IPTV (prescurtare de la Internet Protocol television, n romn Televiziune prin reele IP sau

Televiziune pe suport IP) reprezint comunicarea imaginilor i a sunetului ntr-o re ea proprietar care se
bazeaz pe IP.

Numele IPTV are n esen dou componente:

1.Internet Protocol (IP): specific forma pachetelor i modul de adresare. Cele mai multe re ele
combin IP cu un protocol de nivel superior. n funcie de solu ia providerului cel mai nalt protocol este de
regul UDP (user datagram protocol). IP stabilete un mecanism prin care directeaz pachetele de
informaie ntre dispozitivele conectate la o reea. IP-ul este o metod standard de formatare i adresare
a pachetelor ntr-o reea mare i multifuncional precum internetul. Un pachet este o unitate
informaional (o colecie de bii) de lungime variabil, cu un format bine definit care poate fi transmis ntr-
o reea IP. De obicei un mesaj ca un e-mail sau un video clip este mpr it n mai multe pachete IP. IP-ul
poate fi folosit n multe tipuri de reele precum: Ethernet LAN, conexiuni prin fibr optic, reele wireless
Wi-Fi

2. Televiziune (TV). TV specific modul de comunicare care opereaz prin transmisiuni de imagini i
sunet.Dac mbinm cele dou componente avem: IPTV

Protocolul de Internet si Televiziune( IPTV ) este livrarea coninutului de televiziune

utiliznd semnale bazate pe protocolul logic Internet (IP), mai degrab dect prin formatele tradiionale
terestre , semnal prin satelit i televiziune prin cablu . ,Avantajul IPTV este ca ofer posibilitatea de a
transmite fluxul media n mod continuu. Asadar, un media player poate ncepe s redea datele (cum ar fi
un canal TV) aproape imediat, iar acest lucru este cunoscut sub numele de media streaming .
Dei IPTV folosete protocolul Internet, nu se limiteaz la mediile de televiziune difuzate de pe
Internet, cunoscut sub numele de Internet TV . IPTV este, de asemenea, implementat pe scar larg n
reele de telecomunicaii bazate pe abonai, cu canale de acces de mare vitez pentru utilizatorii finali,
prin intermediul set-top box -urilor sau a altor echipamente destinate clienilor , precum i implementarea
IPTV pentru livrarea media n jurul reelelor IT corporative i private. IPTV n domeniul telecomunicaiilor
este notabil pentru procesul de standardizare n curs (ex: Institutul European de Standardizare n
Telecomunicaii ).
Serviciile IPTV pot fi clasificate n trei grupe principale:

Televiziunea live i mass-media live;

Mass-media schimbat n timp: de exemplu, televizorul de capturare (red o emisiune TV care a

fost difuzat cu ore sau zile n urm), pornire TV (reluarea emisiunii curente de la nceputul
emisiunii);

Video la cerere (VOD): cutai i vizualizai articole dintr-un catalog media stocat.
IPTV este definit ca reprezentand servicii multimedia cum ar fi televiziunea / video / audio / textul /
grafica / datele furnizate prin intermediul reelelor bazate pe IP, care au reu it s ofere nivelul necesar de
calitate a serviciilor i experienei, securitii, interactivitii i fiabilitii. IPTV este definit ca furnizarea
sigur i fiabil ctre abonaii de divertisment video i servicii conexe. Aceste servicii pot include, de
exemplu, Live TV, Video On Demand (VOD) i Interactive TV (iTV) . Aceste servicii sunt livrate ntr-o
reea, care utilizeaz protocolul IP pentru a transporta semnale audio, video i de control. Spre deosebire
de videoclipurile de pe Internet publice, implementrile IPTV, securitatea re elei i performan a sunt strict
gestionate pentru a asigura o experien de divertisment superioar, rezultnd ntr-un mediu de afaceri
convingtor pentru furnizorii de coninut, pentru agenii de publicitate i pentru clien i.
Caracteristicile IP TV :
 Televiziunea IP permite vizualizarea unui numr mai mare de canale TV dect cele recep ionate prin
cablu TV (CATV) sau antene satelit (DTH), o calitate a imaginii i a sunetului superioare i accesarea
unor funcii precum vizualizarea n reluare a programelor TV din ultimele 24 de ore, ghid electronic al
programelor, posibilitatea de a accesa jocuri online sau de a comanda vizualizarea unor anumite filme
sau emisiuni TV contra unei taxe (Video on Demand). Calitatea audio-video a serviciilor IPTV este
dependent de viteza de transfer a datelor, un program cu sunet de nalt defini ie i sunet Dolby Digital
neputnd fi accesat, spre exemplu, printr-o conexiune prin telefonul fix, ci printr-o conexiune prin fibr
optic sau alte tehnologii.
IPTV este n primul rnd folosit pentru a oferi servicii duplicat sau care dep esc caracteristicile i
funcionalitatea servicilor CATV sau transmiterea direct prin sateli i geosta ionari, aceasta se realizeaz
prin intermediul unei reele IP. Furnizorii de serviciu doresc s livreze servicii multiple peste o singur
reea i adesea aleg tehnologia IP deoarece ea poate s furnizeze n plus i o mare vitez de acces web
pe o singur platform.Reeaua IP este obinuita s livreze continuu programe video la sute sau mii de
telespectatori simultan. Internet Protocol- IP-ul se refer doar la metoda de transmitere a informa iei
printr-o reea riguros coordonat i securizat, televiziunea nu este transmis prin internetiar utilizatorii nu
se vor loga pe pagina Web.
Tehnologie
IPTV utilizeaz tehnologia ADSL de flux video pentru a furniza programe de televiziune programate
sau video on demand (VOD. Spre deosebire de transmisia pe cale aerian sau prin cablu ctre un
televizor, IPTV folosete protocolul IP ca mijloc de transport i are nevoie de IP TV set-top box pentru a
decoda imaginile n timp real. Cnd un utilizator schimb canalul sau selecteaz un program, un nou flux
de coninut este transmis de la serverul operatorului direct ctre set-top box-ul utilizatorului. IPTV
folosete n primul rnd transmiterea simultan pe baza protocolului de management al grupului de
internet (IGMP) versiunea 2 pentru transmisii TV n direct i protocolul de streaming n timp real pentru
serviciile la cerere. Televiziunea Digital se bazeaz pe o schem de compresie i codare cunoscut ca
MPEG-2, potrivete imaginile extraordinare ntr-o lime de band rezonabil. n fiecare imagine,
software-ul MPEG 2 nregistreaz imaginea fr s arate c ar lipsi ceva. n frame-ul ulterior, software-ul
nregistreaz doar schimbri ale imaginii i las restul imaginii aa cum este n frame-ul anterior. MPEG-2
reduce cantitatea de date aproximativ de la 55 la 1. MPEG-2 este deja standard industrial pentru video
DVD i o parte pentru sistemele de broadcast pentru sateliii de televiziune. Procedeul de compresie
reduce calitatea imaginii de la ce vede camera digital din studio. n orice caz, MPEG-2 este foarte bun la
eliminarea oricrui detaliu de imagine pe care oricum ochiul uman l ignor. Calitatea imaginii este foarte
bun i mult mai bun dect cea a televiziunii analogice.
IPTV-ul se poate transmite la fel ca i serviciu de acces web prin mai multe tehnologi ca de
exemplu: cabluri coaxial, DSL, fibr optic, wireless pn i prin liniile de tensiune. Indiferent de modul de
transmisie a IPTV-ului, caracteristicile sale sunt similare.
IPTV-ul de regul opereaz ntr-o reea privat i nu pe Internet. ntr-o re ea privat proiectat
pentru IPTV providerul poate garanta calitatea serviciului. O astfel de re ea are o vitez de trafic mai mare
dect o reea IP normal. ntr-o reea IPTV, semnalul pentru TV are o prioritate mai mare dect restul
serviciilor, astfel serviciul TV este instantaneu, nemaifiind implicat niciun timp de a teptare pentru
download.
Reele IPTV pot fi construite pentru a servi milioane de utilizatori sau doar cteva sute. Re elele
pot fi naionale i pot transmise sute de canale TV pe suprafe e de mii de kilometrii. Re elele mici pot
servi doar o comunitate local i s transmit doar cteva zeci de canale. n ambele cazuri, costurile
echipamentului central i al reelei de transmisie sunt cruciale pentru o afacere profitabil.

Harta rilor IPTV din lume

rile n care IPTV este disponibil

Arhitectura [ edita ]

O diagram simplificat a reelei pentru IPTV

Elemente

Terminalul IPTV: unde canalele TV live i sursele AV sunt codificate, criptate i livrate sub form
de fluxuri multicast IP .

Platforma Video on Demand (VOD): unde activele video la cerere sunt stocate i servite drept
streaming IP unicast atunci cnd un utilizator face o cerere. Platforma VOD poate fi uneori localizat
i considerat o parte din captul IPTV.

Portal interactiv: permite utilizatorului s navigheze n cadrul diferitelor servicii IPTV, cum ar fi
catalogul VOD.

Reea de difuzare: reeaua cu pachete de comutare care poarta pachete IP (unicast i multicast).

Puncte terminale: Echipamente utilizator care pot solicita, decoda i difuza fluxuri IPTV pentru
afiare ctre utilizator. Acestea pot include computere i dispozitive mobile, precum i set-top box-
uri .

Home Gateway TV : piesa de echipament de la o locuin a utilizatorului IPTV reziden ial care
termin legtura de acces din reeaua de difuzare.
 Set-top box utilizator: bucata de echipament final care decodeaz i decripteaz fluxurile TV i
VOD pentru a fi afiate pe ecranul televizorului.

Arhitectura unei reele de server video

n funcie de arhitectura de reea a furnizorului de servicii, exist dou tipuri principale de arhitectur
server video care pot fi luate n considerare pentru implementarea IPTV: centralizate i distribuite.
Modelul de arhitectur centralizat este o soluie relativ simpl i u or de gestionat. Deoarece ntregul
coninut media este stocat n servere centralizate, acesta nu necesit un sistem complet de distribuire a
coninutului. Arhitectura centralizat este, n general, bun pentru o re ea care ofer o implementare
relativ redus a serviciului VOD, are o lime de band de baz i o margine adecvat i o re ea eficient
de difuzare a coninutului (CDN).
Arhitectura distribuit are avantaje de utilizare a l imii de band i caracteristici inerente de
management al sistemului care sunt eseniale pentru gestionarea unei re ele de servere mai
mari. Operatorii care intenioneaz s implementeze un sistem relativ mare ar trebui, prin urmare, s ia n
considerare implementarea unui model de arhitectur distribuit nc de la nceput. Arhitectura distribuit
necesit tehnologii inteligente i sofisticate de distribuire a coninutului pentru a mri livrarea eficient a
coninutului multimedia n reeaua furnizorului de servicii. [37]
Rezidential IPTV reele domestice [ edita ]
n multe cazuri, gateway-ul rezidenial care asigur conectivitate cu reeaua de acces la Internet nu se
afl n apropierea setului de televiziune IPTV. Acest scenariu devine foarte obinuit, n condiiile n care
furnizorii de servicii ncep s ofere pachete de servicii cu set-top-uri multiple pentru fiecare abonat.
Tehnologiile de reea care utilizeaz cablurile de acas existente (cum ar fi linii electrice, linii telefonice
sau cabluri coaxiale [40] [41] ) sau hardware wireless au devenit soluii comune pentru aceast problem,
dei fragmentarea n cablu Piaa de reele de acas a limitat oarecum cre terea pe aceast pia . [42] [43]
n decembrie 2008, ITU-T a adoptat Recomandarea G.hn ( cunoscut i sub numele de G.9960 ), un
standard de reea de acas de generaie urmtoare care specific un PHY / MAC comun care poate
funciona pe orice cablu de acas (linii electrice, linii telefonice Sau cabluri coaxiale). [44] n cursul anului
2012, IEC va adopta o prenorm pentru crearea de re ele POF la vitez Gigabit. Acest pre standard va
specifica un PHY care funcioneaz la o rat de bii adaptabil ntre 100 Mbit / s i 1 Gbit / s, n func ie de
bugetul de putere al legturii.
Grupuri precum Alliance Multimedia over Coax, Alliance HomePlug Powerline, Alliance for Network
Phoneline Home i Quasar Alliance ( Fibr optic din plastic ) [45], fiecare susin propriile tehnologii.
Telecomunicaii IMS arhitectura [ edita ]
Exist un efort tot mai amplu de standardizare privind utilizarea subsistemului multimedia IP 3GPP (IMS)
ca arhitectur pentru susinerea serviciilor IPTV n re elele de telecomunica ii. Att ITU-T, ct i ETSI
lucreaz la aa-numitele standarde IPTV bazate pe IMS (a se vedea, de exemplu, ETSI TS 182
027 [46] ). Transportatorii vor putea oferi att servicii de voce, ct i servicii IPTV pe aceea i infrastructur
de baz, iar implementarea serviciilor care combin serviciile TV conven ionale cu caracteristicile
telefonice (de exemplu, ID-ul apelantului pe ecranul TV) va deveni simpl. [47] Forumul MultiService a
realizat recent interoperabilitatea soluiilor IPTV bazate pe IMS n timpul evenimentului GMI din 2008. [48]

Protocoale [ edita ]
IPTV acoper att televiziunea live ( multicast ), ct i video-on-demand / VoD ( unicast )
stocate. Redarea necesit un dispozitiv de band larg conectat fie la o re ea IP fix sau wireless, sub
forma unui computer personal autonom sau a unui dispozitiv de operare limitat, cum ar fi un smartphone ,
o tablet cu ecran tactil , o consol de jocuri , un televizor conectat sau un set-top box . Compresia video
este furnizat fie printr-un codec derivat din H.263 sau H.264 , audio este comprimat printr-un codec
bazat pe MDCT i apoi ncapsulat fie ntr-un flux de transport MPEG, fie n pachete RTP sau n
pachete Flash Video pentru streaming live sau VoD. IP multicasting permite ca datele live s fie transmise
ctre mai muli receptoare folosind o singur adres de grup multicast. H.264 / MPEG-4 AVC este utilizat
n mod obinuit pentru streaming pe internet prin intermediul unor standarde mai ridicate ale ratei de bi i,
cum ar fi H.261 i H.263, care au fost mai mult proiectate pentru videoconferin e ISDN . n general,
H.262 / MPEG-1/2 nu este utilizat, deoarece limea de band necesar ar satura destul de u or o re ea,
motiv pentru care acestea sunt utilizate numai n aplica ii de transmisie sau de stocare cu un singur link.
n sistemele bazate pe standarde IPTV, protocoalele primare care stau la baza sunt:

Serviciu de streaming bazat pe furnizorii de servicii:

IGMP pentru abonarea la un flux live multicast (canal TV) i pentru schimbarea de la un
flux live multicast la altul (schimbarea canalului TV). IP multicast funcioneaz n LAN-uri (inclusiv
VLAN-uri) i n ntreaga WAN-uri, de asemenea. IP multicast este de obicei direcionat n miezul
reelei prin Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM), stabilind distribuia corect a fluxurilor multicast
(canale TV) de la sursa lor pn la clienii care doresc s le vizualizeze, duplicnd pachetele
primite dup cum este necesar. Coninutul la cerere utilizeaz o conexiune unicast negociat. n
general, metodele de ncapsulare preferate sunt n timp real Protocolul de transport (RTP)
pe User Datagram Protocol (UDP) sau fluxul de transport inferior H.222 deasupra capului
prin Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).

Unicast bazat pe Web numai live i VoD streaming:

Adobe Flash Player prefer RTMP peste TCP cu configurare i control prin intermediul
tranzaciilor AMF sau XML sau JSON .

Apple iOS folosete stream-ul de conversie bitrate HLS pe HTTP cu configurare i

control printr-un fiier de redare M3U ncorporat .

Microsoft Silverlight folosete streaming neted ( streaming bitrate adaptiv ) prin HTTP.

Serviciul de difuzare multicast live i unicast VoD streaming:

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) recomand RTP peste UDP sau TCP transporturi
cu configurare i control folosind RTSP peste TCP.

Televizoare conectate , console de jocuri , set-top box-uri i aparate de nregistrare video

personale de reea :

Coninutul reelei locale utilizeaz UPnP AV pentru unicast prin HTTP prin TCP sau prin
RTP live multicast peste UDP.

Coninutul bazat pe Web este furnizat prin intermediul unor plug-in-uri Web integrate sau
printr-o aplicaie bazat pe transmisii de televiziune care utilizeaz o limb middleware, cum ar
fi MHEG-5, care declaneaz un eveniment, cum ar fi ncrcarea unui browser web n linie
folosind un plug-in Adobe Flash Player .
O companie de telecomunicaii IPTV este livrat, de obicei, pe o re ea de grdinrit cu perei de investiii.
IPTV-ul local, utilizat de ntreprinderi pentru distribu ia audio-vizual AV n reelele companiei lor, se
bazeaz, n general, pe un amestec de:

1. Aparatur de recepie TV convenional i codificatoare IPTV

2. IP gateway-uri TV care iau canale MPEG de difuzare i IP wrap-le pentru a crea fluxuri multicast.
Prin satelit [ edita ]
Dei distribuia TV prin satelit IPTV i cea convenional a fost vzut ca o tehnologie complementar,
este probabil ca acestea s fie utilizate din ce n ce mai mult mpreun n re elele IPTV hibride care ofer
cele mai nalte niveluri de performan i fiabilitate. IPTV este n mare parte neutr fa de mediul de
transmisie, iar traficul IP este deja efectuat n mod obinuit prin satelit pentru re eaua de
trunchiuri Internet i reele corporative VSAT . [49] Utilizarea satelitului pentru a purta IP este fundamental
pentru depirea celor mai mari neajunsuri ale IPTV asupra cablurilor terestre - viteza / lrgimea de
band a conexiunii, precum i disponibilitatea.
Cablajul de cupru rsucite din cupru, care formeaz ultimul kilometru al reelei de telefonie i de band
larg n multe ri, nu este capabil s ofere o proporie semnificativ popula iei cu un serviciu IPTV care
s corespund chiar distribuiei digitale terestre sau satelit digitale existente. Pentru un serviciu TV
competitiv multi-canal, o vitez de conectare de 20 Mbit / s este probabil necesar, dar nu este
disponibil pentru majoritatea clienilor poteniali. [50] Popularitatea din ce n ce mai mare a televiziunii
de nalt definiie (cu dublul ratei de transmisie a datelor video SD ) crete cerinele de vitez a conexiunii
sau limiteaz calitatea serviciilor IPTV i eligibilitatea conexiunilor.
Cu toate acestea, sateliii sunt capabili s furnizeze peste 100 Gbit / s prin intermediul tehnologiilor cu
fascicule multiple, fcnd satelitul o tehnologie clar n curs de dezvoltare pentru implementarea re elelor
IPTV. Distribuia prin satelit poate fi inclus ntr-o arhitectur a re elei IPTV n mai multe moduri. Cel mai
simplu mod de a implementa este o arhitectur IPTV direct la domiciliu (DTH), n care seturile hibride de
banda larga DVB n casele de abonai integreaz recepia prin satelit i IP pentru a oferi o l ime de
band aproape infinit cu capabiliti de retur. ntr-un astfel de sistem, multe canale TV live pot fi multicast
prin satelit (ncorporate n IP sau ca televiziune digital DVB convenional) cu transmisie video la cerere
stocat prin conexiunea n band larg. Arhiva divizia Satellite Media Solutions sugereaz c "IPTV
funcioneaz cel mai bine ntr-un format hibrid. De exemplu, ai folosi band larg pentru a primi coninut
i satelit pentru a primi alte canale, cum ar fi canalele live ". [51]

IPTV hibrid [ edita ]

Precizia factual a acestui articol poate fi compromis din cauza informaiilor
depite . Actualizai acest articol pentru a reflecta evenimentele recente sau informa iile
noi disponibile. (Iulie 2011)

IPTV hibrid se refer la combinaia de servicii tradiionale de difuzare TV i video furnizate fie prin
intermediul reelelor IP gestionate, fie prin intermediul internetului public. Este o tendin cresctoare att
pe pieele de consum, ct i pe cele de pe piaa de televiziune cu plat. [52] [53] [54]
IPTV hibrid a crescut n popularitate n ultimii ani [ cnd? ] Ca urmare a doi factori importani. De la apariia
unor site-uri de agregare video online, cum ar fi YouTube i Vimeo la mijlocul anilor 2000, operatorii
tradiionali de televiziune cu plat au intrat sub o presiune din ce n ce mai mare pentru a le oferi
abonailor posibilitatea de a viziona video bazat pe Internet [att profesional, ct i generat de utilizatori]
Televizoarele lor. n acelai timp, operatorii bazai pe IP speciali [adesea furnizorii de telecomunicaii] au
cutat modaliti de a oferi servicii terestre analogice i digitale pentru operaiunile lor, fr a aduga fie
costuri suplimentare, fie complexitate operaiunilor lor de transmisie. Limea de band reprezint un
avantaj valoros pentru operatori, aa c muli au cutat modaliti alternative de a furniza aceste noi
servicii fr a investi n infrastructuri de reea suplimentare.
Un set-top hibrid permite coninutului dintr-o serie de surse, inclusiv difuzoarele terestre, prin satelit i prin
cablu, s fie adus mpreun cu videoclipul livrat pe Internet printr-o conexiune Ethernet a
dispozitivului. Acest lucru permite telespectatorilor s acceseze o varietate mai mare de con inut pe
televizoarele lor, fr a fi nevoie de o caset separat pentru fiecare serviciu.
Seturile de sunet IPTV hibride permit, de asemenea, accesul la o gam larg de servicii interactive
avansate, precum VOD / catch-up TV, precum i aplicaii Internet, inclusiv telefonie video , supraveghere,
jocuri, cumprturi, Set .
Din perspectiva operatorului de televiziune cu plat, un set-top-box IPTV hibrid le confer o mai mare
flexibilitate pe termen lung, permindu-le s desfoare noi servicii i aplica ii atunci cnd consumatorii
solicit, cel mai adesea fr a fi necesar modernizarea echipamentului sau pentru un tehnician Vizita i i
reconfigurai sau nlocuii dispozitivul. Acest lucru reduce costul lansrii de noi servicii, crete viteza la
pia i limiteaz perturbarea consumatorilor. [55]
Consoriul hibrid de televiziune n band larg (HbbTV) a companiilor din industrie este n
prezent [ cnd? ] Promovarea i stabilirea unui standard european deschis pentru set-top-urile hibride pentru
recepia aplicaiilor de televiziune digital i de televiziune digital n band larg i n band larg cu o
singur interfa de utilizator. [56] Aceste tendine au dus la dezvoltarea unor set-top- uri de televiziune
Broadband Broadcast Broadband, care includeau att un tuner de emisie, ct i o conexiune la Internet -
de obicei, un port Ethernet . Primul set de boxe IPTV hibrid disponibil n comer a fost dezvoltat
de Advanced Digital Broadcast , dezvoltator de hardware i software digital de televiziune, n 2005.
Platforma a fost dezvoltat pentru operatorul de televiziune cu plat spaniol Telefonica [57] i a fost utilizat
ca parte a lui Movistar TV, lansat abonailor la sfritul anului 2005.
O abordare alternativ este versiunea IPTV a solu iei Headend n Sky TV prin cablu. n acest caz, mai
multe canale TV sunt distribuite prin satelit ctre punctul de prezen al furnizorului ISP sau IPTV (POP)
pentru distribuia ncapsulat IP ctre abonai individuali, conform cerin elor fiecrui abonat.
Acest lucru poate oferi o abundenta selectie de canale abonatilor fara a suprasolicita trunchiurile Internet
la POP si permite ca un serviciu IPTV sa fie oferit operatorilor mici sau la distanta in afara conexiunii
terestre de mare viteza. Un exemplu este o reea care combin fibra i distribuia prin satelit prin
intermediul unui satelit SES New Sky de 95 de canale ctre America Latin i Caraibe, operat de IPTV
Americas. [58]
n timp ce dezvoltarea viitoare a IPTV se afl probabil ntr-o serie de arhitecturi i implementri
coexistente, este clar [n funcie de cine? ] C difuzarea aplicaiilor de lime de band mare, cum ar fi IPTV, se
realizeaz mai eficient i mai eficient din punct de vedere al costurilor folosind satelitul [59] i se
preconizeaz c majoritatea creterii IPTV globale va fi alimentat de re ele hibride. [60]

Avantaje [ edit ]
Platforma bazat pe protocolul de Internet ofer avantaje semnificative, inclusiv capacitatea de a integra
televiziunea cu alte servicii bazate pe IP, cum ar fi accesul la Internet de mare vitez i VoIP.
O reea IP comutat permite, de asemenea, livrarea unui con inut i funcionalitate semnificativ mai
mare.ntr - un televizor tipic sau de reea prin satelit, folosind tehnologia video de difuzare, tot coninutul
curge constant n aval pentru fiecare client, i comut clientul coninutul la set-top box. Clientul poate
alege din ct mai multe opiuni ca societatea Telecomms, cablu sau prin satelit pot umple n conducta
care curge n cas. O reea IP comutat funcioneaz diferit. Coninutul rmne n re ea, i numai
coninutul clientul alege este trimis n casa clientului. Aceasta elibereaz de lime de band, iar alegerea
clientului este mai puin limitat de mrimea conductei n cas. Acest lucru implic , de asemenea , c
viaa privat a clientului ar putea fi compromis ntr - o msur mai mare dect este posibil cu reelele
de televiziune prin satelit sau tradiionale. Acesta poate oferi , de asemenea , un mijloc de a hack n, sau
cel puin perturba ( a se vedea Refuzul serviciului ) reeaua privat.
Economie [ edita ]
Cheltuieli de aproximativ 1 miliard de $ pe an industria de cablu se bazeaz pe actualizri de reea pentru
a permite viteze mai mari de date. Majoritatea operatorilor folosesc 2-3 canale pentru a suporta viteze
maxime de date de 50 Mbit / s la 100 Mbit / s. Cu toate acestea, deoarece fluxurile video necesit o rat
mare de bii pentru perioade mult mai lungi de timp, cheltuielile pentru a sprijini cantit i mari de trafic
video va fi mult mai mare. Acest fenomen se numete persisten. Persistentei datelor este n mod
obinuit de 5% , n timp ce persistenei video poate ajunge cu uurin la 50%. Deoarece traficul video
de continu s creasc, acest lucru nseamn c , n mod semnificativ mai multe CMTS canale din aval
vor fi necesare pentru a transporta acest coninut video. Bazat pe piaa de astzi, este probabil ca
cheltuielile industriei de extindere CMTS ar putea dep i 2 miliarde de $ pe an, practic , toate aceste
cheltuieli fiind condus de trafic video. Adoptarea IPTV pentru realizarea majoritii acestui trafic ar putea
salva industria de aproximativ 75% din aceste cheltuieli de capital. [61]
Interactivitatea [ edita ]
O platform bazat pe IP , de asemenea , permite oportuniti semnificative pentru a face experiena
de vizionare TV mai interactive i personalizate. Furnizorul poate, de exemplu, s includ un ghid
de program interactiv , care permite utilizatorilor s caute coninut de titlu sau numele actorului, sau
o imagine n imagine funcionalitate , care le permite s surf canal , fr a prsi programul ce
urmresc. Telespectatorii pot fi n msur s se uite n sus statisticile unui juctor n timp ce vizionai un
joc sportiv, sau controla unghiul camerei. De asemenea , ele pot fi n msur s acceseze fotografii sau
muzic de pe PC la televizor lor, utilizai un telefon fr fir pentru a programa o nregistrare de spectacol
lor preferat, sau chiar ajusta controalele parentale astfel nct copilul lor s poat viziona un documentar
pentru un raport de coal, n timp ce ei re departe de cas.
Pentru c nu poate avea loc o interaciune ntre receptor i emi tor, este nevoie de un canal
de feedback. Datorit acestui fapt,, i reelele terestre de cablu prin satelit pentru televiziune nu permit
interactivitate. Cu toate acestea, interactivitatea cu aceste reele pot fi posibile prin combinarea re elelor
de televiziune cu reele de date , cum ar fi Internetul o reea de comunicaii mobile sau.
Video-on-demand [ edita ]
Tehnologia IPTV aduce video la cerere (VOD) la televizor, [62] , care permite unui client pentru a cuta un
program sau un catalog online de film, pentru a viziona remorci i pentru a selecta apoi o nregistrare
selectat. Playout elementului selectat ncepe aproape instantaneu la TV sau PC - ul clientului.
Punct de vedere tehnic, n cazul n care clientul alege filmul, un punct-la-punct de conexiune
unidirecional este configurat ntre decodor clientului (set-top box sau PC) i serverul de streaming
livrarea. Semnalizarea pentru funcionalitatea redare truc (pauz, slow-motion, vnt / napoi , etc) este
asigurat de RTSP (Real Time Streaming Protocol).
Cele mai frecvente codec - uri utilizate pentru VoD sunt MPEG-2 , MPEG-4 i VC-1 .
ntr - o ncercare de a evita pirateria de coninut, coninutul VOD este de obicei criptate. n timp
ce criptarea a transmisiunilor prin satelit i cablu TV este o practic veche, cu tehnologia IPTV poate fi
gndit n mod eficient ca o form de administrare a drepturilor digitale . Un film care este ales, de
exemplu, pot fi redate pentru 24 de ore dup efectuarea plii, dup care acesta devine indisponibil.
Servicii convergente bazate pe IPTV [ edita ]
Un alt avantaj este posibilitatea de integrare i convergen. Aceast oportunitate este amplificat atunci
cnd se utilizeaz soluii bazate pe platforma IMS. [63] servicii convergente implic interaciunea serviciilor
existente ntr - un mod fr sudur pentru a crea noi servicii cu valoare adugat. Un exemplu este pe
ecran ID apelant, obtinerea ID apelant pe un televizor i abilitatea de a manipula (trimite po t vocal,
etc). Servicii bazate pe IP va ajuta pentru a permite eforturile de a oferi consumatorilor oricnd-oriunde
accesul la coninutul lor peste televizoare, PC - uri i telefoane mobile, precum i pentru a integra servicii
i coninut pentru a le lega mpreun. n cadrul ntreprinderilor i instituiilor, IPTV elimin necesitatea de a
rula o infrastructur paralel pentru a furniza servicii video live i stocate.

Limitri [ editai ]
IPTV este sensibil la pierderea de pachete i ntrzierile n cazul n care datele nu sunt fiabile n
flux. IPTV are cerine minime de vitez stricte, n scopul de a facilita numrul corect de cadre pe secund
pentru a oferi imagini n micare. Acest lucru nseamn c viteza de conectare limitat i l imea de
band disponibil pentru o baz de clieni mari IPTV poate reduce calitatea serviciului livrat.
Dei cteva ri au foarte mare vitez populaiile de broadband, cum ar fi Coreea de Sud cu 6 milioane
de case care beneficiaz de o vitez minim de conectare de 100 Mbit / s, n alte ri (cum ar fi Marea
Britanie) , reelele de motenire se lupt pentru a furniza 3- 5 Mbit / s [64] [ necesit o actualizare ] i furnizarea astfel
nct simultan la casa de canale TV, VoIP i acces la Internet poate s nu fie viabil. Livrarea la ultima mil
pentru IPTV , de obicei , are o restricie de lime de band care permite doar un numr mic de fluxuri
simultane de canale TV - de obicei una la trei - pentru a fi livrate. [65]
IPTV Streaming peste link - uri fr fir n casa sa dovedit a fi suprtoare; nu din cauza limitrilor
de lime de band ct mai multe [ cine? ] i asum, dar din cauza unor probleme cu multipath i reflexii ale
semnalului RF care transport pachetele de date IP. Un flux IPTV este sensibil la pachetele care sosesc
 [ atunci cnd? ]
la momentul potrivit i n ordinea corect. mbuntirile n tehnologia fr fir sunt acum ncepe
s furnizeze echipamente pentru a rezolva problema. [66]
Datorit limitrilor wireless, majoritatea furnizorilor de servicii IPTV de astzi folosesc tehnologii cu fir
acas de reea n loc de tehnologii fr fir , cum ar fi IEEE 802.11 . Furnizorii de servicii , cum ar fi AT & T
(ceea ce face ca utilizarea pe scar larg a reelelor de origine Wireline , ca parte a AT & T U- un vers de
serviciu IPTV) i- au exprimat sprijinul pentru activitatea desfurat n aceast direc ie de ctre ITU-T ,
care a adoptat Recomandarea G.hn ( de asemenea cunoscut ca G.9960), care este un standard
de reea pentru domiciliu de ultim generaie , care specific o PHY comun / MAC care se poate opera
peste orice cabluri acas (linii electrice, linii telefonice sau cabluri coaxiale). [67] [68]
Latena [ edita ]
Laten inerente utilizrii de Internet prin satelit este adesea reinut ca motiv pentru care sateliii nu pot fi
folosite cu succes pentru IPTV. n practic, cu toate acestea, latenta nu este un factor important pentru
IPTV, deoarece este un serviciu care nu necesit transmiterea n timp real, aa cum este cazul cu
serviciile de telefonie sau videoconferinta.
Este latena de rspuns la cererile de a schimba canalul, afi a un EPG, etc, care afecteaz majoritatea
clienilor perceput calitatea serviciilor, iar aceste probleme afecteaz IPTV prin satelit nu mai mult IPTV
terestr. Probleme de laten de comand, cu care se confrunt re elele IPTV terestre cu l ime de band
insuficient ca baza lor de clienti creste, poate fi rezolvat prin capacitatea mare de distribu ie prin satelit.
distribuie prin satelit nu sufer de laten - timpul pentru semnalul s se deplaseze n sus de la hub-ul la
satelit i napoi n jos pentru utilizator este de aproximativ 0,25 secunde, i nu poate fi redus. Cu toate
acestea, efectele acestei ntrzieri sunt atenuate n sistemele de real, folosind compresia datelor, TCP-
accelerare, i HTTP preluarea n avans. [69]
Latenta prin satelit poate fi n detrimentul aplicaiilor n special sensibile la timp , cum ar fi jocuri de noroc
on-line (dei afecteaz numai grav place de first-person shooter n timp ce multe MMOG - uri pot
funciona mai bine de internet prin satelit [70] ), dar IPTV este de obicei un simplex operaiune (transmisie
one - way) i laten nu este un factor critic pentru transmisie video.
Sistemele de transmisie video existente de formate att analogice i digitale introduc deja cunoscute
ntrzieri cuantificabile. Existente DVB canale TV care simulcast de ambele transmisii terestre i prin
satelit , au aceleai 0.25 secunde diferena ntrziere ntre cele dou servicii , cu nici un efect negativ, i
trece neobservat de telespectatori.

Cerine de lime de band [ edita ]

Capacitatea de lime de band pentru simultan dou fluxuri HDTV, dou fluxuri, SD suplimentare HSD i
voce
Video digital este o combinaie de secvene de imagini digitale, iar acestea sunt formate din pixeli sau
elemente de imagine. Fiecare pixel are dou valori, care sunt luminan i crominan . Luminance
reprezint intensitatea pixelului; crominan reprezinta culoarea pixelului. Trei bytes ar fi folosit pentru a
reprezenta culoarea imaginii de nalt calitate pentru o tehnic de culoare adevrat. O secven de
imagini este crearea video digitale, n acest caz, imaginile sunt numite ca i cadre.
Filmele folosesc 24 de cadre pe secund; Cu toate acestea, rata de cadre se pot schimba n func ie de
sistemele electrice teritorii, astfel nct exist diferite tipuri de rate de cadre, de exemplu, America de Nord
utilizeaz aproximativ 30 de cadre pe secund n cazul n care rata de cadre de televiziune Europa este
de 25 de cadre pe secund. Fiecare video digital are lime i nlime dimensiuni; atunci cnd se face
referire la televiziunea analogic, dimensiunea pentru SDTV este de 720 480 pixeli, pe de alt parte,
numeroase HDTV necesit 1920 1080 pixeli. Mai mult dect att, n timp ce pentru SDTV, doi octei (16
bii) este suficient pentru a crea adncimea de culoare, HDTV necesit trei octe i (24 bi i) pentru a crea
adncimea culorii.
Astfel, cu o rat de 30 cadre / secund, rata de date necomprimate pentru SDTV devine 30 x 640 x 480 x
16, cu alte cuvinte, 147,456,000 bii pe secund. Mai mult dect att, pentru HDTV, n acelai ritm frame,
rata data necomprimat devine 30 1920 1080 24 sau 1,492,992,000 bi i pe secund. Cu acest calcul
simplu, este evident c, fr a utiliza o metoda de compresie lossy furnizarea de servicii unui furnizor de
servicii abonailor este limitat.
Nu exist nici un rspuns absolut pentru cerina de lime de band pentru serviciul IPTV, deoarece
cerina de lime de band este n cretere din cauza dispozitivelor din interiorul gospodriei. Astfel,
coninutul HDTV comprimat n prezent pot fi livrate la o rat de date ntre 8 i 10 Mbit / s, dar, n cazul n
care casa consumatorului echipat cu mai multe ieiri HDTV, aceast rat va fi multiplicat respectiv.
Transferul de date de mare vitez va crete limea de band necesar pentru privitorul, cel pu in 2 Mbit /
s este necesar pentru a utiliza aplicaii web bazate pe calculator. In plus la faptul c, de 64 kbit / s este
necesar pentru a utiliza telefonul fix pentru proprietate. n utilizare minim, pentru a primi un serviciu
triplu-play IPTV necesit 13 Mbit / s pentru a procesa ntr-o gospodrie.

Implicaiile asupra vieii private [ edita ]

Din cauza limitrilor de lime de band, un canal IPTV este livrat ctre utilizator la un moment dat, spre
deosebire de tradiionale de livrare multiplexat. Modificarea unui canal necesit solicitarea serverului cap-
end pentru a oferi un flux de difuzare diferit, la fel ca VOD (Pentru VOD fluxul este livrat
cu ajutorul monodifuzate , este utilizat pentru multicast normal de semnal TV). Acest lucru ar putea
permite furnizorului de servicii pentru a urmri cu exactitate fiecare program de urmrit i durata de
vizionare pentru fiecare spectator; radiodifuzorii i agenii de publicitate ar putea nelege apoi publicul i
programarea mai bine cu date precise i lor de publicitate direcionate .
n legtur cu diferenele de reglementare ntre IPTV i televiziune prin cablu, aceast urmrire ar putea
reprezenta o ameninare la adresa vieii private potrivit criticilor. [71]Pentru scenarii IP multicast, din
moment ce un anumit grup multicast (canal TV) trebuie s fie solicitate nainte de a putea fi vizualizate, se
aplic aceleai preocupri de confidenialitate.

Furnizori [ edita ]
Un numr mic de companii furnizeaz sisteme IPTV cele mai actuale. Unele, cum ar fi Movistar TV , au
fost formate de ctre operatori de telecomunicaii nii, pentru a minimiza costurile externe, o tactic ,
de asemenea , folosit de PCCW din Hong Kong - ului . Unii furnizori majori de telecomunicaii sunt ,
de asemenea , active n acest spaiu, n special Alcatel-Lucent (uneori de lucru cu Movistar
TV), Sri_Lanka_Telecom , Ericsson ( n special odat cu achiziia Tandberg
Television ), NEC , Accenture (Accenture Solution Video), Thomson , Huawei i ZTE , cum sunt unele
case de IT, condus de Microsoft . Cu sediul n California UTStarcom, Inc cu sediul n Tennessee, Worley
Consulting, cu sediul la Tokyo New Media Group, Malaysian bazate pe Select-TV i Oslo / Norvegia
cu sediul SnapTV ofer , de asemenea , end-to-end de infrastructur pentru serviciile IPTV bazate pe
reea, i Hong Kong BNS Ltd. ofer soluii tehnologice la cheie IPTV platform deschis. Vanzarile
globale de sisteme IPTV a depit 2 miliarde de dolari n 2007.
Hospitality IPTV Ltd, care a stabilit mai multe sisteme IPTV de re ea nchis, extins n 2013, pentru
platforme de livrare OTT pentru pieele din Noua Zeeland, Australia i regiunea Asia Pacific. [ Citare necesar ]
Google Fiber ofer un serviciu IPTV n diferite orae din SUA , care include pn la 1 Gigabit internet
de vitez i peste 290 de canale n funcie de pachet prin intermediul reelei de fibr optic fiind construit
n KCK i KCMO.
Muli dintre aceti furnizori de soluii IPTV a participat la Bienala Global MSF privind interoperabilitatea
2008 (VMG) , eveniment care a fost coordonat de Forumul Multiservice (MSF) , la cinci site - uri
din ntreaga lume de la 20 pn la 31 octombrie 2008. Furnizorii de echipamente de testare , inclusiv
Netrounds, Codenomicon , Empirix , Ixia , Mu Dynamics i Spirent alturat furnizori de soluii , cum ar fi
societile enumerate mai sus , ntr - una dintre cele mai mari motive de IPTV dovedindu - dislocate
vreodat.

Serviciu de vnzare legat [ edita ]

Pentru utilizatorii rezideniale, IPTV este adesea prevzut n colaborare cu video la cerere i pot fi
combinate cu servicii de Internet , cum ar fi accesul la internet i Voice over Internet Protocol de servicii
de telecomunicaii (VoIP). Comercial de vnzare legat IPTV, VoIP i acces la internet este uneori
menionat n marketing ca triple play serviciu. Atunci cnd aceste trei sunt oferite cu serviciu de telefonie
mobil, serviciul combinat poate fi mentionat ca joc de patru ori .

Regulamentul [ editai ]
Punct de vedere istoric, televiziunea difuzare a fost reglementat diferit de telecomunica ii. Ca IPTV
permite TV i VOD s fie transmise prin intermediul re elelor IP, apar noi probleme
de reglementare. [72] Profesorul Eli M. Noam subliniaz n raportul su sau fr TV:? Trei ecrane, un
singur regulament unele dintre provocrile cheie cu reglementri sectoriale specifice , care devine
caduc din cauza convergenei n acest domeniu. [73]

An introduction to IPTV

Ever wondered how TV over IP works? As AT&T continues to build out its fiber

NATE ANDERSON - 3/13/2006, 3:00 AM

Television is changing

Over the last decade, the growth of satellite service, the rise of digital cable, and the birth of HDTV have
all left their mark on the television landscape. Now, a new delivery method threatens to shake things up
even more powerfully. Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) has arrived, and backed by the deep pockets of
the telecommunications industry, it's poised to offer more interactivity and bring a hefty dose of
competition to the business of selling TV.

IPTV describes a system capable of receiving and displaying a video stream encoded as a series of
Internet Protocol packets. If you've ever watched a video clip on your computer, you've used an IPTV
system in its broadest sense. When most people discuss IPTV, though, they're talking about watching
traditional channels on your television, where people demand a smooth, high-resolution, lag-free picture,
and it's the telcos that are jumping headfirst into this market. Once known only as phone companies, the
telcos now want to turn a "triple play" of voice, data, and video that will retire the side and put them
securely in the batter's box.

In this primer, we'll explain how IPTV works and what the future holds for the technology. Though IP can
(and will) be used to deliver video over all sorts of networks, including cable systems, we'll focus in this
article on the telcos, which are the most aggressive players in the game. They're pumping billions into
new fiber rollouts and backend infrastructure (AT&T alone inked a US$400 million deal for Microsoft's
IPTV Edition software last year, for instance, and a US$1.7 billion deal with hardware maker Alcatel). Why
the sudden enthusiasm for the TV business? Because the telcos see that the stakes are far higher than
just some television: companies that offer the triple play want to become your household's sole
communications link, and IPTV is a major part of that strategy.

How it works

First things first: the venerable set-top box, on its way out in the cable world, will make a resurgence in
IPTV systems. The box will connect to the home DSL line and is responsible for reassembling the packets
into a coherent video stream and then decoding the contents. Your computer could do the same job, but
most people still don't have an always-on PC sitting beside the TV, so the box will make a comeback.
Where will the box pull its picture from? To answer that question, let's start at the source.

Most video enters the system at the telco's national headend, where network feeds are pulled from
satellites and encoded if necessary (often in MPEG-2, though H.264 and Windows Media are also
possibilities). The video stream is broken up into IP packets and dumped into the telco's core network,
which is a massive IP network that handles all sorts of other traffic (data, voice, etc.) in addition to the
video. Here the advantages of owning the entire network from stem to stern (as the telcos do) really come
into play, since quality of service (QoS) tools can prioritize the video traffic to prevent delay or
fragmentation of the signal. Without control of the network, this would be dicey, since QoS requests are
not often recognized between operators. With end-to-end control, the telcos can guarantee enough
bandwidth for their signal at all times, which is key to providing the "just works" reliability consumers have
come to expect from their television sets.

The video streams are received by a local office, which has the job of getting them out to the folks on the
couch. This office is the place that local content (such as TV stations, advertising, and video on demand)
is added to the mix, but it's also the spot where the IPTV middleware is housed. This software stack
handles user authentication, channel change requests, billing, VoD requests, etc.basically, all of the
boring but necessary infrastructure.
All the channels in the lineup are multicast from the national headend to local offices at the same time, but
at the local office, a bottleneck becomes apparent. That bottleneck is the local DSL loop, which has
nowhere near the capacity to stream all of the channels at once. Cable systems can do this, since their
bandwidth can be in the neighborhood of 4.5Gbps, but even the newest ADSL2+ technology tops out at
around 25Mbps (and this speed drops quickly as distance from the DSLAM [DSL Access Multiplier]
grows).

So how do you send hundreds of channels out to an IPTV subscriber with a DSL line? Simple: you only
send a few at a time. When a user changes the channel on their set-top box, the box does not "tune" a
channel like a cable system. (There is in fact no such thing as "tuning" anymorethe box is simply an IP
receiver.) What happens instead is that the box switches channels by using the IP Group Membership
Protocol (IGMP) v2 to join a new multicast group. When the local office receives this request, it checks to
make sure that the user is authorized to view the new channel, then directs the routers in the local office
to add that particular user to the channel's distribution list. In this way, only signals that are currently being
watched are actually being sent from the local office to the DSLAM and on to the user.

No matter how well-designed a network may be or how rigorous its QoS controls are, there is always the
possibility of errors creeping into the video stream. For unicast streams, this is less of an issue; the set-
top box can simply request that the server resend lost or corrupted packets. With multicast streams, it is
much more important to ensure that the network is well-engineered from beginning to end, as the user's
set-top box only subscribes to the streamit can make no requests for additional information. To
overcome this problem, multicast streams incorporate a variety of error correction measures such as
forward error correction (FEC), in which redundant packets are transmitted as part of the stream. Again,
this is a case where owning the entire network is important since it allows a company to do everything in
its power to guarantee the safe delivery of streams from one end of the network to the other without
relying on third parties or the public Internet.

Though multicast technology provides the answer to the problem of pumping the same content out to
millions of subscribers at the same time, it does not help with features such as video on demand, which
require a unique stream to the user's home. To support VoD and other services, the local office can also
generate a unicast stream that targets a particular home and draws from the content on the local VoD
server. This stream is typically controlled by the Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP), which enables
DVD-style control over a multimedia stream and allows users to play, pause, and stop the program they
are watching.

The actual number of simultaneous video streams sent from the local office to the consumer varies by
network, but is rarely more than four. The reason is bandwidth. A Windows Media-encoded stream, for
instance, takes up 1.0 to 1.5Mbps for SDTV, which is no problem; ten channels could be sent at once with
bandwidth left over for voice and data. But when HDTV enters the picture, it's a different story, and the 20-
25Mbps capacity of the line gets eaten up fast. At 1080i, HDTV bit rates using Windows Media are in the
7 to 8 Mbps range (rates for H.264 are similar). A quick calculation tells you that a couple of channels are
all that can be supported.

The bandwidth situation is even worse when you consider MPEG-2, which has lower compression ratios.
MPEG-2 streams will require almost twice the space (3.5 Mbps for SDTV, 18-20 Mbps for HDTV), and the
increased compression found in the newer codecs is one reason that AT&T will not use MPEG-2 in the
rollout of its IPTV service dubbed "U-verse."

Simultaneous delivery of channels is necessary to keep IPTV competitive with cable. Obviously, multiple
streams are needed to support picture-in-picture, but they're also needed by DVRs, which can record one
show while a user is watching another. For IPTV to become a viable whole-house solution, it will also
need to support enough simultaneous channels to allow televisions in different rooms to display different
content, and juggling resulting bandwidth issues is one of the trickiest parts of implementing an IPTV
network that will be attractive to consumers.

What's in it for me?

If IPTV was simply a way for telcos to enter the video delivery game, it would be an attractive service just
for the increased competition. A recent FCC study showed that cable rates increased at more than 3.5
times the rate of inflation between 1998 and 2003but in the few places where cable faces competition
from another wireline provider, prices are substantially lower than the average. The increased competition
provided by the telcos will no doubt drive prices down further, as has already happened in Texas (where
several telco TV projects are undergoing trials).

Apart from the effect on the competitive landscape, though, IPTV has the potential to deliver more
interactivity than cable. An all-IP solution is switched digital by nature, does not depend on shared
bandwidth, and uses well-known Internet technology, which should make for some interesting
applications. Expect to see caller ID information displayed on the screen when your phone rings, for
instance, or alerts when you receive new e-mail. Because IPTV does not require expensive tuners,
multiple picture-in-picture applications will become a reality, and DVRs will be able to record multiple
shows at once without upping the cost of the unit (the main constraint will be bandwidth). An interactive
program guide, pay-per-view functionality, and video on demand will all be standard features, and channel
changes should be much quicker.

Because the set-top boxes will use Ethernet and IP, they should be simple to integrate into the existing
home network, which includes a user's computer. STBs will be able to pull video and pictures from a
home PC and display them on the television, and will also be able to easily network with other STBs on
other televisions throughout the house. This will allow a user to own a single DVR that can be controlled
from any set in any room.

IPTV: (Almost) here at last

The promise of IPTV has been, well, promised for some time now, but it really is just around the corner. In
the US, AT&T (formerly SBC) is in the midst of its Project Lightspeed, a 40,000-mile fiber rollout. The
company is dropping US$4 billion on upgrading its network, though unlike Version's FiOS service, the
fiber will generally not run all the way to the home. As the rollout continues, the company will introduce its
U-verse IPTV service, which is currently undergoing live trials in Texas.

Speaking of Verizon, they already offer 300+ channels of television service. It's not delivered over DSL,
but by fiber strung directly to the home. They are also in the process of a multi-billion dollar network
upgrade and have the jump on AT&T, having already laid fiber to three million homes at the end of 2005.
Running fiber to the home gives them incredible bandwidth and allows them to stream all channels at
once; out of the 4.5Gbps available on the fiber, only 3.5Gbps are taken up with TV. (Though they plan to
transition to a full-IP network in the future, FiOS TV is currently RF [radio frequency] based, except for
video on demand, which uses IP.)

Prior to being acquired by AT&T, BellSouth had jumped on the fiber train early and has already rolled out
more than five million miles of the stuff while preparing its own IPTV trials. Like both AT&T and Verizon,
BellSouth was testing Microsoft's IPTV software; with AT&T swallowing up BellSouth, it looks as though
the software giant may become the main provider of IPTV backend software in the US.

One potential roadblock to these rollouts could be franchise agreements, the licenses that most
companies need from a municipality to offer television service. Cable companies have had decades of
negotiating practice with cities, but it's a new world for the telcos, who have found the process to be
excruciatingly slow (and costly). Verizon, for instance, calls the agreements "a major barrier to entering
the video market on a wide scale" and claims that the cable industry has done its best to use franchise
agreements to trip up the telcos.

The telcos have lobbied both the FCC and state legislatures to make changes to the rules governing
these agreements, and it appears that some states, at least, are cooperating. Texas recently passed a
law allowing the telcos to negotiate a franchise agreement with the entire state at once instead of with
every separate community, and Verizon told the FCC that this had provided extra incentive for the
company to conduct some trials in the state. AT&T, for its part, has publicly taken the stance that they
don't actually need a franchise license since they are essentially delivering an IP-based data service, not
a video signal, and thus are not subject to the franchising rules. This could be a costly decision if the FCC
thinks differently, but it could also save them a lot to time, money, and energy if their strategy gets an
official thumbs-up.

The big loser here could be satellite, which has been providing the video portion of the telcos' offerings for
nearly a decade. With the telcos going into the TV business for themselves, satellite will need to find a
compelling way to offer both VoIP and data services along with its traditional video signal in order to
remain competitive. (DirectTV, in particular, has been mulling a move to WiMAX technology to remain
competitive.) Fortunately for them, satellite companies currently control just over 30 percent of the pay TV
market, which should give them some breathing room when the telcos deploy IPTV systems in force.

Another approach to IP-based video comes from web companies who do not necessarily own the
complete network infrastructure, but who plan to offer IPTV services over the public Internet. AOL has
already announced its plan for a service dubbed In2TV that will stream ad-supported programming to
users over the 'Net, and companies like Apple and Google already offer what are essentially IP-based
video on demand services. Though such efforts typically rely on a computer to display the content, it
would definitely be possible to roll out set-top boxes so that consumers could watch the programming on
their own televisions. The idea's not quite as crazy as it soundsAtlanta-based Dave.tv is currently in the
process of producing its own box and plans to offer TV services right over the Internet. Such a move
could leapfrog the traditional networks, but it faces problems.

The obvious challenge to this business model comes from being a "broadcaster" without a network, which
means that users need to bring their own access and that content is delivered over networks owned by
the telcos or cable providers (in most cases). Both groups have begun making noise about "tiered pricing"
schemes, and you can expect them to push the idea even harder as increased amounts of video stream
 through "their pipes." Any company serious about providing their own IPTV service would no doubt ante
up, since consumers are unlikely to subscribe to a TV service that suffers from bandwidth bottlenecks or
other inconsistencies.

Time for a triple play

How big will the IPTV market be? Multimedia Research Group estimates that IPTV subscribers will
balloon from 3.7 million in 2005 to 36.9 million by 2009 (worldwide), with Europe leading the market. The
industry's revenues could reach nearly US$10 billion by that timeno small chunk of change. Still, the
battle is for more than just your television; it's a struggle for the single entry point into your home.

The so-called "triple play" of voice, video, and data is currently a holy grail for the telcos, who need to
compete with the cable companies, which already offer all three services. With both telcos and cable
providers offering the triple play, it's likely that consumers will soon need only a single data pipe flowing
into their home (and bundle discounts will ensure that this is the cheapest way to do things). Whichever
pipe that turns out to becable or telephone linewill mean big money for the company that owns it.

IPTV provides the missing piece that the telcos need, but the cable companies, for their part, are talking
tough. "AT&T is spending years and billions of dollars to imitate a network that Comcast has already
built," said spokesman Andrew Johnson. "We've seen nothing... that we can't exceed." Despite the
posturing, both industries see this as an important transition time during which they need to sell
customers on the merits of one-stop shopping for their communication and entertainment needs.
Hopefully, the battle of words will soon give way to the price war that satellite could not fully spark, in
which case IPTV, if it does nothing else, will have succeeded.

IP TV

Briliant Technologies ofera solutii complete de tip IPTV, pentru

diverse aplicatii din domeniul Horeca (Pay-TV, VOD, Internet) si media distribution (Digital Signage).

Structura unui sistem complex bazat pe o retea de distributie IPTV este formata din urmatoarele
componente:

o Statia de receptie (head-end) IPTV format dintr-un numar de streamere (module de statie) care
permit receptia programe TV sau radio
o Serverul de comanda al sistemului
o Serverul care permite stocarea unor productii multimedia (filme, muzica, jocuri) care constituie
contentul pentru vizionare la cerere cu plata Video on Demand (VoD)
o Software-ul necesar care poate fi:
o o aplicatie care permite configurarea atat a statiei de receptie (head-end IPTV) cat si a
set-top-box-urilor ; se pot programa canalele care se receptioneaza , lista de programe care sunt
transmise precum si utilizatorul sau grupul de utilizatori caruia i se adreseaza un program sau grup de
programe
o un soft dedicat pentru aplicatii hoteliere si care permite administrarea continutului de
programe transmise in varianta cu/fara plata, servicii internet si e-mail pentru utilizatori direct pe televizor,
servicii pentru clienti si pentru managementul hotelului, interfatare cu softul de administrare hotelier PMS
(emitere facturi , informatii catre client, etc.)
o o aplicatie ce permite administrarea unor productii multimedia (filme , muzica , jocuri)
pentru care administratorul primeste licenta de difuzare pentru o perioada de timp determinata.
Transmisia programelor permite functia Trick Play (play / pauza / continuarea redarii mai tarziu).
Deasemenea sistemul permite inregistrarea unor productii proprii in diverse formate si difuzarea acestora
in sistem. Administratorul sistemului poate stabili tarifele percepute pentru vizionarea productiilor.
o o aplicatie pentru distributie de programe TV interactive pentru spitale si care permite
administrarea continutului de programe transmise in varianta cu / fara plata, servicii internet si e-mail
pentru utilizatori
o Set-top-box-uri. Sunt receptoare IPTV care permit receptia programelor TV si radio transmise atat
din statia (head-end) cat si a productiilor multimedia stocate in server (aici sunt incluse, filme, concerte,
muzica in format CD, jocuri).Deasemenea set-top-box-urile permit navigare pe Internet, e-mail si alte
servicii interactive intre client si personalulul hotelului. Vizionarea se face pe televizoare LCD sau plasma.
Set-top-box-ul se monteaza pe spatele televizorului
o Accesorii. Pentru comanda set-top-box-lor sunt puse la dispozitie telecomenzi personalizate care
permit navigarea usoara si intuitiva in meniul de comanda. In cazul in care se doreste serviciul de e-mail
si navigare internet se utilizeaza tastatura wireless
Pentru a va oferi solutia completa in acord cu necesitatile dumneavoastra va rugam sa va programati
pentru o evaluare gratuita din partea inginerilor nostri specialisti!
http://www.briltech.ro/comunicatii_ip_tv.aspx

http://www.agir.ro/buletine/701.pdf

http://www.tvdigitala.ro/iptv/

Televiziunea IP (IPTV Internet Protocol television) este un sistem prin care servicii de televiziune sunt
livrate prin intermediul unui protocol de IP (LAN sau internet), in opozitie cu transmiterea sa printr-un
semnal traditional, terestru, de satelit si de formate specifice televiziunii prin cablu.

Telekom Romania va pune la dispozitie servicii de televiziune digitala folosind IPTV. Cu Televiziunea
inteligenta de la Telekom Romania, TV Interactiv este foarte simplu sa aveti control asupra programelor
TV. Puteti vedea oricand emisiunea preferata, puteti accesa in orice moment libraria preferata de filme,
puteti opri si derula inainte sau inapoi o emisiune fara ca imaginea si sunetul sa fie afectate. Totul la cea
mai buna calitate. Cele doua oferte IPTV de la Telekom, M si L, contin 108, respectiv 129 de canale,
dintre care 10 in standard HD.

Oferta completa de la Telekom pentru IPTV aici.

Serviciul de televiziune IPTV face parte din pachetul iNES TRIPLE PLAY, alaturi de Internet si Telefonie
fixa. Toate serviciile sunt livrate exclusiv pe reteaua proprie de fibra optica, printr-o conexiune FTTH
(Fiber-To-The-Home). Canalele TV pot fi vizionate doar prin intermediul unui Set Top Box (STB) conectat
la un TV prin intermediul unei conexiuni digitale (HDMI). Serviciul iNES IPTV nu este furnizat pe Internetul
public printr-o tehnologie de tip OTT (Over The Top) si nu poate fi receptionat prin intermediul unui
calculator (nu este un serviciu on-line). Oferta iNES IPTV contine 195 de canale TV dintre care peste 35
in standard HD.
IPTV sau cum s fii "stpnul" propriului TV

Autor: Bogdan Biszok | mari, 20 decembrie 2011 | 25 Comentarii

Televiziunea prin protocolul de internet devine tot mai popular i mai accesibil, odat cu
creterea numrului de utilizatori care aleg s urmreasc coninut TV la cerere.

Televiziunea este una dintre marile invenii ale secolului trecut care au schimbat lumea i care, de-a
lungul anilor, a devenit o parte important din viaa oamenilor, ca prima surs de tiri i de
divertisment. Astzi, n ciuda schimbrilor legate de popularitatea internetului i a instrumentelor de
social networking, televiziunea nu a devenit mai puin important, ci s-au modificat doar modurile prin
care noi avem acces la ea. Datorit noilor tehnologii de imagine, abundenei i varietii de coninut,
dar i datorit exploziei instrumentelor de social media, experiena TV la care avem acces astzi este
mai bogat ca niciodat.

Serviciul IPTV ofer utilizatorilor posibilitatea de a selecta, nregistra i viziona programele favorite
oricnd doresc. IPTV sau televiziune IP presupune transmiterea semnalului TV cu o nalt calitate a
imaginii i sunetului, via protocoalele IP de internet, direct pe ecranul televizorului. IPTV nu trebuie
confundat cu televizunea online. Serviciul IPTV este livrat clienilor pe o conexiune de band larg i
un Set Top Box (STB), iar serviciile furnizate sunt accesate direct pe ecranul televizorului, i nu al
unui monitor conectat la un computer

La nivel mondial exist 50 de milioane de abonai la serviciile IPTV, iar 45% dintre acetia sunt n
Europa. Btrnul continent a fost ntotdeauna pe primul loc la servicii IPTV, ns pn n 2015
Europa va ceda prima poziie continentului asiatic. Dintre cei 135 de milioane de abonai la serviciile
IPTV, ct se estimeaz c vor fi peste trei ani, 51% vor fi din regiunea Asia/Pacific, n timp ce 29%
vor fi din Europa. n prezent, la nivel mondial, cei mai muli abonai la servicii IPTV sunt n Frana
(peste zece milioane utilizatori), care este urmat de China, SUA, Coreea de Sud i Japonia.
Urmtoarele cinci poziii n top sunt ocupate de ri din Europa: Germania, Belgia, Spania, Italia i
Suedia. Printre operatorii din Europa care ofer servicii IPTV se numr France Telecom, SFR,
Telefonica, DeutscheTelecom, TeliaSonera, British Telecom i Romtelecom.

IPTV, n pachete de servicii care ncep de la 59 lei

n ara noastr exist mai multe companii care ofer servicii IPTV, ns operatorul care are cea mai
mare acoperire este Romtelecom. Compania a lansat serviciul televiziune prin internet (IPTV) Dolce
Interactiv la sfritul anului 2009 n zece orae din ar. n prezent, Romtelecom ofer acest serviciu
n 21 de judee, fiind disponibile trei pachete: iMaxim, iExtra i iVariat. Cel mai ieftin pachet iVariat
cost 59 de lei i adun la un loc servicii de televiziune digital pentru 61 canale, internet broadband
(Clicknet Power - 100 Mbps) i telefonie (Voce Zero). Pentru a accesa toate funcionalitile
serviciului este nevoie de un receptor. Pentru un receptor HD se pltete o chirie lunar de 2,48
euro, iar pentru unul HD Interactiv, 4,59 euro.

De ce s optezi pentru IPTV

Televizunea prin tehnologie IPTV ofer utilizatorilor posibilitatea s interacioneze mai mult cu
televizorul, aa nct s aib mai mult control asupra programelor TV. Astfel, un utilizator de servicii
IPTV poate pune pauz la un meci n direct, poate nregistra emisiunea TV favorit din mijlocul zilei,
pentru a o vedea ulterior seara i poate proteja copiii de programele care nu sunt potrivite pentru
vrsta lor.

Prin opiunea Oprete i Revino se poate opri i relua coninutul TV din punctul n care a fost oprit.
n plus, se poate opri i derula nainte sau napoi coninutul TV nregistrat. O alt opiune permite
crearea de profiluri pentru fiecare membru al familiei prin activarea/dezactivarea i setarea codurilor
PIN pentru fiecare utilizator nou-creat. n felul acesta, copiii nu vor avea acces la coninutul pe care
nu ar trebui s-l vad.

IPTV

Ce este IPTV?

IPTV (Internet Protocol Television-Televiziune IP) reprezint comunicarea imaginilor i a sunetului ntr-o
reea care se bazeaz pe tehnologia IP dedicat, proprietate Telekom Romania. Dei "IP" este acronim
pentru Internet Protocol, termenul se refer doar la metoda de transmitere a semnalului TV printr-o reea
coordonat i securizat, avnd ca rezultat o calitate nalt a imaginii i a sunetului.

n mod specific, televiziunea nu este transmis prin Internet. Tehnologia IPTV folosete protocolul IP ca
mijloc de transport i are nevoie de IPTV set-top box pentru a decoda imaginile n timp real.
Tehnologie

Ce inseamna IPTV?
IPTV sau Televiziunea IP presupune transmiterea semnalului TV cu o inalta calitate a imaginii si
sunetului, via protocoalele de comunicare de Internet (IP), direct pe ecranul televizorului. IPTV nu este
acelasi lucru cu televiziunea transmisa prin Internet (sau televiziunea on-line).

Aceasta noua experienta in domeniul audio-vizualului este transmisa printr-o conexiune de banda larga
folosind o retea de fibra optica, direct catre televizoarele clientilor, prin intermediul unui Set Top Box (si nu
a unui computer). Termenul de tehnologie "lean-back" este folosit pentru IPTV in comparatie cu
tehnologia "lean-forward" pe care o implica folosirea unui computer pentru vizualizarea programelor TV
pe Internet.

Ce tehnologii sunt implicate?

MPEG-2 este cel mai popular sistem de codare video (codec) folosit in industria TV, dar nu si cel mai
eficient in cazul IPTV. Serviciile folosite in prezent au dovedit ca MPEG-2 poate fi folosit cu success in
transmisiunile de banda larga. Noul standard MPEG-4 AVC (H.264) reduce in mod substantial cerintele
de banda, permitand astfel sistemelor IPTV sa transporte mai multe canale in standard definitie (SD) si
inalta definitie (HD).

Ce este FTTH?
FTTH sau Fiber-To-The-Home face referinta la cablul de fibra optica ce inlocuieste cablul de cupru folosit
in serviciile clasice de cablu. Conexiunea FTTH este mult mai performata deoarece poate transporta cu
mare viteza cantitati foarte mari de date precum cele de date si fluxuri video, direct catre cutia terminala
aflata in locuinta clientului. Cablurile de fibra optica sunt constituite din fire de sticla foarte subtiri care pot
transporta date la viteze care depasesc 2.5 Gbps.

Ce este un Set Top Box (STB)?

Un Set Top Box (STB) este un dispozitiv care permite folosirea televizorului drept o interfata intre utilizator
si Internet si, de asemenea, permite acestuia sa primeasca si sa decodeze semnale video digitale (DTV).
Set Top Box-urile DTV mai sunt numite si receptoare (receivere).

Ce echipamente folosim?
STB-urile folosite de catre iNES GROUP sunt model Yuxing - YX-6916A

- Creat pentru decodarea HD AVC/MPEG-2/VC-1 video si audio pe retea IP

- Suport PIP simultan HD + SD

- Conversie up/down a formatului imaginii (16:9 to 4:3 to 16:9)

- AAC in DtS 5.1 sau AC3+ in AC3

- Port USB 2.0

- Interfata Ethernet (RJ45) de 10/100Mbps

- Iesire video (RCA)

- Iesire audio optica

http://inesiptv.ro/main.php?module=articol&a=26

Ce nseamn IPTV Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) este un sistem prin care serviciile de televiziune
sunt livrate, folosind suita protocoalelor de internet, printr-o re ea care schimb pachete de date, cum ar fi
Internetul. Asadar, in loc s fie livrat prin intermediul semnalului terestru tradi ional, prin satelit sau cablu,
televiziunile sunt livrate prin internet. Serviciile IPTV pot fi clasificate n trei grupe principale: - televiziune
in direct ( live ), cu sau fr interactivitate a emisiunii TV curente; - televiziune difuzat la timp diferit
( time-shifted ): reluari ale emisiunilor de televiziune care au fost la or sau zi de emisie din trecut, start-
over TV (redarea emisiunii curente de la nceputul ei) etc; - video la cerere (VOD): telespectatorii cuta
intr-un catalog de videoclipuri, care nu are legtur neaparat cu programele tv. IPTV se distinge de
televiziunea prin Internet prin procesul su de standardizare, care inca este n curs de desf urare (de
exemplu, standardele propuse de Institutul European de Standarde n Telecomunica ii) i scenarii
prefereniale de implementare n reelele de telecomunica ii folosite de abonat, cu viteza mare de acces
prin intermediul unui receiver sau a altui client de comunicatii ( hardware sau software ). Surs:
https://hdsatelit.blogspot.ro/2013/03/ce-inseamna-iptv.html

Exista mai multe definiii ale IPTV, in general fiind asimilate cu fluxurile video transmise digital prin re elele
IP. O definiie oficial aprobat de grupul Interna ional a Telecomunica iilor pentru IPTV ar fi: "IPTV
reprezinta servicii multimedia, cum ar fi televiziunea sau continutul video / audio / text / grafic / date
furnizat prin reele bazate pe IP, de catre operatorii care pot asigura un nivel necesar de calitate si
compatibilitate al serviciilor de transmisie date si au experien in a oferi securitate, interactivitate si
fiabilitate." Asadar, din aceasta definitie rezulta ca nu orice sistem sau website de televiziune online poate
fi catalogat IPTV, ci numai cele care ofera un anumit standard de calitate, preferabil la fel cu cel obtinut
prin transmisia digital televiziunii prin cablu, satelit sau terestru ( bitrate bun si calitate a compresiei,
rezolutie, framerate), incat sa nu existe diferen e. O alt defini ie mai detaliat a IPTV este cea dat de
Aliana pentru soluii n industria de telecomunicaii (ATIS) in anul 2005: "IPTV este definit ca livrarea
sigur i de calitate ( catre abonai ) de filme, divertisment video i servicii conexe. Aceste servicii pot
include, de exemplu, televiziune in direct ( live tv), continut video la cerere (VOD) sau televiziune
interactiv (ITV). Aceste servicii sunt furnizate printr-o re ea care utilizeaz protocolul IP pentru a
transporta semnalele audio, video i de control, convertite in mod digital. Spre deosebire de websiteurile
cu filme sau televiziune online de pe internetul public, IPTV prevede securitate la accesul continutului
oferit, performan si calitate, incat s asigure o experien de divertisment superioar, transformandu-se
astfel ntr-o mediu de afaceri convingator pentru furnizorii de con inut, agen ii de publicitate i clien i
deopotriv ". Surs: https://hdsatelit.blogspot.ro/2013/03/ce-inseamna-iptv.html

http://www.antech.ro/?cat=p&page=122

http://www.antech.ro/thumbs.html?foto/p122_iptv_SNS/IPTV.jpg

statie IP TV
Structura unei retele IPTV este similara cu a unei instalatii comunitare sau CATV cu diferenta principala
ca distributia semnalului TV se face prin cabluri UTP iar receptia la utilizator se face cu un receptor IPTV.
Statia de semnal ( head-end-ul ) este formata dintr-un numar de streamere ( module de statie ) care
preiau semnalul de la antene de satelit sau terestru sau de la alte surse de semnal. Iesirea din fiecare
streamer se face prin cablu UTP si se conecteaza la switch-ul principal ( vertical switch ) care asigura
distributia in magistrala sau spre switch-urile locale. Fiecare streamer ( modul ) poate transmite pana la 8
programe TV sau radio simultan intr-un stream multicast. Banda totala a acestui pachet multicast depinde
de benzile fiecarui program TV care-l compune. Daca de exemplu un program are o banda de 4 Mbs
( ceea ce corespunde unei transmisii SD mpeg-2 de calitate buna ) rezulta ca un modul va transmite o
latime de banda de 32 Mbs.Streamerele care fac receptie de la satelit sau digital terestru nu modifica
banda alocata pentru un canal TV sau radio din sursa care transmite si in concluzie ce intra ( adica
calitatea la care intra programul TV respectiv ) se transmite mai departe spre abonat.Transmisia multicast
implica faptul ca banda/benzile alocate pentru fiecare pachet este transmisa integral intre switch-uri iar
dinspre switch spre abonat este transmisa doar banda echivalenta programului TV care se vizioneaza.
Pentru transmisie multicast sunt necesare switch-uri cu management iar reteaua trebuie sa fie proiectata
pentru a putea face fata vitezelor necesare de transmitere.In cazul in care prin reteaua de cupru nu este
posibila depasirea vitezei de 100 Mbs interconectarea intre noduri se va face prin fibra optica. Urmarirea
programelor TV sau radio se face prin receptoare IPTV conectate la televizoare sau direct pe calculator
prin programul VLC media player.

915 - IPTV este o statie care poate genera data stream bazat pe un protocol internet cu semnal provenit
de la satelit ( QPSK ) sau terestru ( COFDM ).Este formata dintr-o rama montabila intr-un rack de 19" pe
care se pot monta pana la 8 module si o sursa de alimentare in comutatie FA-310 care le alimenteaza de
la retea.Toate functiile specifice programarii se poate face dintr-un calculator conectat la module prin
reteaua de internet/intranet in cadrul careia sistemul functioneaza.Nu necesita un soft special
programarea facandu-se printr-un browser obisnuit.Se utilizeaza in aplicatii in care exista o retea de date
internet , telefonie over IP sau camere de securitate la care se doreste adaugarea si serviciului de
televiziune.Caracteristica principala a echipamentului este flexibilitatea programarii care poate fi facuta de
oriunde din retea.Fiecare modul permite transmiterea unui pachet multicast de pana la 8 programe TV
sau radio.

Statia IPTV IKUSI este o statie care poate genera data stream bazat pe un protocol internet cu semnal
provenit de la satelit ( QPSK/8PSK ) sau terestru ( COFDM ) sau modulator dublu A/V cu intrare
analogica.Este formata dintr-o rama montabila intr-un rack de 19" pe care se pot monta pana la 6 module
si o sursa de alimentare in comutatie CFP-500/700 care le alimenteaza de la retea.Toate functiile
specifice programarii se poate face dintr-un calculator conectat la module prin reteaua de internet/intranet
in cadrul careia sistemul functioneaza.Nu necesita un soft special programarea facandu-se printr-un
browser obisnuit.Se utilizeaza in aplicatii in care exista o retea de date internet , telefonie over IP sau
camere de securitate la care se doreste adaugarea si serviciului de televiziune.Caracteristica principala a
echipamentului este flexibilitatea programarii care poate fi facuta de oriunde din retea.Fiecare modul
permite transmiterea unui pachet multicast de pana la 8 programe TV sau radio.Programele TV pot fi in
format SD sau HD functie de sursa de la care se preia semnalul.
Intrebare:
Care este structura unei instalatii IPTV ?

Raspuns:
Structura unei retele IPTV este similara cu a unei instalatii comunitare sau CATV cu diferenta principala ca distributia
semnalului TV se face prin cabluri UTP iar receptia la utilizator se face cu un receptor IPTV. Statia de semnal ( head-end-
ul ) este formata dintr-un numar de streamere ( module de statie ) care preiau semnalul de la antene de satelit sau
terestru sau de la alte surse de semnal. Iesirea din fiecare streamer se face prin cablu UTP si se conecteaza la switch-ul
principal ( vertical switch ) care asigura distributia in magistrala sau spre switch-urile locale. Fiecare streamer ( modul )
poate transmite pana la 8 programe TV sau radio simultan intr-un stream multicast. Banda totala a acestui pachet
multicast depinde de benzile fiecarui program TV care-l compune. Daca de exemplu un program are o banda de 4 Mbs
( ceea ce corespunde unei transmisii SD mpeg-2 de calitate buna ) rezulta ca un modul va transmite o latime de banda d
32 Mbs.Streamerele care fac receptie de la satelit sau digital terestru nu modifica banda alocata pentru un canal TV sau
radio din sursa care transmite si in concluzie ce intra ( adica calitatea la care intra programul TV respectiv ) se transmite
mai departe spre abonat.Transmisia multicast implica faptul ca banda/benzile alocate pentru fiecare pachet este
transmisa integral intre switch-uri iar dinspre switch spre abonat este transmisa doar banda echivalenta programului TV
care se vizioneaza. Pentru transmisie multicast sunt necesare switch-uri cu management iar reteaua trebuie sa fie
proiectata pentru a putea face fata vitezelor necesare de transmitere.In cazul in care prin reteaua de cupru nu este
posibila depasirea vitezei de 100 Mbs interconectarea intre noduri se va face prin fibra optica. Urmarirea programelor TV
sau radio se face prin receptoare IPTV conectate la televizoare sau direct pe calculator prin programul VLC media player

Intrebare:
Ce este o statie IPTV ?

Raspuns:
Statia IPTV reprezinta cea mai noua solutie de transmitere a programelor TV sau radio prin reteaua de date.Modulele
statiei sunt transmodulatoare care permit conversia semnalelor receptionate fie de la satelit sau terestru intr-un stream IP
care poate fi transmis intr-o retea Intranet iar canalele TV si radio pot fi urmarite fie pe calculatoare sau receptoare
dedicate IPTV si vizualizate pe televizoare obisnuite.Acest sistem permite adaugarea unor programe TV peste o retea
locala de date care este conectata la internet.In retea pot coexista atat pachete de date cat si programe TV sau
radio.Fiecare modul din statie permite transmiterea a pana la 8 programe de TV sau 28 programe de radio receptionate
fie de la satelit sau terestru sau pana la 2 programe locale video analogice.
Structura unui sistem complex PAY-TV pe care-l descriem in continuare este bazat pe o retea de
distributie IPTV si este format din urmatoarele componente :

1. Statia de receptie ( head-end ) IPTV format dintr-un numar de streamere ( module de statie )
care permit receptia programe TV sau radio

1. de la satelit avand modulatie QPSK sau 8PSK in format SD sau HD atat pentru canale
FTA sau codate ; unele module sunt prevazute cu interfata PCMCIA pentru CAM-uri de
decodare

2. din terestru avand modulatie COFDM in format SD sau HD atat pentru canale FTA sau
codate ; unele module sunt prevazute cu interfata PCMCIA pentru CAM-uri de decodare

3. modulatoare A/V cu intrare analogical pentru alte surse de semnal ( camere video , set-
top-box-uri , DVD-uri , alte surse de semnal , etc )

4. gestionarea unui stream IPTV provenit de la un furnizor de televiziune prin cablu ( CATV )
continand un numar de programe TV si radio care pot fi insumate cu programele
receptionate prin streamere-le locale.

2. Serverul de comanda al sistemului

 3. Serverul VoD care permite stocarea unor productii multimedia ( filme , muzica ) care constituie
contentul pentru vizionare la cerere cu plata Video on Demand ( VoD )

4. Middleware necesar care poate fi :

1. ALCAD IPTV SOLUTION este o aplicatie software care permite configurarea atat a statie
de receptie ( head-end IPTV ) cat si a set-top-box-lor ; se pot programa canalele care se
receptioneaza , lista de programe care sunt transmise precum si utilizatorul sau grupul de
utilizatori caruia i se adreseaza un program sau grup de programe.Deasemena sistemul
poate administra continutului de programe transmise in varianta cu/fara plata , servicii
internet si e-mail pentru utilizatori, servicii pentru clienti si pentru managementul
hotelului , interfatare cu softul de administrare hotelier PMS ( emitere facturi , informatii
catre clienti , etc. ).

2. VIDEO ON DEMAND ( VoD ) permite administrarea unor productii multimedia ( filme ,

muzica ) pentru care administratorul primeste licenta de difuzare pentru o perioada de
timp determinate. Transmisia programelor permite functia Trick Play ( play / pauza /
continuarea redarii mai tarziu ).Deasemenea sistemul permite inregistrarea unor productii
proprii in diverse formate si difuzarea si a acestora in sistem.Administratorul sistemului
poate stabili tarifele percepute pentru vizionarea productiilor.

3. SIGNAGE este o aplicatie pentru distributie de programe video ( prezentari , reclame ,

informatii generale , altele ) in locuri publice , holuri , loby-uri , etc.

4. PMS ( PROPERTY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ).Interfata intre sistemul IPTV si sistemul

de gestiune al hotelului PMS.

5. Switch-uri. Intrega retea de distributie este realizata cu switch-uri cu management.Reteaua

contine un switch master la care se conecteaza head-end-ul ( streamerele ) , server-ul
sistemului , conectarea la internet si intranet.Distributia catre utilizatori va fi realizata prin
switchuri locale la care se conecteaza set-top-box-urile.

6. Set-top-box-uri. Sunt receptoare IPTV care permit receptia programelor TV si radio transmise
atat din statia ( head-end ) cat si a productiilor multimedia stocate in server ( aici sunt incluse ,
filme , concerte , muzica ).Deasemenea set-top-box-rile permit navigare pe Internet , e-mail si
alte servicii interactive intre client si personalulul hotelului. Vizionarea se face pe televizoare LCD
sau plasma.Set-top-box-ul se monteaza pe spatele televizorului.

7. Accesorii. Pentru comanda set-top-box-lor sunt puse la dispozitie telecomenzi personalizate

care permit navigarea usoara si intuitiva in meniul de comanda.In cazul in care se doreste
serviciul de e-mail si navigare internet se utilizeaza tastatura wireless.

Pentru partea de VoD furnizorul poate pune la dispozitia hotelului un pachet de productii multimedia
avand licenta din partea distribuitorului pe perioada de 1 an.Aceasta perioada poate fi prelungita la
cererea beneficiarului. Grila de programe contine :

1. (pachet 1 ) 12 Hollywood standard movies din baza de date Filmbank

2. (pachet 2 ) 24 Hollywood standard movies din baza de date Filmbank

3. (pachet 3 ) 36 Hollywood standard movies din baza de date Filmbank

4. (pachet 4 ) 48 Hollywood standard movies din baza de date Filmbank

 5. (pachet 5 ) 12 Hollywood standard movies + 12 adult movies din baza de date Filmbank

6. (pachet 6 ) 24 Hollywood standard movies + 24 adult movies din baza de date Filmbank

7. (pachet 7 ) 36 Hollywood standard movies + 36 adult movies din baza de date Filmbank

8. (pachet 8 ) 48 Hollywood standard movies + 48 adult movies din baza de date Filmbank

Tarifarea practicata de catre hotel cu privire la continut VoD este la latitudinea propietarului dar acesta are
obligativitatea platii unei taxe lunare catre furnizorul de filme functie de pachetul de productie multimedia
pentru care a optat si functie de numarul de camere pe care le administreaza.

Structura unei retele IPTV este similara cu a unei instalatii comunitare sau CATV cu diferenta principala
ca distributia semnalului TV se face prin cabluri UTP iar receptia la utilizator se face cu un receptor IPTV.
Statia de semnal ( head-end-ul ) este formata dintr-un numar de streamere ( module de statie ) care
preiau semnalul de la antene de satelit sau terestru sau de la alte surse de semnal. Iesirea din fiecare
streamer se face prin cablu UTP si se conecteaza la switch-ul principal ( vertical switch ) care asigura
distributia in magistrala sau spre switch-urile locale. Fiecare streamer ( modul ) poate transmite pana la 8
programe TV sau radio simultan intr-un stream multicast. Banda totala a acestui pachet multicast depinde
de benzile fiecarui program TV care-l compune. Daca de exemplu un program are o banda de 4 Mbs
( ceea ce corespunde unei transmisii SD mpeg-2 de calitate buna ) rezulta ca un modul va transmite o
latime de banda de 32 Mbs.Streamerele care fac receptie de la satelit sau digital terestru nu modifica
banda alocata pentru un canal TV sau radio din sursa care transmite si in concluzie ce intra ( adica
calitatea la care intra programul TV respectiv ) se transmite mai departe spre abonat.Transmisia multicast
implica faptul ca banda/benzile alocate pentru fiecare pachet este transmisa integral intre switch-uri iar
dinspre switch spre abonat este transmisa doar banda echivalenta programului TV care se vizioneaza.
Pentru transmisie multicast sunt necesare switch-uri cu management iar reteaua trebuie sa fie proiectata
pentru a putea face fata vitezelor necesare de transmitere.In cazul in care prin reteaua de cupru nu este
posibila depasirea vitezei de 100 Mbs interconectarea intre noduri se va face prin fibra optica. Urmarirea
programelor TV sau radio se face prin receptoare IPTV conectate la televizoare sau direct pe calculator
prin programul VLC media player.

Pentru o buna functionare a sistemului reteaua IP trebuie sa indeplineasca urmatoarele

specificatii tehnice :

o Reteaua certificata de categoria minim 5e ; recomandam insa sa fie de categoria 6

o Reteaua sa suporte IGMP snooping , multicast filtering

o Reteaua sa permita VLAN management in cazul in care se doreste utilizarea

aceleiasi retele si pentru alte solutii IP

o Lungimile de cablu UTP sa nu fie mai lungi de 90 m intre switch-uri respectiv intre
switch si abonat ; recomandam pentru legaturi intre switch-uri sa se foloseasca
conexiune optica iar pentru abonat sa se foloseasca conexiune UTP

o Beneficiarul trebuie sa aiba o conexiune permanenta de internet avand : banda

4Mbits/s pentru download si 512 Kbits/s pentru upload si trebuie sa aiba IP fix pentru a se
putea face legatura intre serverul beneficiarului si serverul furnizorului pentru
monitorizare sistem , upgradare continut de filme si update de software.
 o Pentru interconectarea cu aplicatia PMS (Property Management System ) a
hotelului este necesar ca in cazul in care se foloseste conexiune seriala cablul sa nu
depaseasca 20 m iar pentru cazul in care se foloseste o conexiune Ethernet cablul nu
trebuie sa depaseasca 90 m.

Mai multe detalii cu privire la cerintele retelei de distributie IPTV pot fi gasite in
fisierul URMATOR.
IPTV_Network_Requirements pe desktop

ALCAD IPTV SOLUTION este o plaforma software ( middleware ) instalata in server si care permite
gestionarea intregului sistem IPTV.

Sistemul permite utilizarea si accesarea din doua directii :

Pentru utilizatori:
Folosind o interfata grafica simpla si intuitiva utilizatorul poate accesa programe TV si radio , continut
video si audio la cerere , serviciul internet si alte servicii conform nevoilor sale fara a face o
preconfigurare anterioara.

Pentru administratorii sistemului:

Administrarea sistemului din punct de vedere al continutului de programe TV , radio , video si audio
precum si alte servicii.

Sistemul cuprinde urmatoarele grupe principale de servicii :

1. Managementul camerelor , grupuri de camere ( pe etaje , corpuri de cladire ) si al STB-

urilor utilizate in fiecare camera ( apartament ).

2. Managementul oaspetilor dupa nume , grup , facturare servicii , acces la programe TV,
filme VoD , mesaje , data cazarii si a plecarii , mesaj de intampinare , etc.

3. Management room service , comenzi mancare bauturi , preturi si alte servicii

conexe.Permite urmarirea comenzilor , facturare.

4. Servicii diverse de informare pentru restaurante , magazine , obiective turistice care pot
fi afisate in sistem.Pot fi create pagini cu text , foto sau video in diverse formate : jpg , png si gif
pentru foto respectiv mkv , mp4, mpeg , avi , ts , flv , wmv , mpg2 pentru video cu fisiere de pana
la 2 Gb.

5. Management curatenie in camere.Personalul de intretine poate transmite din camera

starea acesteia si momentul cand poate fi ocupata din nou de turisti.

6. Meteo.Serviciul de informare meteo.

7. Management de servicii anunturi catre o anumita camera sau grupuri de camere sau in
caz de urgenta alarma generala care porneste automat toate televizoarele indiferent de starea
acestora.

8. Serviciul de internet care poate cuprinde functie de configurarea acestuia : stiri ,

economie , sport , etc.Pentru a introduce o anumita adresa site-ul trebuie sa aiba formatul RSS.
 9. Management programe TV si radio.Creare liste de programe cu/fara plata , grupe de
programe dupa categorie , limba , grup de turisti , etc.Pot fi create grupe de programe pentru un
anumit oaspete sau grup de oaspeti , pot fi grupate in programe libere , cu plata sau cu acord
pariental sau pot fi excluse dintr-o anumita grupa de turisti.

10. Management VoD ( video on demand ) pentru programe video si audio.Creare lista de
prezentare filme dupa categorie , cu/fara plata sau cu acord pariental pentru un turist sau grup
de turisti.Poate fi adaugat text de prezentare pentru film si clip-uri demo.

11. Management administratori sistem.Pot fi create 4 profile de administrare : manager ,

administrator , room service si mentenanta camere.

Mai multe detalii cu privire la functionarea sistemului IPTV pot fi gasite in pagina ACEASTA.

Intrebari cu privire la televizoare folosite in sistemul IPTV :

Ce tip de televizoare pot fi utilizate in sistemul IPTV ?

Pot fi folosite toate tipurile de televizoare inclusiv modelele vechi cu tub CRT.Set-top-box-urile ( STB ) au
iesire atat pe borna hdmi cat si pe borna RCA ( composite ) astfel ca pot fi conectate la televizoare.

Trebuie sa folosim 2 telecomenzi , una pentru televizor si alta pentru Set-top-box ?

Nu , in sistemul IPTV se poate utiliza doar telecomanda set-top-box-lui cu care va fi controlat si televizorul
prin intermediul unei extensii de telecomanda ( dongle ).

Telecomanda set-top-box-lui poate comanda orice marca si model de televizor ?

Da , toate modelele de telecomanda folosite in sistemul IPTV Alcad pot fi configurate sa comande orice
model de televizor.Acestea includ o baza de date interna cu comenzile tuturor modelelor de televizoare si
se comporta ca o telecomanda universala.

Ce model de televizor permite afisarea mesajului de intampinare sau sa fie pornit/oprit din
telecomanda set-top-box-lui ?

Orice tip de televizor poate fi controlat de telecomanda.Sunt doua tipuri de control al televizorului :

o a) Unidirectional: Acest tip este valid pentru orice model de televizor.In acest caz sistemul
trimite o comanda IR catre televizor sa porneasca cand oaspetele este cazat sau sa-l porneasca cand
este primita comanda de desteptare.

o b) Bidirectional: Acest tip de comanda este activa cand avem un televizor interactiv cum
sunt o serie de modele speciale de la Philips , LG sau Samsung.In acest caz sistemul trimite o comanda
speciala catre televizor printr-un port TVI si televizorul raspunde catre STB spunand care este starea sa.

STB-ul poate fi fixat in spatele televizorului ?

 Da , modelele de STB-uri utilizate pot fi fixate pe spatele televizorului folosind standardul de fixare EISA.

Continut de programe video pentru VoD :

Care este lista de filme care este oferita in sistemul IPTV ?

Oferta curenta cuprinde un numar de 24 pana la 48 filme din baza de date Hollywood Filmbank grupate in
patru pachete avand tarifare lunara per camera.La aceasta se poate adauga o lista de 24 pana la 48 fime
adult grupate tot in patru pachete.

In ce limba este oferit pachetul de filme ?

Filmele sunt disponibile in engleza ( limba originala ) precum si in spaniola , franceza sau germana daca
exista dublaj nativ in aceste limbi.Nu toate titlurile sunt disponibile in alte limbi.Productiiile adult sunt
disponibile doar in limba originala.

Pot fi adaugate si alte limbi ?

Daca filmul are mai multe variante de sunet acestea pot fi inserate.

Alcad IPTV solution poate oferi aceste productii in orice tara ?

Daca ne referim la tarile din Europa productiile pot fi oferite fara restrictii.Pentru tari de pe alte continente
exista anumite restrictii deci trebuie sa ne comunicati in ce tara se doreste a fi instalat sistemul IPTV.

Cand se face schimbarea de filme cu productii noi ?

Productiile Hollywood Film sunt improspatate lunar , productiile adult sunt schimbate trimestrial.

Alcad IPTV solution poate oferi o varianta de sistem fara continut de filme ?

Da , se poate oferta sistemul IPTV fara continut de filme. In acest caz oaspetii hotelului se vor putea
bucura de celelalte facilitati : receptie programe TV si radio , internet pe televizor ( stiri , vreme ,bursa ,
etc. ) servicii hoteliere ( room service , serviciu intretinere , informatii , afisare factura , apelare , etc. ).

Sistemul Alcad IPTV solution poate fi comandat cu un numar redus de filme sau este
obligatorie achizitionarea pachetului complet ?

Sistemul poate achizitionat cu sau fara continuti de filme.In cazul in care se achizitioneaza varianta cu
continut de filme exista 8 variante functie de numarul de filme care pot fi achizitionate de bugetul
clientului.

Integratorul sistemului poate introduce continutul sau de productii video ?

Da , sistemul permite upload in server a unor productii video in mai multe formate : mkv , mp4 , mpeg ,
avi , ts , flv , wmv , mpeg2.In acest caz responsabilitatea cu privire la drepturile de autor este in totalitate
a integratorului/propietarului.

Intrebari tehnice legate de sistem :

Care sunt cerintele pe care trebuie sa le indeplineasca reteaua IP a hotelului ?

 Pentru o functionare optima a sistemului reteaua IP trebuie sa corespunda urmatoarelor cerinte :
IGMP Snooping si Multicast Filtering

Daca distanta dintre cladiri sau mai bine spus intre switch-uri este mai mare de 100m cum
poate fi rezolvata problema ?

Daca distanta intre switch-uri este mai mare de 100 m este necesara conectarea optica intre ele.

Cate stream-uri video pot fi transmise in acelasi timp dintr-un server ?

Serverul pentru Video On Demand poate transmite 1GB video streming.Din server productiile SD ( mpeg-
2 ) au 4 Mbps iar cele HD ( mpeg-4 ) au 8 mbps.
Deci teoretic poate fi transmis simultan un film SD la 256 clienti sau un film HD la 128 clienti.In cazul in
care se doreste deservirea unui numar mai mare de clienti exista o alta varianta de server ce capacitate
dubla sau se pot grupa mai multe servere in aceiasi aplicatie.

Este posibila oprirea unui film in timpul vizionarii si continuarea lui mai tarziu din punctul
in care a fost oprit ?

Da , este posibila oprirea unui film si reluarea lui mai tarziu.

Sistemul are inclusa optiunea trickplay pentru filme ?

Da , comenzile play/pause/fast forward si rewind sunt implementate in sistem.

Cum poate comanda un client un film ?

Cu ajutorul telecomenzii , clientul intra in meniul de filme VOD , i-si alege filmul pe care-l doreste ,
introduce numarul camere si confirma ca doreste sa-l vizioneze.

Poate un client sa introduca un numar de camera care corespunde de fapt altei camere si
sa poata urmari un film ?

Nu , fiecare televizor ( STB ) din fiecare camera este identificat in mod unic ca apartinand acelei camere
si nu poate fi pacalit sistemul.

Clientul poate folosi un alt cod diferit de cel al camerei pentru vizionare filme ?

Da. Pe langa numarul camerei clientul trebuie sa introduca si un cod ID parental care este validat.In acest
fel parintii pot bloca accesul copiilor la vizionare filme neautorizate sau sa comande diverse servicii.

Programele TV si filmele VOD sunt in format 4:3 sau 16:9 ?

Programele TV si filmele vor fi redate in formatul lor nativ asa cum sunt receptionate.

PMS (Property Management System) Programul de gesiune al hotelului :

Sistemul IPTV poate fi interconectat cu orice program PMS ?

Da , aplicatia poate fi interconectata cu orice program PMS.

 Poate fi interconectat cu Fildelio ?

Da , sistemul poate fi interconectat.

PMS poate fi conectat prin RS-232 sau port IP ?

Da , sistemul suporta ambele conectari.

Care sunt principalele facilitati implementate in interfata intre sistemul IPTV si PMS ?

Cele mai comune actiuni sunt : check-in / check-out / trimitere cheltuieli catre PMS / vizualizare factura /
mesaje / apelare / alte servicii.

STB se reseteaza stergand toate informatiile cand un turist i-si incheie sejurul ?

Da , de fiecare data cand un oaspete i-si incheie sederea toate informatiile memorate in STB vor fi sterse.

Serviciul de curatenie , mentenanta tehnica si reparatii in camere , bagaje , toate aceste

servicii sunt incluse ?

Da , in aplcatia Alcad IPTV solution sunt incluse toate aceste servicii.

Plata pentru minibar este inclusa in aplicatie ?

Da , personalul de intretinere poate verifica daca oaspetii au consumat din minibar si prin aplicatia IPTV
se poate adauga pe factura clientului.

Interfata cu reglarea temperaturii , lumini , alte automatizari este inclusa in aplicatie ?

In aplicatia de baza nu sunt incluse dar se poate oferi o interfata care sa includa o legatura catre o pagina
html/xml pentru ca aceste servicii sa fie incluse.

Sistemul permite conectarea la o imprimanta ?

Da o imprimanta poate fi conectata printr-un calculator la server sau se poate conecta direct o imprimanta
print-server.Deasemena poate fi utilizata imprimanta sistemului PMS.

Informatii despre managementul sistemului :

In ce limba se poate comunica cu sistemul IPTV ?

In acest moment exista variantele in engleza , spaniola , franceza , germana dar la cerere se poate face
meniul si in limba romana.

Se poate introduce o noua limba in sistem ?

Da , sistemul permite introducerea unei noi limbi in sistem daca traducerea termenilor este disponibila.

Poate sistemul sa foloseasca alta moneda decat Euro ?

 Da , sistemul poate defini o alta moneda.Tipul monei utilizate poate fi definita in aplicatie.

Interfata de afisare poate fi modificata conform logo-lui hotelului ?

Da , logo-ul poate fi adaugat in interfata de afisare.

Diverse :

Este posibila afisarea unor informatii sau reclame pe televizoarele aflate pe holurile
hotelului ?

Da , exista modulul SIGNAGE care permite transmiterea unor reclame , informatii de interes general pe
anumite televizoare care se afla pe holuri , la bar sau in alte locuri publice.Toate informatiile pot fi
memorate in server si redate dupa un anumit program care poate fi programat.Reclamele pot sa contina
text , fotografii sau clipuri in diverse formate uzuale.

Optiunea PVR este inclusa ?

Da , daca s-a optat pentru sistem IPTV cu VOD.In acest caz va recomandam utilizarea unui al doilea
server pentru PVR cu capacitate suficienta pentru a putea memora suficiente programe inregistrate si a
nu intra in conflict cu filmele VOD memorate deja in serverul principal.

Carei clasificari hoteliere se adreseaza sistemul Alcad IPTV solution ?

In acest moment sistemul a fost instalat in hoteluri de 3*, 4*, 5* and 5*GL.

Modulul VIDEO ON DEMAND ( VoD ) permite administrarea unor productii multimedia ( filme , muzica )
pentru care administratorul primeste licenta de difuzare pentru o perioada de timp determinata.
Transmisia programelor permite functia Trick Play ( play / pauza / continuarea redarii mai
tarziu ).Deasemenea sistemul permite inregistrarea unor productii proprii in diverse formate si difuzarea si
a acestora in sistem.

Administratorul sistemului poate stabili grupe de incadrare a filmelor ( actiune , comedie , drama , etc. ) ,
tarifele percepute pentru vizionarea acestora. Deasemena sistemul permite introducerea unui text
explicativ si a unor clip ( poate fi un fisier de tipul *.ts ) de prezentare a filmului.Productia video poate fi
activata / dezactivata pentru utilizatori si categoria in care se incadreaza pelicula general / adult.

Un sistem similar este se aplica si asupra productiilor audio , pot fi clasificate grupe de albume dupa
genul de muzica , formatie , etc. Melodiile incarcate in server sunt in formatul mp3.Melodiile pot fi
activate / dezactivate de administrator.Deasemenea se pot stabili si tarifele percepute.

Pentru partea de VoD furnizorul poate pune la dispozitia hotelului un pachet de productii multimedia
avand licenta din partea distribuitorului pe perioada de 1 an.Aceasta perioada poate fi prelungita la
cererea beneficiarului. Grila de programe contine :

1. (pachet 1 ) 12 Hollywood standard movies din baza de date Filmbank

2. (pachet 2 ) 24 Hollywood standard movies din baza de date Filmbank

3. (pachet 3 ) 36 Hollywood standard movies din baza de date Filmbank

4. (pachet 4 ) 48 Hollywood standard movies din baza de date Filmbank

5. (pachet 5 ) 12 Hollywood standard movies + 12 adult movies din baza de date Filmbank

6. (pachet 6 ) 24 Hollywood standard movies + 24 adult movies din baza de date Filmbank

7. (pachet 7 ) 36 Hollywood standard movies + 36 adult movies din baza de date Filmbank

8. (pachet 8 ) 48 Hollywood standard movies + 48 adult movies din baza de date Filmbank

Tarifarea practicata de catre hotel cu privire la continut VoD este la latitudinea acestuia dar acesta are
obligativitatea platii unei taxe lunare catre furnizorul de filme functie de pachetul de productie multimedia
pentru care a optat si functie de numarul de camere pe care le administreaza.
SIGNAGE este o aplcatie middleware care permite gestionarea unor fisiere in format text , foto sau clipuri
care prezinta informatii , reclame care pot fi transmise intr-un sistem IPTV si vizualizate pe televizoare.
Administratorul sistemul are optiunea de creere , memorare si programare a timpilor de transmitere doar
pe anumite televizoare care au fost desemnate in sistem. In acest fel intr-un sistem IPTV hotelier pe
langa serviciile curente de transmitere de programe TV si radio catre oaspetii din camere pot fi transmise
simultan si clipuri cu informatii diverse pe televizoarele aflate in lobby , sau in alte locuri publice

STB-020 este un set-top-box utilizat in aplicatia ALCAD IPTV SOLUTION fara modulul VOD ( video on
demand ).

Caracteristici tehnice :
- carcasa metalica antivandal 130x120x25 mm cu fixare pe spatele televizorului ( conform standard VESA
75 x 150 mm )
- alimentare : 5V , 0,8A de la alimentator extern ( inclus )
- conectare RJ-45 fast ethernet
- iesire hdmi si video/audio 3xRCA
- input bit rate 10/100 Mbps
- protocol suportat : IPv4 , TCP/IP , UDP , IGMP v2 , HTTP , TELNET , DHCP
- format streaming : multicast UDP
- decodare video : mpeg-2 , mpeg-4
- decodare audio : mpeg-1 L1,2,3 , mpeg-4/AAC
- rezolutie maxima : hdmi 1.3 , 1080p
- alimentare de la retea 100-240V ca , 0,15A
 http://www.antech.ro/?cat=noutati#

http://www.ines.ro/ro/servicii/iptv-ines/

IPTV

O inalta calitate a imaginii si sunetului

Tehnologia IPTV sau Televiziunea IP presupune transmiterea semnalului TV cu o inalta calitate a imaginii
si sunetului, via protocoalele IP de Internet, direct pe ecranul televizorului. Tehnologia IPTV nu este
acelasi lucru cu televiziunea transmisa prin Internet (sau televizunea on-line).

Sistemul IPTV este in prezent folosit de marile companii de telecomunicatii din lume si a cunoscut o
crestere exploziva in ultimii ani. Aceasta noua experienta in domeniul audio-vizualului este transmisa
printr-o conexiune de banda larga direct catre televizoarele clientilor, prin intermediul unui Set Top Box (si
nu a unui computer).

Cateva dintre beneficiile serviciului iNES IPTV sunt:

Numar mult mai mare de canale fata de serviciile clasice de cablu (in prezent va oferim peste 180
canale) datorita capacitatii de banda foarte mari oferite de conexiunea prin fibra optica FTTH (Fiber To
The Home) si a gestionarii mult mai eficiente a acesteia in cazul platformei IP.
Calitate exceptionala a imaginii si a sunetului datorita transmisiei fara nici o distorsiune a
semnalului direct de la receptorul de satelit catre clienti si a pierderilor practic neglijabile a conexiunii pe
fibra optica.
HD Ready - reteaua noastra de fibra optica si conexiunea folosita (FTTH - Fiber To The Home)
sunt compatibile cu cel mai inalt standard al momentului folosit pentru televiziunea digitala - High
Definition.
Sunet Digital - Set Top Box-urile folosite de iNES beneficiaza de iesire SPDIF (Sony/Philips
Digital Interconect Format), care le face compatibile cu cele mai avansate echipamente folosite pentru
receptia si difuzarea semnalului TV.
Interfata simpla - datorita gruparii pe categorii a canalelor (Local, Muzica, Filme, Sport, etc.) si de
asemenea a facilitatii de sortare dupa limba, utilizarea sistemului iNES IPTV este foarte usoara si permite
gestionarea unui numar foarte mare de canale.
Control Parental - ofera posibilitatea de a restrictiona accesul la canalele considerate nepotrivite
pentru cei mici si de asemenea, restrictionarea urmaririi programelor TV intre anumite intervale orare (de
ex. in orele dedicate studiului).
Time Shifting - posibilitatea de a urmari orice emisiune difuzata pe un canal TV cu pana la 48 de
ore in urma.
Ghid interactiv de programe (IPG) - este practic ghidul TV afisat direct pe ecranul TV. Permite
utilizatorului sa navigheze, sa selecteze si sa se informeze asupra programului posturilor TV, doar prin
folosirea telecomenzii.

nformatii despre IPTV / Internet TV

IPTV este prescurtarea denumirii Internet Protocol Television, care inglobeaza doua notiuni: Internet
Protocol-ul (IP-ul), care este o metoda predefinita de formatare si transmitere a pachetelor de date intr-o
retea de internet, si televiziunea, formata din imagini si sunete, reprezentate in acest caz de pachetele de
date. Este de retinut ca IP-ul se refera doar la metoda de transmitere a datelor folosind o retea securizata
si eficient coordonata, fara sa aiba vreo legatura cu accesarea unei pagini web.

Beneficiile IPTV-ului sunt multiple, insa cele mai importante sunt cu siguranta calitatea superioara a
imaginii si a sunetului si posibilitatea de a viziona in reluare filmele si emisiunile transmise in ultimele 24
de ore. Un alt avantaj foarte apreciat de clientii care au incercat televiziunea prin internet este numarul de
canale mult mai mare decat in cazul televiziunii prin cablu sau prin satelit.

Calitatea serviciilor de internet TV sunt direct proportionale cu viteza de transfer a datelor disponibila la
adresa dumneavoastra, prin urmare acest serviciu nu este disponibil la nivel national, existand chiar si in
cele mai mari orase adrese la care IPTV-ul nu se poate instala.

Furnizorii de servicii de internet si televiziune care au posibilitatea sa ofere si internet TV si-au propus sa
livreze un pachet complet de servicii de telecomunicatii si divertisment (televiziune, telefonie si internet).
Acest lucru este posibil deoarece tehnologia IP face posibile aceste pachete prin intermediul internetului,
ceea ce echivaleaza cu o calitate foarte buna, la preturi mai mici decat daca acestea ar fi achizitionate
individual.

Este de luat in considerare, totusi, ca stabilitatea acestui serviciu depinde de stabilitatea conexiunii la
internet.

internet. De ce sa alegi internet TV prin eBuget.ro?

Pentru ca suntem impartiali si prezentam informatii concrete intr-un mod usor de urmarit, care sa va
usureze dumneavoastra decizia. Prin urmare, am structurat datele cele mai importante de care aveti
nevoie in luarea unei decizii cu privire la cel mai bun furnizor de internet TV pentru dumneavoastra.
eBuget.ro actualizeaza informatiile zilnic, aproape in timp real.

Prin urmare, puteti fi siguri de acuratetea datelor pe care le intalniti pe acest site in legatura cu produsele
specifice din gama de internet TV, dar si cu privire la corectitudinea informatiilor generale despre acest
serviciu, tehnologiile folosite, avantajele si dezavantajele sale.

Internet Protocol Television - IPTV

Internet protocol television (IPTV) is a process of providing television (video and/or audio) services
through the use Internet protocol (IP) networks. These IP networks initiate, process, and receive voice or
multimedia communications using Internet protocol. These IP systems may be public IP systems (e.g. the
Internet), private data systems (e.g. LAN based), or a hybrid of public and private systems.

To get IPTV you need these key parts:

- Viewing devices or adapters

- Broadband access providers
 - IPTV service providers
- Media content providers

This figure shows the how IPTV systems are composed of content providers, distribution networks,
viewing devices, and IPTV service operators. The content providers include existing television networks,
on demand content providers (content aggregators), and independent content provider companies. This
example shows a distribution networks that uses many types of systems to transfer IP video packets from
the content source to the viewing devices. IPTV viewing devices include standard televisions (with
adapters), multimedia computers, and multimedia mobile devices. The IPTV system operator manages
how customers can connect to the system which services they can receive.

IPTV System Diagram

The viewing devices or adapters convert digital television signals into a form that can be controlled and
viewed by users. Broadband access providers supply the high-speed data connection that can transfer
the digital video television signals. Service providers identify and control the connections between the
viewing devices and the content providers (media sources). Media content providers create information
that people want to view or obtain.

Media Content Providers

IPTV content sources can range from live TV networks (such as CNN) to niche on-demand content from
micro-producers. IPTV systems can delivery an unlimited number of channels as each television set only
require one TV channel connection which can be linked to any other TV source the IPTV operator can
provide.

IPTV Service Providers

IPTV service providers obtain the rights to transmit media programming to their customers. While IPTV
service providers may focus on provide TV services in geographic areas (such as where they own or
control TV distribution rights), IPTV service providers can technically provide programming anywhere in
the world they can reach customers through a broadband data connection.

IP Distribution Systems
IP distribution systems transfer media programs from the content sources to viewing devices. There are
many types of systems that can distribute IP data packets which include telecom, wireless, cable TV
systems, power companies (data over power line), and competitive access providers (such as new optical
networks).

IPTV Viewing Devices

IPTV viewing devices can receive media in IP form and convert it into media that can be viewed by the
user. IP viewing devices range from standard televisions that use IP set top boxes to convert IP video
signals into a format that can be viewed on a standard television to mobile telephones with digital video
viewing capabilities.

DEC
24

Internet Protocol Television (IPTV)

Posted by Ramesh Cool

Definition

Over the last decade, the growth of satellite

service, the rise of digital cable, and the birth of HDTV have all left their mark on the television landscape.
Now, a new delivery method threatens to shake things up even more powerfully. Internet Protocol
Television (IPTV) has arrived, and backed by the deep pockets of the telecommunications industry, it's
poised to offer more interactivity and bring a hefty dose of competition to the business of selling TV.

IPTV describes a system capable of receiving and displaying a video stream encoded as a series of
Internet Protocol packets. If you've ever watched a video clip on your computer, you've used an IPTV
system in its broadest sense. When most people discuss IPTV, though, they're talking about watching
traditional channels on your television, where people demand a smooth, high-resolution, lag-free picture,
and it's the Telco's that are jumping headfirst into this market. Once known only as phone companies, the
Telco's now want to turn a "triple play" of voice, data, and video that will retire the side and put them
securely in the batter's box. In this primer, we'll explain how IPTV works and what the future holds for the
technology. Though IP can (and will) be used to deliver video over all sorts of networks, including cable
systems.
How It Works

First things first: the venerable set-top box, on its way out in the cable world, will make resurgence in
IPTV systems. The box will connect to the home DSL line and is responsible for reassembling the packets
into a coherent video stream and then decoding the contents. Your computer could do the same job, but
most people still don't have an always-on PC sitting beside the TV, so the box will make a comeback.
Where will the box pull its picture from? To answer that question, let's start at the source.

Most video enters the system at the Telco's national head end, where network feeds are pulled from
satellites and encoded if necessary (often in MPEG-2, though H.264 and Windows Media are also
possibilities). The video stream is broken up into IP packets and dumped into the Telco's core network,
which is a massive IP network that handles all sorts of other traffic (data, voice, etc.) in addition to the
video. Here the advantages of owning the entire network from stem to stern (as the Telco's do) really
come into play, since quality of service (QoS) tools can prioritize the video traffic to prevent delay or
fragmentation of the signal. Without control of the network, this would be dicey, since QoS requests are
not often recognized between operators. With end-to-end control, the Telco's can guarantee enough
bandwidth for their signal at all times, which is key to providing the "just works" reliability consumers have
come to expect from their television sets.

The video streams are received by a local office, which has the job of getting them out to the folks on the
couch. This office is the place that local content (such as TV stations, advertising, and video on demand)
is added to the mix, but it's also the spot where the IPTV middleware is housed. This software stack
handles user authentication, channel change requests, billing, VoD requests, etc.-basically, all of the
boring but necessary infrastructure.

All the channels in the lineup are multicast from the

national headend to local offices at the same time, but at the local office, a bottleneck becomes apparent.
That bottleneck is the local DSL loop, which has nowhere near the capacity to stream all of the channels
at once. Cable systems can do this, since their bandwidth can be in the neighborhood of 4.5Gbps, but
even the newest ADSL2+ technology tops out at around 25Mbps (and this speed drops quickly as
distance from the DSLAM [DSL Access Multiplier] grows).
SMATV & IP-TV
SMATV (Satellite Master Antenna Television
System), A community Distribution system for
signals received from multiple satellites,
Terrestrial channels & Radio. These signals will
be mixed with the help of "MULTISWITCH" and
distributed with a single and separate cable to
each household in the community building IPTV
(Internet Protocol Television).

IPTV is a system where digital television services

are delivered over the internet by using Internet
Protocol. The video channels and programs are
delivered to the television sets through a
broadband connection, instead of being delivered
through the conventional cable or broadcast
formats. The video streams are encoded into a
series of internet protocol packets and then
carried out through the Internet which can be
received by anyone by having a set-top box and a
subscription for the service. IPTV is generally
provided bundled with the VoIP and the internet
access which is referred as "Triple Play" service.
An IPTV service, typically distributed by a service provider, delivers live TV programs or on-demand video

content. An IPTV system may be used to provide video content over a private network in an enterprise,

although such implementations are far less common than subscriber-based models due to complexity and

scaling issues.

How does IPTV work?

IPTV content is often delivered over a managed or dedicated network. Compared to the public internet, a

private network gives network operators more control over the video traffic and, by extension, the ability to

ensure quality of service (QoS), uptime and reliability.

 In traditional television delivery, all programming is broadcast simultaneously. The available program

signals flow downstream, and the viewer selects a program by changing the channel.

An IPTV service, by contrast, sends only one program at a time. Content remains on the service

provider's network, and only the program the customer selects is sent to the residence. When a viewer

changes the channel, a new stream is transmitted from the provider's server directly to the viewer. Like

cable TV, IPTV requires a set-top box or other customer-premises device.

IPTV primarily uses IP multicasting with Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) for live television

broadcasts and Real-Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) for on-demand programs. Other common

protocols include Real-Time Messaging Protocol (RTMP) and Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).

Ho
w IPTV works

Types of IPTV

Because IPTV uses a packet-based delivery system, it can be bundled with other IP-based services, such

as voice over IP (VoIP) and high-speed internet.

PRO+
Content

Find more PRO+ content and other member only offers, here.

E-Handbook

Next-gen networks transition to software networking

 The use of IP also enables providers to support various other services and applications, such as video on

demand, in-program messaging and timeshifting, a broad term for services that allow viewers to consume

content other ways besides live broadcasts (e.g., digital recording, on-demand video and the ability to

rewind or restart a live program already in progress).

IPTV competes with another delivery model known as Internet TV, which refers to television content

distributed through a website.

IPTV providers

IPTV providers include a wide range of companies from large network operators like Verizon with

its FiOS services and massive companies like Google, Apple and Microsoft, to vendors that include Sony,

and a wide variety of smaller or niche companies sometimes specializing in certain types of content

delivered over a broadband IP connection

Planning an IPTV strategy

Video delivered over IP networks in all of its flavors is a massive

opportunity, as well as an incredible challenge facing telecom
service providers, which means the technology, provider's
demographics and content must be aligned.

If you believed everything you read about the imminent arrival of IP video, whether that means video on
demand, IPTV, or any other variety, you'd think it was a no-brainer. It's a lot like the promises in the early
days of cable TV that went kind of like this: "Hundreds, no, thousands of channels will be yours at the
push of a button." While that may be true now, it wasn't then, and so it goes for IP video.

The pressure is on telecom service providers to deploy video in many forms sooner, faster and better than

their competitors. Have a look at SearchTelecom.com's newest guide for a look at what's driving IP video,

how to turn the dream into revenue, and how to best ready your infrastructure.

In this e-Guide:
 Video networks: The fundamental structure
Implementing video on demand
Point-to-multipoint MPLS
Three key video strategies for revenue growth

Video networks: The fundamental structure by Tom Nolle

Video delivery, content network, IPTV, triple play -- these are just a few of the terms used today for video

over broadband data networks. This concept of video networks is an increasing challenge, and like most

network challenges, this one is influenced by technology, business and regulatory factors.

Video poses three major challenges to network planners and operators. First, video is bandwidth

hungry as an application. A video file is huge in comparison with almost any other type of information

carried over a network. Second, streaming video requires real-time consistent network performance.

Most broadband applications are highly tolerant of variations in delay and packet loss, but video is often

totally corrupted by even a small variation in delay, and any significant packet loss can destroy the

viewing experience. Finally, video is perceived by the user to be a continuous long-term experience,

and if any significant portion goes badly, complaints and demands for refunds will result. Unlike a lost call

or a bad connection in voice, which users repair simply by redialing, a video connection is a commitment

on both parties, and any failure is almost certain to create negative customer reaction.

PRO+
Content

Find more PRO+ content and other member only offers, here.

E-Handbook

Next-gen networks transition to software networking

These factors influence all video networks, but the degree of impact depends on the video model. There

are three broadband video service models. Broadcast video models replicate the behavior of a cable

system, offering a customer multi-channel viewing. Video on demand (VoD) models allow the customer to

stream video in real time, but the video and the viewing time are selected by the customer. The "store for

play" model (download model) allows the customer to load the video onto a local disk for viewing.
All video networks start with the same customer, so the first step in understanding video network design is

to understand where the networks stop -- what the content source will be. General practice today is to

cache content in each major metro area, and this is most likely to be done for the broadcast or streaming

VoD models. Local caching eliminates the performance variability that is introduced by Internet transport

or core peering relationships, and most video programming popular enough to be profitable will probably

be consumed enough in a metro area to justify the cost of local storage. This means that most video

networks will be metro networks.

From the content source(s), video networks must distribute video outward, but not so much to

"customers" as to "customer gateways." All broadband networks, whoever deploys them, have a natural

process of access aggregation that collects many customers to a single service point. In telephony, this

would be called a "central" or "serving" office. In effect, a video network is a set of star connections

between content sources and these customer gateway points. This means that all video networks can be

viewed as two-zone structures: metro delivery to the gateway points and then delivery to the customers

on the access network. These two topics must be considered separately.

Broadcast channels are distributed via satellite. In some cases, operators may partner with direct

broadcast satellite (DBS) providers for broadcast material, in which case this material is not carried on the

video network. Where the operator will actually carry broadcast, the network requirement depends on

which approach is used for broadcast channel delivery to the customer. That will generally depend on the

media used for the customer access network.

Where the customer is attached via very high-capacity media (CATV cable, PON-FTTH), the operator

may elect to feed broadcast channels using what is often called "linear RF," meaning simply broadcasting

the channel material in standard cable format. In this case, the broadcast material is not really carried by

the video network at all. Where copper loop wiring is used (DSL), the capacity is not sufficient to carry

even the minimum number of broadcast channels in a typical basic package, and a form of channel

mapping must be used. With this approach, the customer's access connection is divided into "slots" into

which channels can be mapped on demand. The capacity of the access connection will determine how

many slots can be allocated (about 4 Mbps per standard definition slot and about 8.5 for high-definition).

The customer, when tuning, selects a channel that serving-office equipment then maps to a channel slot.
Channel mapping creates a significant new set of requirements in the video network because the

broadcast channels must be distributed to the gateway points in data format and then packaged onto the

appropriate DSL connections. Most current systems use the IP multicast protocol and its associated

registration protocol (IGMP) for this purpose. Special handling is needed to ensure that the customer's

screen does not pixelate when channels are changed, a common problem if the switch occurs between

compressed video "key frames."

Clearly a broadcast strategy that doesn't involve data-formatted video at all presents the least difficulty to

network designers, but since most channels will probably be used by someone in a given gateway point,

the video load to each gateway point can in fact be treated as constant by designers. Thus, broadcast

video metro distribution is a fairly simple application -- simply size the pipes between the gateway points

and content hosts correctly.

Video on demand has completely different metro requirements. A typical community of 8,000 users at a

gateway point might have 300 broadcast channels, generating about a 1.2 Gbps load in standard

definition if data-packet video is used. If that same community watches an hour of streaming VoD, the

data load could be five to eight times that, depending on how likely it is that the streaming periods of

users overlap. All of this variable load must be carried between the gateway points and the content

servers. This means that video networks that expect to offer VoD should be designed for VoD loads.

Video on demand is definitely a metro fiber and DWDM application for most operators.

Most users expect broadcast video to be real-time, but VoD can be buffered to ride out network variables

like delay and delay jitter. Packet loss is difficult to tolerate in video networks, however, so where VoD

buffering is available, it is common to trade delay against packet loss in the design. It is also common to

oversupply network capacity to avoid congestion in the first place.

Video networks are distribution networks, not communications networks. Most are designed to prevent

user traffic from riding on the video resources, and so peer connections are not only not needed but

actively discouraged. This means that the topology of networks designed for video is more likely to be a

star than a mesh, and that redundancy is provided by simple mechanisms like multi-homing.

Return to the Table of Contents

Implementing video on demand by Tom Nolle

Video on demand, in at least some of its potential service models, is perhaps the most challenging of all

network applications. Streaming real-time video poses major challenges in controlling packet loss and

delay/jitter, and video on demand (VoD) creates potentially large swings in bandwidth requirements that

can affect not only the performance of video customers but also the performance of metro network

applications overall. The process should be undertaken in three steps:

1. Consider the service model, meaning the nature of the content, the format of the video, and the

appliance(s) to which the video will be delivered.

2. Consider the delivery model, meaning the characteristics of the customer access network and

the metro connection network.

3. Consider the management and support model, meaning the way in which video will be

ordered, supported and billed.

Video on demand service models can be characterized by the type of device on which the video will be

viewed and, for some, also by the degree to which the video can be buffered on delivery prior to viewing.

The options here are:

1. Small-screen video, designed to be viewed on a mobile phone, game console, or other portable

device. This form of video generally requires lower resolution even for standard-definition material

and is not normally used for high-definition, owing to restrictions in viewing. It is therefore likely to
consume less bandwidth. In addition, users are more likely to tolerate viewing glitches with this type

of material. However, buffering is probably not available here.

2. Computer video, delivered to a laptop or desktop computer or to a "media center" computer. This

form of video requires higher resolution -- as high, in fact, as TV viewing -- but the computer system

can normally buffer the material to accommodate variations in network performance. Users of

computer video may even want to store the material locally for multiple viewing.

3. TV viewing, where the video material is delivered to a "set-top box" and fed to a television screen

for viewing. Users of this type of video have the least tolerance for video problems, and this form of
 video demands the highest possible quality. In addition, it is often impossible to buffer this material,

and so any variations in network performance are likely to create a customer complaint.

The delivery network is divided into two parts, the actual customer broadband connection portion and the

portion that delivers video to the customer broadband point of presence or gateway. The broadband

connection to the customer sets the limit on bandwidth available for VoD. Not only must the bandwidth be

sufficient to handle the video (4-5 Mbps for standard-definition, full-screen video and 8-10 Mbps for high-

definition) but it must also be sufficient to ensure that access congestion does not create a problem with

delay or packet loss. Most for-pay VoD services and probably all pay-per-view VoD services will

need some form of access bandwidth management to ensure that multiple video users or other

broadband applications do not have an impact on performance. There is no point managing network

performance deeper in the network just to lose all the benefits at the access point.

Video on demand consumes so much bandwidth and generates so much potential variation in network

load that most operators will design VoD networks separate from other applications. In the metro network,

for example, it is a best practice to use separate wavelengths or tunnels for VoD and to reserve capacity

for these independent of other applications. Since some VoD use is influenced by mass market trends

(release of a new film, a special TV episode, a concert, etc.), it may be advisable to support

reconfigurability of bandwidth to accommodate sudden surges in use or synchronization in viewing. This

is particularly true where VoD feeds support live events.

The management and support model for video on demand is very possibly the most important and most

neglected of all the issues in VoD. Network operators have confronted steadily rising customer-care costs,

and today a single customer-support incident can cost so much that it will take years of profitable

relationship with the customer just to break even. In fact, where VoD is offered by a third party or by a

separate organization (particularly if that organization is structurally separated for regulatory reasons), it is

critical that the responsibility for customer care be established clearly, not only among the provider

organizations involved but also with the customer base.

Customer care in VoD can be classified as follows:

1. Network-preemptive, where network monitoring and remediation of problems work to ensure

that failures or congestion do not affect service. This is a very important category because preventing

customer complaints is normally far cheaper than responding to them.

2. Service-preemptive, where explicit knowledge of a given customer's state of VoD service can be

obtained from the customer premises equipment, the content server, or from the network. This type of

care can be targeted, as is network-level care, at preventing problems by anticipating congestion and

so on, or it can be targeted at opening a customer dialog through the viewing channel to interdict any

customer call. For example, a network congestion event that is known to cause packet loss can be

assumed to affect service and might result in a brief note that "We're sorry for the interruption, but the

problem has been corrected." This kind of message is rarely appropriate for network-preemptive care

because not all customers are likely to have been affected.

3. Reactive, where the goal is to respond to a problem that is being reported by the customer.

Reactive care will have two primary goals: to induce the customer to seek online support rather than to

involve a customer service representative, and to reduce the time to resolve the problem by providing

customer support personnel with enough information to quickly diagnose the problem and offer

remediation to the customer.

Video on demand is the most challenging of all network applications because of its bandwidth

requirements and QoS requirements. Unless careful design and implementation practices are followed,

the profit on these services can be quickly eroded, along with the credibility of the service provider.

Return to the Table of Contents

Point-to-multipoint MPLS by David Jacobs

Real-time video distribution, with its high bandwidth requirement and low tolerance to jitter, has driven the

development of point-to-multipoint Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS), but the technology can also

benefit other types of data requiring highly scalable and reliable transport. Point-to-multipoint MPLS

combines the efficiency of multipoint protocols such as PIM and DVMRP with the reliability and quality of

service (QoS) capabilities of MPLS.

 More Service Provider

resources

SearchTelecom.com's Uncomm

on Wisdom blogger Tom Nolle

Video is typically distributed from a single source to a very large
offers his insights on the
number of destinations. For example, the broadcast of a sporting event
telecom industry, which means
may require the same data stream to be sent simultaneously to cable
his comments are only a click
system head-ends for every cable system in America. The data stream
away.
can consist of bandwidth up to 300 Mbps and require delivery without

loss of data and without jitter. In the past, ATM or SONET has been
Telecoms deploy Carrier
used to meet these requirements. IP networks offer advantages of
Ethernet despite lack of
flexibility and relatively low cost compared to these older technologies
standards
but could not meet the requirements of video distribution prior to the
A new IP/MPLS survey reveals
development of point-to-multipoint MPLS.
that telecom service providers

are planning to deploy Carrier

MPLS improves the efficiency of traditional IP packet forwarding. With
Ethernet technology in their
MPLS, each data stream is assigned a specific label switched path
networks even before standards
(LSP). A label identifies each packet making up the stream. Routers
are finalized.
along the path use the label to identify the proper LSP and forward the

packet along it. MPLS labels are short and can be used to index into a table of LSPs much more

efficiently than using a full-destination IP address with a subnet mask to compute the next hop.

MPLS traffic engineering enables a network manager to specify the QoS characteristics for an LSP. For

example, an LSP for video may be created by including only links and routers that meet the requirements

for available bandwidth and predictable delay. Routers along the path reserve the bandwidth when the

LSP is created. A fall-back path can be created at the same time as the LSP so traffic can be rerouted

quickly if a link is cut or a router fails.

MPLS was originally developed to support only LSPs extending from a single network entry point to a

single destination. Using MPLS for video distribution would require creation of a separate LSP from the

entry point to each destination. The source of the data would have to transmit each packet separately to
each destination, greatly increasing the load on the source of the data and on the router at the network

entry point.

Multipoint protocols over a traditional IP network eliminate the need for sending to each destination

separately, but cannot provide the QoS guarantees of MPLS. The next hop is computed for each packet

as it arrives at a router. It is not possible to guarantee that there will be a next-hop router available at that

time with the available bandwidth.

The addition of point-to-multipoint MPLS retains the advantages of traffic engineering while reducing the

load on the data source and router at the network entry point. Individual LSPs are created one-by-one

from the network entry to a destination using the same traffic engineering techniques to guarantee QoS

as in a point-to-point LSP. Then, after the LSP is created, it is combined with previously created LSPs to

create a point-to-multipoint LSP.

The resulting point-to-multipoint LSP follows a common path up to the point where it is necessary to

diverge to different destinations. For example, the initial LSP created runs from network entry point router

A to router B to router C and then to router D at the network exit point connected to the first data

destination. The second LSP runs from A to B to C to router E at the exit point connected to the second

destination. The point-to-multipoint LSP will diverge at router C. Routers A and B will carry each packet

only once. Router C will be the only router that needs to transmit it twice. A third LSP might diverge at

router B. In this case, B will have to transmit it twice, but no one router is required to do all the

retransmissions. Retransmissions are held to the minimum possible by following the common path until it

is necessary to diverge.

Point-to-multipoint LSPs are not static. Additional destinations can be added at any time by adding

another LSP. Similarly, destinations can be removed at any time.

While point-to-multipoint MPLS was developed with video in mind, it can support a variety of applications.

MPLS traffic engineering does not specify a fixed set of QoS parameters. A 32-bit set of affinity bits is

assigned to each link. The network manager configuring the network defines the meaning of each bit,

which may specify a bandwidth quantity or a delay value or a monetary cost. Each LSP is also configured

with a 32 bit affinity bit field and is routed only over links with matching affinity bits. This provides the

network manager with a completely free-form way to force LSPs to conform to any set of criteria required.
The combination of the efficiency of multicast protocols combined with the traffic engineering facilities in

MPLS promises to enable applications that previously could not be supported by IP networks. Point-to-

multipoint MPLS standards are nearing completion by the MPLS Working Group within the IETF.

Return to the Table of Contents

Three key video strategies for revenue growth by

Tom Nolle

Most service providers realize that the largest component of network-related average revenue per

user (ARPU) is video content, and so most also realize that offering video content in some form is a key

to revenue and profit growth. The problem is that there seem to be many different business and

technology strategies for video, and knowing what's best will require examining both the demographics of

the area to be served and the nature of an operator's current business.

Video strategies can be classified in three dimensions:

1. The mobility dimension: Video can be targeted to mobile devices or fixed devices; and in some

cases, it can be targeted to both.

2. The delivery dimension: Video can be sent in cable-like radio frequency (RF) format or IP, streamed

or downloaded, multicast or unicast.

3. The technology dimension: Video can be deployed primarily using an IP infrastructure, an

Ethernet/tunnel infrastructure, or a combination of the two.

The mobility dimension will be addressed for most service providers based on a few simple facts about

the territory. Mobile video works best with a population that is young, network-literate, and likely to be

using public transportation or sitting in public places rather than driving vehicles or walking around. Where

mobile phones are rapidly replacing wireline, it is worth consideration. The mobile dimension of video is

less likely to be valuable where there is already strong mobile Internet use, since it may be difficult to

differentiate service provider content from over-the-top content that is incrementally free.
Fixed-device video can mean either computer video or traditional television. The former has been shown

again to be most effective in the youth market, and there it is dominated by over-the-top offerings like

YouTube. The latter is the classical IPTV market, and where the other dimensions of the issue come into

play.

Television is a mixture of broadcast and video-on-demand (VoD), and exactly what that mixture can be

expected to be in a given market is the key factor in planning a television/video strategy. Where

broadband data rates are high, it is relatively easy to offer downloaded or streamed video, but again, it

may be difficult to differentiate these offerings from over-the-top services. Most network operators have

tentatively determined that they will have to offer some broadcast capability to be competitive.

There are two basic broadcast strategies available, what is sometimes called "linear RF" or the

transmission of digital TV in pure TV form (like a cable system does) and video over broadband data

connections. The former approach has been adopted by Verizon with FiOS and the latter with many

network operators in Europe and by AT&T in the U.S. with U-verse. The major determinant on the best

strategy is the economic density of the market area. If there is sufficient concentration of households to

make a passive optical network (PON) based fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) architecture economical, it is

likely that a linear RF approach will offer the lowest overall cost and the highest level of customer

satisfaction. If not, then a data-delivered TV strategy is the only option.

The challenges of an IP infrastructure

The largest area of technical debate in IPTV is just what IP infrastructure's role would be. There are two

basic approaches. The first is an IP metro infrastructure and the second is a tunnel-based metro

infrastructure. In the former, which is currently championed by Alcatel-Lucent, the customers premises are

actually on an IP network, assigned an address by a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

process. This IP network supports multicasting, and broadcast channels are multicast using the standard

IGPM join/prune architecture. In the second, which most other vendors seem to support, a broadband

remote access server (BRAS) -- usually placed well forward, even into the central office -- performs the

channel assignment process. In both cases, the customers have some predetermined number of "slots"

into which broadcast or VoD programming can be inserted.

The challenge posed by any data-delivered broadcast architecture is the traffic management, which

means metro aggregation must be carefully planned. Any form of streaming video is highly sensitive

to jitter and even more sensitive to packet loss, since loss of frames in MPEG coding can create

noticeable pixelization. In rough terms, a hundred broadcast channels will require about 1 Gbps of

transport. A key question is the size of a central office (CO) in terms of the number of households served.

A typical CO of 20 thousand households will likely consume about 30-50 active channels at a time, and

the variability of the load will be relatively small. Larger COs are even more likely to have relatively

predictable traffic patterns, but small COs may show heavy swings in load as viewing patterns change.

Major live events will also influence viewing patterns and thus traffic.

Compression complications

Video compression is normally used for delivering video payloads over any data protocol, and there are

trade-offs associated with compression technology. As noted below, data loss in compressed video has a

significant impact on quality and thus networks using compressed video must guard against packet loss, if

possible through a combination of traffic engineering and hold-back buffering. It is also important to look

closely at the insertion delay associated with the code/decode process and to insure that video

compression doesn't cause problems with details like audio track synchronization. A careful analysis of

compression standards and options is in order, but the industry is zeroing in on MPEG-4 compression for

HD programming, and networks should be designed to assume that. There wills still be variability in the

way that various MPEG-4 coders and decoders perform, so testing the combinations will be important

before any major decisions are based on compression assumptions.

On-demand growth

It's also important to plan for transition to a greater percentage of VoD traffic over time. Some research

shows that customers are becoming more "on-demand" oriented as a result of their experience with the

Internet in general and with Internet video in particular. This shift in viewing patterns can create a major

problem in traffic management, since VoD streams are not likely to be suitable for multi-household

distribution. A CO of 20,000 homes might require only about 450 Mbps of broadcast bandwidth but would

consume a staggering 200 Gbps if only one VoD per household were watched at a time.

Satellite and broadcast TV

Satellite TV and over-the-air broadcast are the last factors. Where both are strong (which is likely true in

mid-latitude locations where population density is high), it will be harder to be profitable without a strong

VoD offering to differentiate service provider video from available competitive strategies. Where there are

problems with both, or where it is perceived that competitive strategies are higher in cost, there may be

an opportunity to field a broadcast-based video offering and be competitive for some time before major

shifts toward VoD consumption will change the traffic mix.

Service management issues

Service management is the final issue with video in any form, and it is perhaps the most problematic.

Customers will simply redial a dropped call, in most cases, and will have relatively little concern unless

the problem happens frequently. The loss of video during a prime-time show is another matter that is

likely to prompt frenzied calls to customer support. There, collision in complaints from a network-

generated congestion event will create hold times that will further increase customer frustration. It is

important to have some form of proactive system for handling problems with the network that result in

video loss, which can range from a "network status" channel or display on a portal channel to a web portal

or a canned message in a call center. Whichever system you choose, it should advise customers only of

their local status, not of system-wide problems. Research is now showing that system-wide notices can

erode customer confidence in the service overall.

Virtually every survey of communications ARPU shows video as the largest component of consumer

spending, and in many markets the only component whose relative and absolute cost has been rising

rather than falling. Because it is the most demanding network application, an incumbent competitor in the

video space can likely enter voice and broadband services markets with a low barrier, and an incumbent

service provider in the voice-data space that has no video plans is likely inviting a competitor to gradually

take market share in non-video spaces, eventually marginalizing traditional services. Video, in the long

run, is a necessity and not an option.

About the Authors:

Tom Nolle is president of CIMI Corporation, a strategic consulting firm specializing in telecommunications

and data communications since 1982. He is a member of the IEEE, ACM, Telemanagement Forum, and

the IPsphere Forum, and the publisher of Netwatcher, a journal in advanced telecommunications strategy

issues. Tom is actively involved in LAN, MAN and WAN issues for both enterprises and service providers
and also provides technical consultation to equipment vendors on standards, markets and emerging

technologies.

David B. Jacobs has more than twenty years of networking industry experience. He has managed

leading-edge software development projects and consulted to Fortune 500 companies as well as

software startups.

Return to the Table of Contents

http://searchtelecom.techtarget.com/tip/Defining-IPTV-to-clarify-your-video-planning