
reference (n.) /"refr@ns/ referencias
vacancy /"veIk@nsi/ vacante, oferta de trabajo
wages /"weIIz/ sueldo
Idioms and expressions, SB page 42
come to nothing /%kVm t@ "nVTIN/ quedar en nada
get nowhere /%get "n@Uwe@(r)/ no conseguir nada
go places /"g@U %pleIsIz/ llegar lejos
make headway /%meIk "hedweI/ hacer progresos
make it /"meIk %It/ alcanzar el xito
Vocabulary List119
 UNIT 4 Home and abroad
Topic vocabulary, SB page 49
abroad /@"brO:d/ en el extranjero
border /"bO:d@(r)/ frontera
culture shock /"kVl@ %SQk/ choque cultural
currency /"kVr@nsi/ moneda
custom /"kVst@m/ costumbre
expatriate /eks"p&tri@t/ persona que ha abandonado su
pas
foreign /"fQr@n/ extranjero
foreigner /"fQr@n@(r)/ extranjero, extranjera
homesick /"h@UmsIk/ que echa de menos su pas
hometown /"h@UmtaUn/ lugar de nacimiento
inhabitant /In"h&bIt@nt/ habitante
mother tongue /"mVD@ %tVN/ lengua materna
official language /@%fISl "l&NgwI/ lengua oficial
Topic vocabulary, SB page 54
crossing /"krQsIN/ travesa
flight /flaIt/ vuelo
journey /"3:ni/ viaje (trayecto de ida o de vuelta)
travel /"tr&vl/ viaje
trip /trIp/ viaje (completo, de ida y vuelta)
voyage /"vOII/ viaje (por mar)
Topic vocabulary, SB page 54
arrivals hall /@"raIvlz %hO:l/ (sala de) llegadas
baggage reclaim /"b&gI %ri:kleIm/ recogida de equipaje
boarding gate /"bO:dIN %geIt/ puerta de embarque
check-in desk /"ek In %desk/ mostrador de facturacin
customs /"kVst@mz/ aduana
departure lounge /dI"pA:tS@ %laUn/ salidas, zona de
embarque
passport control /"pA:spO:t k@n%tr@Ul/ control de pasaportes
120 Vocabulary List
UNIT 5Relationships
Topic vocabulary, SB page 61
acquaintance /@"kweInt@ns/ conocido, conocida
advice /@d"vaIs/ consejo
classmate /"klA:smeIt/ compaero de clase
close (= adjective) /kl@Us/ ntimo
discuss /dI"skVs/ comentar, hablar
fall out (with sb) /%fO:l "aUt (wID ...)/ enfadarse (con
alguien)
get on (with sb) /%get "Qn (wID ...)/ llevarse bien (con
alguien)
gossip /"gQsIp/ cotillear
habit /"h&bIt/ costumbre, hbito
make up (with sb) /%meIk "Vp (wID ...)/ hacer las paces
(con alguien)
pick on sb /"pIk %Qn .../ meterse con alguien
relative /"rel@tIv/ familiar
stand up for sb /%st&nd "Vp f@ .../ defender a alguien
trust /trVst/ confiar
Topic vocabulary, SB page 66
ask sb out /%A:sk ... "aUt/ pedir una cita a alguien
break up (with sb) /%breIk "Vp (wID ...) romper (con
alguien)
chat sb up /%&t ... "Vp/ intentar ligar con alguien
cheat on sb /"i:t %Qn .../ ser infiel a alguien
couple /"kVpl/ pareja
date (n.) / (v.) /deIt/ cita, salir con
dump /dVmp/ dejar
ex /eks/ ex (novio, novia)
fall for sb /"fO:l f@ .../ enamorarse de alguien
flirt (with) /"fl3:t (wID)/ tontear (con)
get back together /%get %b&k t@"geD@(r)/ volver a salir
juntos
go out (with sb) /%g@U "aUt (wID ...)/ salir (con alguien)
row /raU/ discusin
stand sb up /%st&nd ... "Vp/ dejar plantado a alguien
Idioms and expressions, SB page 66
break (someones) heart /%breIk ... "hA:t/ romper el corazn
(a alguien)
hit it off /%hIt %It "Qf/ atraerse
love at first sight /%lVv @t %f3:st "saIt/ amor a primera vista
pop the question /%pQp D@ "kwes@n/ declararse
the love of (your) life /D@ %lVv @v %(jO:) "laIf/ el amor de (tu)
vida
tie the knot /%taI D@ "nQt/ pasar por la vicara
UNIT 6 Humans and animals UNIT 7Crime

Topic vocabulary, SB page 73 Topic vocabulary, SB page 85

breed /bri:d/ reproducirse burgle /"b3:gl/ robar en una casa
cage /keI/ jaula fare-dodge /"fe@ %dQ/ colarse
endangered species /In%deIn@d "spi:Si:z/ especie(s) en graffiti /gr@"fi:ti/ graffiti(s)
peligro de extincin drop litter /%drQp "lIt@(r)/ tirar basura
ethical /"eTIkl/ tico mug /mVg/ atracar
experiment /Ik"sperIm@nt/ experimento pickpocket /"pIkpQkIt/ robar carteras
extinct /Ik"stINkt/ extinguido pirate /"paIr@t/ piratear
factory farm /"f&kt2ri %fA:m/ granja de cra intensiva push (drugs) /%pUS "(drVgz)/ trapichear con droga
free-range /%fri: "reIn/ de granja rob /rQb/ robar
human guinea pig /"gIni %pIg/ conejillo de Indias humano shoplift /"SQplIft/ robar en las tiendas
hunt /hVnt/ cazar smuggle /"smVgl/ introducir de contrabando
in captivity /%In k&p"tIv@ti/ en cautividad speed /spi:d/ superar el lmite de velocidad
laboratory /l@"bQr@tri/ laboratorio steal /stI@l/ robar
mistreat /mIs"tri:t/ maltratar tout /taUt/ vender en la reventa
research /rI"s3:/ investigacin vandalize /"v&nd@laIz/ daar, destrozar
species /"spi:Si:z/ especie(s)
tame /teIm/ domar Topic vocabulary, SB page 90
vegetarian /ve@"te@ri@n/ vegetariano accuse sb of /@"kju:z ... @v/ acusar a alguien de
wildlife /"waIldlaIf/ flora y fauna acquit sb of /@"kwIt ... @v/ absolver a alguien de
arrest sb for /@"rest ... f@/ detener a alguien por
Topic vocabulary, SB page 74
charge sb with /"A: ... wID/ acusar a alguien
carnivore /"kA:nIvO:(r)/ carnvoro formalmente de
feed (on) /"fi:d %(Qn)/ alimentarse (de) convict sb of /k@n"vIkt ... @v/ condenar a alguien a
food chain /"fu:d %eIn/ cadena alimenticia court /kO:t/ tribunal
give birth to /%gIv "b3:T tu:/ parir, dar a luz a defendant /dI"fend@nt/ acusado, acusada
herbivore /"h3:bIvO:(r)/ herbvoro evidence /"evId@ns/ pruebas
hibernate /"haIb@neIt/ hibernar fine /faIn/ multa
invertebrate /In"v3:tIbr@t/ (animal) invertebrado fine sb for /faIn ... f@/ multar a alguien por
lay eggs /%le "egz/ poner huevos judge /V/ juez, jueza
mammal /"m&ml/ mamfero jury /"U2@ri/ jurado
nocturnal /nQk"t3:nl/ nocturno lawyer /"lO:j@(r)/ abogado, abogada
offspring /"QfsprIN/ cra(s) sentence sb to /"sent@ns ... t@/ condenar a alguien por
omnivore /"QmnIvO:(r)/ omnvoro suspect sb of /s@"spekt ... @v/ sospechar de alguien
predator /"pred@t@(r)/ depredador trial /"traI@l/ juicio
prey /preI/ presa verdict /"v3:dIkt/ veredicto
primate /"praImeIt/ primate witness /"wItn@s/ testigo
reptile /"reptaIl/ reptil
vertebrate /"v3:tIbr@t/ (animal) vertebrado
young (n.) /jVN/ cra(s)

Idioms and expressions, SB page 74

get it straight from the horses mouth /%get %It %streIt fr@m
D@ %hO:sIz "maUT/ saber algo de primera mano
have butterflies in (your) stomach /%h&v %bVt@flaIz In (jO:)
"stVm@k/ estar nervioso
let the cat out of the bag /%let D@ %k&t %aUt @v D@
"b&g/ desvelar un secreto
take the bull by the horns /%teIk D@ %bUl %baI D@
"hO:nz/ coger el toro por los cuernos
wouldnt hurt a fly /%wUdnt %h3:t @ "flaI/ no hara dao ni a
una mosca

Vocabulary List121
 UNIT 8 Thats entertainment!

Topic vocabulary, SB page 97

backstage /b&k"steI/ entre bastidores, en el backstage
big screen /%bIg "skri:n/ cine, gran pantalla
box office /"bQks %QfIs/ taquilla
cast /kA:st/ actores de una obra o pelcula, reparto
interval /"Int@vl/ entreacto, intermedio
leading actor /"li:dIN %&kt@(r)/ actor, actriz principal
lines /laInz/ texto
on stage /%Qn "steI/ en el escenario
performance /p@"fO:m@ns/ representacin
play /pleI/ obra de teatro
rehearsal /rI"h3:sl/ ensayo
script /skrIpt/ guin
sell-out /"sel %aUt/ xito de taquilla
soundtrack /"saUndtr&k/ banda sonora
tribute band /"trIbju:t %b&nd/ grupos que imitan a otros a
modo de homenaje

Topic vocabulary, SB page 102

charts /A:ts/ listas de xitos
chorus /"kO:r@s/ estribillo
compilation /kQmpI"leISn/ recopilatorio
cover /"kVv@/ versin
gig /gIg/ concierto
hit /hIt/ xito
latest /"leItIst/ ltimo, ms reciente
lead singer /%li:d "sIN@(r)/] cantante principal
lyrics /"lIrIks/ letra de una cancin
release /rI"li:s/ publicar, lanzar
sample /"sA:mpl/ extraer fragmentos de
sing along (with sth) /%sIN @"lQN (wID ...)/ acompaar
cantando
single /"sINgl/ sencillo, single
track /tr&k/ pista
tune /tju:n/ meloda
verse /v3:s/ estrofa

122 Vocabulary List

 Phrasal Verb List
En esta lista,
los phrasal verbs separables se escriben con sb / sth (= somebody o something) entre el verbo y la partcula:
pick sb / sth up
los phrasal verbs no separables se escriben con sb / sth al final:
look for sth
los phrasal verbs intransitivos no incluyen sb / sth:
go away
Aprende ms sobre los phrasal verbs no separables e intransitivos Phrasal Verb Reference WB pgina 92

ask sb out /%A:sk ... "aUt/ pedir una cita a alguien

be into sth /%bi: "Int@ .../ ser aficionado a
break down /%breIk "daUn/ descomponerse
break into /"breIk %Int@/ entrar en un lugar (para robar), introducirse en (algo)
break out (of sth) /"breIk %aUt @v .../ escaparse (de algo)
break up (with sb) /%breIk "Vp (wID ...)/ romper (con alguien)
brighten up /%braItn "Vp/ aclarar
bring sth in /%brIN ... "In/ criar, educar (a alguien)
bring sb up /%brIN ... "Vp/ ganar algo
build sth up /%bIld ... "Vp/ crear, construir algo
carry sth out /%k&ri ... "aUt/ realizar algo, llevar algo a cabo
chat sb up /%&t ... "Vp/ intentar ligar con alguien
cheat on sb /"i:t %Qn .../ ser infiel a alguien
chill out /%Il "aUt/ relajarse
clear up /%klI@r "Vp/ despejar, escampar
cloud over /%klaUd "@Uv@(r)/ nublarse
come across sth /"kVm @%krQs .../ encontrarse con algo
come up (with sth) /%kVm "Vp %(wID ...)/ ocurrirse, dar con algo
cool down /%ku:l "daUn/ refrescar
cut down (on sth) /%kVt "daUn %(Qn ...)/ utilizar, consumir menos (algo)
drop sb / sth off /%drQp ... "Qf/ dejar a alguien / algo
fall for sb /"fO:l f@ .../ enamorarse de alguien
fall out (with sb) /%fO:l "aUt (wID ...)/ enfadarse (con alguien)
fill sth in /%fIl ... "In/ rellenar algo
fit in /%fIt "In/ integrarse, encajar
get away with sth /%get @"weI wID .../ escapar sin castigo de algo
get back together /%get %b&k t@"geD@(r)/ volver a salir juntos
get on (with sb) /%get "Qn (wID ...)/ seguir, continuar
get together /%get t@"geD@(r)/ juntarse
go away /%g@U @"weI/ ir de viaje
go on /%g@U "Qn/ seguir, continuar
go out (with sb) /%g@U "aUt (wID ...)/ salir (con alguien)
go over sth /%g@U "@Uv@ .../ revisar algo
grow up /%gr@U "Vp/ crecer, criarse

Phrasal Verb List123

 hack into sth /"h&k %Int@ .../ entrar en un sistema informtico
hold sth up /%h@Uld ... "Vp/ atracar algo
keep sb away (from) /"ki:p ... @%weI (fr@m)/ apartar a alguien (de)
let sb down /%let ... "daUn/ fallar a alguien
look after sb / sth /%lUk "A:ft@ .../ cuidar de alguien / algo
look into sth /"lUk %Int@ .../ investigar algo
look sth up /%lUk ... "Vp/ mirar, consultar algo
look up to sb /%lUk "Vp t@ .../ admirar a alguien
make up (with sb) /%meIk "Vp (wID ...)/ hacer las paces (con alguien)
make up for sth /%meIk "Vp f@ .../ compensar algo
pick on sb /"pIk %Qn .../ meterse con alguien
pick sb / sth up /%pIk ... "Vp/ recoger a alguien / algo
pick sth up /%pIk ... "Vp/ aprender, adquirir algo
plug sth in /%plVg ... "In/ enchufar algo
put sb off /%pUt ... "Qf/ molestar a alguien, quitar las ganas de
put up with sb / sth /%pUt "Vp %wID ... soportar a alguien / algo
save sth up /%seIv ... "Vp/ ahorrar algo
set off /%set "Qf/ salir
set sth up /%set ... "Vp/ montar
sing along (with sth) /%sIN @"lQN (wID ...)/ acompaar cantando
sort sth out /%sO:t ... "aUt/ ordenar, organizar algo
stand sb up /%st&nd ... "Vp/ dejar plantado a alguien
stand up for sb /%st&nd "Vp f@ .../ defender a alguien
stay on /%steI "Qn/ continuar
stop off /%stQWp "Qf/ parar brevemente
take off /%teIk "Qf/ despegar
take sth on /%teIk ... "Qn/ adoptar algo
take sth up /%teIk ... "Vp/ empezar a hacer, apuntarse a algo
throw sth away /%Tr@U ... @"weI/ tirar algo
tune in /%tju:n "In/ sintonizar
turn into sth /"t3:n %Int@ .../ convertirse en algo
turn out /%t3:n "aUt/ resultar
turn sth up /%t3:n ... "Vp/ subir (el volumen de) algo
turn up /%t3:n "Vp/ aparecer
warm up /%wO:m "Vp/ aumentar la temperatura
wear off /%we@r "Qf/ pasar, desaparecer
work sth out /%w3:k ... "aUt/ resolver, descubrir algo
write sth down /%raIt ... "daUn/ escribir, anotar algo

124 Phrasal Verb List

 False Friend List
Hay palabras inglesas y espaolas que se escriben de forma similar pero tienen un significado diferente.
Se conocen como falsos amigos o false friends. He aqu algunos de los false friends ms comunes:

Ingls Espaol Espaol Ingls

actual real, de verdad actual current
actually de hecho, en realidad actualmente currently, nowadays
advice consejo(s) aviso warning, notice
advise (to) aconsejar avisar warn
anxious nervioso ansioso eager
arena pabelln, sala de conciertos arena sand
argument discusin argumento plot, story
assist ayudar asistir attend
attend asistir atender pay attention
career trayectoria profesional carrera (universitaria) degree
carpet moqueta carpeta folder
casual informal, despreocupado casual accidental, chance
college universidad, facultad colegio school
convenient cmodo, prctico conveniente advisable
costume traje, disfraz costumbre custom
crime delito, delincuencia crimen murder, serious crime
current actual corriente ordinary
deception engao decepcin disappointment
discuss hablar de, comentar discutir argue
discussion debate discusin argument
dispose of desechar, deshacerse de disponer de have available
diversion desvo diversin entertainment
educated culto educado polite
education enseanza educacin upbringing
embarrassed avergonzado embarazada pregnant
embarrassment vergenza embarazo pregnancy
eventually al final eventualmente possibly
exit salida xito success
familiar conocido familiar family (adj)
firm empresa firma signature
idiom frase hecha idioma language
large grande largo long
lecture clase, conferencia lectura reading
library biblioteca librera bookshop
luxury (de) lujo lujuria lust
miserable triste miserable poor
notes apuntes notas marks

False Friend List125

 notice aviso noticias news
parent padre o madre pariente relative
particular especfico particular private, peculiar
presume suponer presumir show off
pretend simular pretender expect, look for
prove demostrar probar try
qualification ttulo calificacin mark
quiet callado, silencioso, tranquilo quieto calm, still
realize darse cuenta realizar carry out
record anotar, grabar recordar remember, remind
rest descansar restar take away
resume retomar resumir summarize
retire jubilarse retirar remove
sensible sensato sensible sensitive
suburbs zona residencial suburbios poor area
succeed tener xito suceder happen
success xito suceso event
support apoyar soportar stand, tolerate
sympathetic comprensivo simptico friendly
topic tema tpico clich
translate traducir trasladar move
ultimately finalmente ltimamente recently
vicious feroz, violento vicioso depraved, dissolute

126 False Friend List

 Irregular Verb List
Infinitive Past simple Past participle
be /bi;/ was / were /wQz/ been /bi;n/
bear /be@(r)/ bore /bO;/ borne /bO;n/
beat /bi;t/ beat /bi;t/ beaten /"bi;t@n/
become /bI"kVm/ became /bI"keIm/ become /bI"kVm/
begin /bI"gIn/ began /bI"g&n/ begun /bI"gVn/
bend /bend/ bent /bent/ bent /bent/
bet /bet/ bet /bet/ bet /bet/
bite /baIt/ bit /bIt/ bitten /"bItn/
bleed /bli;d/ bled /bled/ bled /bled/
blow /bl@U/ blew /blu;/ blown /bl@Un/
break /breIk/ broke /br@Uk/ broken /"br@Ukn/
bring /brIN/ brought /brO;t/ brought /brO;t/
build /bIld/ built /bIlt/ built /bIlt/
burn /b3;n/ burnt, burned /b3;nt/, /b3;nd/ burnt, burned /b3;nt/, /b3;nd/
buy /baI/ bought /bO;t/ bought /bO;t/
catch /k&tS/ caught /kO;t/ caught /kO;t/
choose /tSu;z/ chose /tS@Uz/ chosen /"tS@Uzn/
come /kVm/ came /keIm/ come /kVm/
cost /kQst/ cost /kQst/ cost /kQst/
cut /kVt/ cut /kVt/ cut /kVt/
dig /dIg/ dug /dVg/ dug /dVg/
do /du;/ did /dId/ done /dVn/
draw /drO;/ drew /dru;/ drawn /drO;n/
dream /dri;m/ dreamt, dreamed /dremt/, /dri;md/ dreamt, dreamed /dremt/, /dri;md/
drink /drINk/ drank /dr&Nk/ drunk /drVNk/
drive /draIv/ drove /dr@Uv/ driven /"drIv@n/
eat /i;t/ ate /eIt/ eaten /"i;t@n/
fall /fO;l/ fell /fel/ fallen /"fO;l@n/
feed /fi;d/ fed /fed/ fed /fed/
feel /fi;l/ felt /felt/ felt /felt/
fight /faIt/ fought /fO;t/ fought /fO;t/
find /faInd/ found /faUnd/ found /faUnd/
fly /flaI/ flew /flu;/ flown /fl@Un/
forbid /f@"bId/ forbade /f@"beId/ forbidden /f@"bIdn/
forget /f@"get/ forgot /f@"gQt/ forgotten /f@"gQtn/
forgive /f@"gIv/ forgave /f@"geIv/ forgiven /f@"gIvn/
freeze /fri;z/ froze /fr@Uz/ frozen /"fr@Uz@n/
get /get/ got /gQt/ got /gQt/
give /gIv/ gave /geIv/ given /"gIvn/
go /g@U/ went /went/ been / gone /bi;n/, /gQn/
grow /gr@U/ grew /gru;/ grown /gr@Un/
hang /h&N/ hung /hVN/ hung /hVN/
have /h&v/ had /h&d/ had /h&d/
hear /hI@(r)/ heard /h3;d/ heard /h3;d/
hit /hIt/ hit /hIt/ hit /hIt/
hold /h@Uld/ held /held/ held /held/
hurt /h3;t/ hurt /h3;t/ hurt /h3;t/
keep /ki;p/ kept /kept/ kept /kept/
know /n@U/ knew /nju;/ known /n@Un/
lead /li;d/ led /led/ led /led/
learn /l3;n/ learnt, learned /l3;nt/ learnt, learned /l3;nt/
leave /li;v/ left /left/ left /left/
lend /lend/ lent /lent/ lent /lent/
let /let/ let /let/ let /let/
lie /laI/ lay /leI/ lain /leIn/
light /laIt/ lit /lIt/ lit /lIt/
lose /lu;z/ lost /lQst/ lost /lQst/
make /meIk/ made /meId/ made /meId/

Irregular Verb List127

 Infinitive Past simple Past participle
mean /mi;n/ meant /ment/ meant /ment/
meet /mi;t/ met /met/ met /met/
pay /peI/ paid /peId/ paid /peId/
put /pUt/ put /pUt/ put /pUt/
read /ri;d/ read /red/ read /red/
ride /raId/ rode /r@Ud/ ridden /"rIdn/
ring /rIN/ rang /r&N/ rung /rVN/
rise /raIz/ rose /r@Uz/ risen /"rIzn/
run /rVn/ ran /r&n/ run /rVn/
say /seI/ said /sed/ said /sed/
see /si;/ saw /sO;/ seen /si;n/
sell /sel/ sold /s@Uld/ sold /s@Uld/
send /send/ sent /sent/ sent /sent/
shake /SeIk/ shook /SUk/ shaken /SeIkn/
shine /SaIn/ shone /SQn/ shone /SQn/
shoot /Su;t/ shot /SQt/ shot /SQt/
show /S@U/ showed /S@Ud/ shown /S@Un/
shut /SVt/ shut /SVt/ shut /SVt/
sing /sIN/ sang /s&N/ sung /sVN/
sink /sINk/ sank /s&Nk/ sunk /sVNk/
sit /sIt/ sat /s&t/ sat /s&t/
sleep /sli;p/ slept /slept/ slept /slept/
smell /smel/ smelt, smelled /smelt/ smelt, smelled /smelt/
speak /spi;k/ spoke /sp@Uk/ spoken /"sp@Ukn/
spell /spel/ spelt, spelled /spelt/ spelt, spelled /spelt/
spend /spend/ spent /spent/ spent /spent/
spill /spIl/ spilt /spIlt/ spilt /spIlt/
spin /spIn/ spun /spVn/ spun /spVn/
split /splIt/ split /splIt/ split /splIt/
spoil /spOIl/ spoilt, spoiled /spOIlt/, /spOIld/ spoilt, spoiled /spOIlt/, /spOIld/
spread /spred/ spread /spred/ spread /spred/
spring /sprIN/ sprang /spr&N/ sprung /sprVN/
stand /st&nd/ stood /stUd/ stood /stUd/
steal /sti;l/ stole /st@Ul/ stolen /st@Ul@n/
stick /stIk/ stuck /stVk/ stuck /stVk/
sting /stIN/ stung /stVN/ stung /stVN/
sweep /swi;p/ swept /swept/ swept /swept/
swim /swIm/ swam /sw&m/ swum /swVm/
swing /swIN/ swung /swVN/ swung /swVN/
take /teIk/ took /tUk/ taken /"teIkn/
teach /ti;tS/ taught /tO;t/ taught /tO;t/
tear /te@(r)/ tore /tO;/ torn /tO;n/
tell /tel/ told /t@Uld/ told /t@Uld/
think /TINk/ thought /TO;t/ thought /TO;t/
throw /Tr@U/ threw /Tru;/ thrown /Tr@Un/
understand /Vnd@"st&nd/ understood /Vnd@"stUd/ understood /Vnd@"stUd/
wake /weIk/ woke /w@Uk/ woken /w@Ukn/
wear /we@(r)/ wore /wO;(r)/ worn /wO;n/
win /wIn/ won /wVn/ won /wVn/
write /raIt/ wrote /r@Ut/ written /"rItn/

128 Irregular Verb List