Lecture Note - Steam Cycle

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Steam Cycles
Vapor Power Plant 1
Introduction
Chapter Objective
The objective of this chapter is to carry out first law and
second law analysis on a vapor power plant in which the
working fluid is alternatively vaporized and condensed as it
completes a thermodynamics cycle.
What is a Vapor Power Plant?

A vapor power plant is a thermodynamics heat engine used to
produce mechanical power output from energy sources such
as fossil fuel, nuclear (uranium) or solar energy.
Vapor Power Plant 2
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Introduction Contd
The power output is typically used to drive electrical

generator, to produce electricity for our everyday use.
The plant uses water as a working fluid, which will be

alternately vaporized and condensed as it undergoes a
complete thermodynamics cycle.
Note: The processes taking place in actual power generating

system are complicated. To carry out thermodynamics study
on the system, we will develop a simplified model of the
system.
Vapor Power Plant 3
Simplified Model for Analysis
A simplified model for a fossil-fuel vapor

power plant
4
Vapor Power Plant
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Simplified Model for Analysis

Subsystem A: This is where the energy conversion process occurs. Heat
energy, obtained from thermal energy sources such as fossil-fuel and
nuclear, is converted into mechanical work, in a form of a rotating shaft.
Subsystem B: This subsystem supplies the energy required to vaporize the
liquid water. In fossil-fuel plants, this is accomplished by heat transfer from
the hot gases produced from the combustion of the fossil-fuel, to the liquid
water passing through the tubes and drums in the boiler.
Subsystem C: It comprises of a cooling water circuit. Cooling water is used
to cool off the wet vapor exiting the turbine, thus condensing it back into the
liquid water. The hot cooling water is sent to a cooling tower, where the heat
energy taken up in the condenser is rejected to the atmosphere.
Subsystem D: It comprises of an electric generator, which is connected to
the turbine via a shaft. The shaft rotates as the steam expands to lower
pressure through the turbine. It drives the generator, which produces
electrical power output.
Vapor Power Plant 5
Focus of the Analysis
We will focus our analysis on Subsystem A, shown in the figure below.
Subsystem A of the plant
Vapor Power Plant 6
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Basic Components
The functions of the basic components of Subsystem A are:

a) Boiler: to transform liquid water into vapor (steam) of high
pressure and temperature.
b) Turbine-Generator: to transform the kinetic energy of the vapor
into mechanical power (rotating shaft). The mechanical power is
used to drive an electric generator, to produce electricity.
c) Condenser: to cool off the wet vapor exiting the turbine and
transform it back into the liquid water.
d) Feed-water Pump: to deliver the water exiting the condenser back
into the boiler, thus completing one thermodynamics cycle.
Vapor Power Plant 7
Revision
The 1st Law of Thermodynamics

Net heat received by any cyclic device is the same with
the net work produced.
The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
It is impossible for any device that operates on a cycle to
receive heat from a single reservoir and produce a net
amount of work. Certain amount of heat must be rejected
to the surrounding.
Vapor Power Plant 8
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The 1st Law of Thermodynamics
Q = W
Qnet = Wnet
Q1 Q2 = Wnet
Vapor Power Plant 9
The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Q1
Cyclic
device Wt
Q2
Vapor Power Plant 10
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Revision
Isentropic Process
A process during which the entropy remains constant. It also
can be recognized as internally reversible, adiabatic process.
s = 0 or s2 = s1 (kJ / kg.K )
Energy Balance for Steady-flow Systems

The first law or energy balance relation for a general steady-flow system
is,
2 2
Q W = m e he + e + gze m i hi + i + gzi
2 2

for each exit for each inlet
For single-stream (one-inlet-one exit) systems, the inlet and exit states
are denoted by subscripts 1 and 2 for simplicity. The mass flow rate
through the entire control volume remains constant

( m1 = m 2 ) and is denoted by m . Then the energy balance for single-
stream steady-flow systems becomes
2 12
Q W = m h2 h1 + 2 + g ( z2 z1 )
2
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Energy Balance for Steady-flow Systems
If the fluid experiences a negligible change in its kinetic and

potential energies as it flows through the control volume
(that is, KE = 0, PE = 0), then the energy equation for a
single-stream steady-flow system reduces further to

Q W = m (h2 h1 ) (1)
Performance of Steam Plant

1. Specific steam consumption (s.s.c.)
Defined as the steam flow rate in kg/hr required to develop 1 kWatt of power
output.
3600 3600
s.s.c. = = ( kg / kW .hr ) (2)
Wnet Wt W p
The lower the s.c.c the more compact the steam plant.
2. Work ratio (wr)

Defined as the ratio of the net work produced by the plant to the work
produced by the turbine, i.e.,
Wnet Wt W p
wr = = (3)
Wt Wt
where Wt = turbine work
Wp = pump or compressor work
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3. Thermal efficiency (th)

Defined as the ratio of net work produced by the plant to
the amount of heat added to the working fluid in the
boiler i.e.,
Wnet Wt W p
th = x 100% = x 100 % (4)
Qin Qin

4. Isentropic efficiency (is)
The actual expansion and pumping processes
are adiabatic but not reversible. Thus, they
are not isentropic.
T
For the expansion process in the turbine,
is ,t =
Actual work (
h h2'
= 1
) 1
Isentropic work (h1 h2 ) (5) 4

4
For the pumping process in the feed-pump,

3 2 2
Isentropic work (h4 h3 )

is , p = = '
( )
s
(6)
Actual work h4 h3
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5. Back work ratio
Defined as the ratio of the work supplied to the feed-water pump to the work
produced by the turbine, i.e.,
Wp
bwr = (7)
Wt
6. Efficiency ratio
Defined as,
thermal efficiency of actual cycle

ratio = (8)
Ideal Rankine cycle efficiency
The Carnot Cycle

The most efficient cycle is the Carnot cycle
for given temperatures of source and sink
(T1 and T2).
It also can be called as the ideal heat engine.
The cycle for a wet vapor consists of the following
features as follows,
4 to 1: heat is supplied at constant temperature
and pressure.
s3 = s4 s1 = s2 s
1 to 2: the vapor expands isentropically from
the high pressure and temperature to the low pressure.
2 to 3: the vapor, which is wet at 2, has to be cooled to state
point 3.
3 to 4: isentropic compression from 3 to 4. From 4 the cycle is
repeated.
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The Carnot Cycle

Although the Carnot cycle is the most efficient cycle,
there are several problems such as,
1. the work ratio is low
2. it is difficult to stop the condensation
at point 3 and then compressed it just
to state 4
3. the steam at outlet from the turbine is wet, s3 = s4 s1 = s2 s
so it can damage the turbine blades

4. the 3 to 4 process is bad for the compressor because
two phases compression is not practical.
The efficiency of the cycle can be calculated by,
Q2 T2
th = 1 or th = 1 (9)
Q1 T1
The Rankine Cycle
With Regenerative Regenerative

Basic Reheat Cycle Cycle
Superheat Cycle
(Ideal/actual) (Ideal/actual) With Open-
(Ideal/actual) With Closed-
type type
Feedwater Feedwater
Heater Heater
(Ideal/actual) (Ideal/actual)
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Basic Rankine Cycle
The working fluid undergoes a thermodynamics

cycle as it flows through each component of the
plant. The cycle is called an ideal Rankine cycle,
and usually it is shown on a temperature-entropy
(T-s) diagram.
Basic Rankine Cycle
Figure (2-3) Repeated
Ideal
A schematic diagram of Rankine Cycle
the steam power plant.
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Basic Rankine Cycle
By comparing with the Carnot Cycle, this basic

Rankine Cycle is more practical since, it is more
convenient to allow condensation process to
proceed to completion.
In addition, the working fluid is water, and this can

be conveniently pumped to boiler pressure as
shown at point 4.
Basic Rankine Cycle
The Cycle Analysis

The steam flows round the cycle and each process is
analyzed using the steady flow energy equation
(sfee).
The changes in kinetic energy and potential energy

are neglected.
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Basic Rankine Cycle
The Cycle Analysis

a) Boiler
Since there is no work interaction
between the working fluid and the Figure (2-3)
Repeated
surrounding, W = 0. Hence, the
amount of heat added to the working
fluid in the boiler is
q41 = qin = (h1 h4 ) kJ / kg (10)

b) Turbine
Since the expansion process is assumed to be isentropic (reversible
adiabatic), then Q = 0. Thus the amount of mechanical work produced by the
turbine is
w1 2 = wt = (h1 h2 ) kJ / kg (11)
Basic Rankine Cycle
The Cycle Analysis

c) Condenser
There is no work interaction,
so that W = 0. Hence, the amount Figure (2-3)
of heat rejected from the working Repeated
fluid to the cooling water is
q23 = qout = (h2 h3 ) kJ / kg (12)

d) Feed-water pump
Since the pumping process is assumed to be isentropic (reversible
adiabatic), then Q = 0. Thus the amount of work supplied to the feed-water
pump is
w3 4 = w p = (h4 h3 ) = v3 ( p4 p3 ) kJ / kg (13)
where v is the specific volume (m3/kg) of water at pressure p3.
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Example 1
A steam power plant operates between a boiler pressure of

50 bar and a condenser pressure of 0.035 bar. Calculate for
these limits the thermal efficiency, the work ratio, and the
specific steam consumption:
a) for a Rankine cycle with dry saturated steam at entry
to the turbine
b) for a Rankine cycle with the turbine isentropic
efficiency of 85 %.
Sketch the cycle on a T-s diagram.
The Solutions
a) h1 = hg@50 bar = 2794 kJ/kg 50 bar
T
s1 = sg@50 bar = s2 = 5.973 kJ/kgK
= sf + x2.sfg@0.035 bar 1
= 0.391 + x2 (8.130) 4
x2 = 0.6866 0.035 bar
h2 = hf + x2.hfg@0.035 bar
= 112 + 0.6866 (2438)
= 1785.9 kJ/kg
3 2
s4 = sf@50 bar = s3 = 2.921 kJ/kg
= sf + x3.sfg@0.035 bar s
= 0.391 + x3 (8.130)
x3 = 0.311
h3 = hf + x3.hfg@0.035 bar wnet wt wc (h1 h2 ) (h4 h3 )
th = = =
= 112 + 0.311 (2438) qin qin (h1 h4 )
= 870.2 kJ/kg
=
(2794 1785.9) (1155 870.2)
(2794 1155)
h4 = hf@50 bar = 1155 kJ/kg
= 0.441
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The Solutions
50 bar
w wc (h1 h2 ) (h4 h3 ) T
wr = t =
wt (h1 h2 )
1
=
(2794 1785.9) (1155 870.2) 4
(2794 1785.9) 0.035 bar
= 0.717
3 2
3600 3600 s
s.s.c. = =
wt wc (h1 h2 ) (h4 h3 )
3600
=
(2794 1785.9) (1155 870.2)
= 4.98 kg / kW .hr
The Solutions
b)
is ,t =
wactual
= 1
(
h h2' ) ( )
wactual = h1 h2' = is ,t x (h1 h2 ) = 0.85 x (2794 1785.9 ) = 856.9 kJ / kg
wIsentropic (h1 h2 )
is ,c =
wIsentropic
=
(h4 h3 ) ( ) (h h ) = (11550.85870.2) = 335 kJ / kg
wactual = h4' h3 = 4 3
wactual (h'
4 h3 ) is , c
50 bar
h 4' h3 = 335 kJ / kg h 4' = 335 + 870.2 = 1205.2 kJ / kg T
qin = h1 h4' = 2794 1205.2 = 1588.8 kJ / kg

4 1
w w wc 856.9 335 4
th = net = t = = 0.328 0.035 bar
qin q4 1 1588.8
wnet 856.9 335

wr = = = 0.609
wt 856.9 3 2 2
3600 3600
s.s.c. = = = 6.9 kg / kW .hr
wnet 856.9 335 s
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The Solutions
c)
w p = h4 h3 v3 ( p4 p3 ) = 0.001 (50 0.035) x 10 2 = 4.9 kJ / kg
50 bar
h4 = h3 + W p = 112 + 4.9 = 116.9 kJ / kg T
wnet wt w p (h1 h2 ) (h4 h3 ) 0.035 bar

th = = = = 0.375
4
qin q4 1 (h1 h4 )
wnet (h1 h2 ) (h4 h3 ) 3 2

wr = = = 0.995
wt (h1 h2 ) s
3600 3600
s.s.c. = = = 3.59 kg / kW .hr
wnet (h1 h2 ) (h4 h3 )
The Solutions
d) wactual h h2'
is ,t = = 1 = 0.85 h1 h2' = 0.85 (h1 h2 ) = 856.9 kJ / kg
wisentropic h1 h2
th =
wnet wt w p
= = 1
( )
h h2' (h4 h3 )
= 0.32
qin q41 (h1 h4 ) 50 bar
T
wr =
wnet
= 1
( )
h h2' (h4 h3 )
= 0.845
1
wt (
h1 h2' ) 4 0.035 bar
3600 3600
s.s.c. = = = 4.23 kg / kW .hr
wnet ( '
)
h1 h2 (h4 h3 )
3 2 2
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Rankine Cycle with Superheating
Improvement in the basic Rankine cycle.

Steam temperature at inlet to the turbine is increased at
boiler pressure, thus increasing the average temperature
of heat addition.
Increase the cycle efficiency.
Steam exits the turbine is more dry, i.e., the dryness
fraction, x2 of the steam increases.
Specific steam consumption drops.
Technique of Superheating
The saturated steam exiting the boiler is passed
through a second bank of smaller tubes located
within the boiler, which is heated by the hot gases
from the furnace.
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Collecting steam from

others boiler
Receiver
Superheated
1 temperature, Tsh
Degree of
superheat, Saturation
T temperature
Ts at boiler
pressure
Provide storage
for the condensate Hot well
Ideal Rankine cycle

with superheating
Example 2
Reconsider the vapor power cycle of Example 1.

Calculate its thermal efficiency and s.s.c. if the steam
exiting the boiler is heated to 500oC before entering
the turbine. Assume the pump work is small and can
be neglected.
Sketch the cycle on a T-s diagram.
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The Solutions
h1 = 3433 kJ/kg
s2 = s1 = 6.975 kJ/kg = sf + x2.sfg@0.035 bar
= 0.391 + x2 (8.310)
x2 = 0.81
h2 = hf + x2.hfg@0.035 bar
= 112 + 0.81 (2438) = 2086.8 kJ/kg 0.035 bar
h3 = hf@0.035 bar = 112 kJ/kg
h 4 = h3 pump work neglected
wnet wt w p (h1 h2 ) 3600 3600 s

th = = = s.s.c. = =
qin qin (h1 h4 ) wt w p (h1 h2 )
=
(3433 2086.8) 3600
(3433 112 ) =
1346.2
= 0.405 = 2.67 kg / kW .hr
Rankine Cycle with Reheating

Improvement in the Superheat Rankine cycle.
The average heat addition is increased in another way.
As the steam is expanded in the turbine it is withdrawn at
the point where it just about becomes wet and then reheated
to a high temperature.
The dryness fraction of the steam exiting the turbine stages
is further increased, which is the desired effect.
The steam is reheated at constant pressure in process 2 to 3.
The specific steam consumption is improved (decrease).
Usually, the steam is reheated to the inlet temperature of the
high-pressure turbine.
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1 3
Low pressure
turbine
2
6
3
6 5 4
A steam power plant Ideal Rankine cycle

with reheating process with superheat and reheat
The Cycle Analysis

T
a) Heat supplied Reheating
High-pressure
The heat added to the working fluid is given by turbine 1 3
qin ,total = q61 + q23 Low-pressure
qin ,total = (h1 h6 ) + (h3 h2 ) kJ / kg

turbine
2
(14)
6
b) Work output 5 4
The work developed by the turbine is given by
wt ,total = w1 2 + w34
wt ,total = (h1 h2 ) + (h4 h3 ) kJ / kg
(15)
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The Cycle Analysis

c) Work input T
Reheating
High-pressure
The work supplied to the feed-water pump is turbine 1 3
given by Low-pressure
turbine
2
w p = w56 = (h6 h5 ) = v5 ( p6 p5 ) kJ / kg (16)
6
5 4
Example 3
In a reheat Rankine cycle, steam enters the high-pressure

turbine at 15 MPa and 600C and is condensed in a
condenser at a pressure of 10 kPa. If the moisture content of
the steam at the exit of the low-pressure turbine is not to
exceed 10.4 percent, determine:
a) the pressure at which the steam should be reheated
b) thermal efficiency of the cycle
Assume that the steam is reheated to the inlet temperature
of the high-pressure turbine.
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Example 4 (Test 1 2004/05-1)

A steam power plant operates on the actual Rankine cycle between
boiler pressure of 60 bar and condenser pressure of 0.1 bar. Steam
enters the high-pressure turbine at 500oC and is expanded to a
pressure of 16 bar. Steam is then reheated to 400oC before it
expands in the low-pressure turbine to the condenser pressure.
The isentropic efficiencies for each turbine are 90% and the pump
is 100%. Show a complete schematic diagram of the plant and the
cycle on a T-s diagram. Considering the pump work determine,
(i) the net work output of the plant (kJ/kg);
(ii) the heat supplied to the plant (kJ/kg);
(iii) the thermal efficiency of the plant (%);
(iv) the specific steam consumption of the plant (kg/kWhr);
(v) the thermal efficiency of the plant, if it operates on the ideal
Rankine cycle (%).
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60 bar 1 ToC
1 3
500 1
3 16 bar
15 bar
400
2 2
2 60 bar 60 bar 2
2
P2 = P3 = 16 bar 4 6
6
3 0.1 bar
60 bar 0.1 bar 4
5 4 4
5 4
6
5 s
Example 5 (Test 1 2005/06-1)
A steam power plant operates on the actual Rankine cycle.

Steam enters the high-pressure turbine at 40 bar and 350oC
and leaves at 10 bar. Steam is then reheated at constant
pressure to a temperature of 350oC before it expands to 0.03
bar in the low-pressure turbine. If the isentropic efficiencies
of both turbines are 84% and 80%, respectively, calculate
(i) the work output per kg of steam;
(ii) the heat supplied per kg of steam;
(iii)the thermal efficiency;
(iv)the specific steam consumption.
Show the cycle on a T-s diagram. For this case, neglect the
feed pump term.
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40 bar 1
1 3
350
10 bar
2 2
40 bar
2
P2 = P3 = 10 bar 4 0.03 bar
6
3 0.03 bar
40 bar 5 4
4
0.03 bar
6
5
The Regenerative Cycle
What is Regeneration Process?
In a regenerative cycle, the feed-water is preheated in a

feed-water heater (FWH), using some amount of steam
bled off the turbine, before it is delivered back into the
boiler.
The preheating process occurs in the FWH at a
constant pressure. The steam required for heating the
feed-water is bled off the turbine at certain bleeding
pressure, Pbleed.
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2 3
Ideal regenerative
Rankine cycle power plant

Purpose of Regeneration Process
The main purpose of regeneration process is
to increase the thermal efficiency of the cycle.
If the feed-water is preheated before entering
the boiler, then less heat will be required to
transform the feed-water into steam, in the
boiler.
As a result, thermal efficiency of the plant
increases.
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Types of Feed-water Heater (FWH)

There are two types of feed-water heater or heat
exchanger: an open-type and a closed-type.
a) Open-type Feed-water Heater

An open-type FWH is basically a mixing chamber.
The feed-water is preheated by direct mixing with the
steam extracted from the turbine.
The plant can use more than one open feed-water
heater.
Each open-type FWH requires one extra pump.
Open-type Feedwater Heater

1
2 3
5
Pump 2 Condenser
4
Pump 1
steam exits open FWH =
1 saturated liquid
7
4
2 Ideal regenerative
36 cycle using open-type FWH
52
14 3
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Analysis of open-type FWH (y)
The mass of the steam extracted from the boiler, y,

is determined by doing an energy balance on the 2
feed-water heater. Open

FWH
(m.h ) in
= (m.h )out
6 (1 y)
( y ) .h2 + (1 y ) .h5 = (1) .h6
(1)
i.e. 5
Solve to give, The choice of Bled-Off Pressure
y=
( h6 h5 ) Ts ,boiler + Ts ,cond
(17) Tbleed =
( h2 h5 ) 2
pbleed = saturated pressure at Tbleed (18)
Note: y is chosen so that the condition

1
of point 3 is saturated liquid.
(y)
74
2 2
36
52
Open
FWH
14 3
6 (1 y)
(1)
5
s
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Analysis of the cycle
a) Heat supplied
The amount of heat added to the working 1
fluid,
qin = q7-1 = (h1 h7) (19)
7
b) Turbine work 2
6
5
The total amount of work produced by
the turbine,
4 3
wt = (h1 h2)+(1-y)(h2 h3) (20)

Analysis of the cycle
c) Heat rejected
The heat rejected to the cooling water in
the condenser,
1
qout = q3-4 = (1-y)(h3 h4) (21)
d) Feed-water pump work 7
2
The total amount of work supplied to 6
5
the feed-water pumps,
4 3
wp = (1-y)(h5 h4)+(h7 - h6) (22)
Note: The heat added to the working fluid

in the FWH = (h6 h5)
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Example 6
A steam power plant operates on the ideal
regenerative cycle with one feed-water heater. Steam
enters the turbine at 15 MPa and 600C and is
condensed to a condenser pressure of 10 kPa. Some
steam is extracted from the turbine at a pressure of 1.2
MPa and enters the open-type feed-water heater.
Determine:
(a) the amount of steam extracted from the turbine,
and,
(b) thermal efficiency of the cycle.
1
1
7
2 3
2
6
7 5
6
4 3
5
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b) Closed-type Feed-water Heater

Each open-type FWH requires one extra pump, thus, the plant cost
increases.
This can be improved by using closed-type FWH.
The feed-water does not mix freely with the bled off steam.
There is only a heat transfer from the steam to the feed-water in the
closed-type FWH.
Since there is no mixing, the bled off steam can be at different pressure
than the feed-water.
The condensate exiting the closed-type FWH (state 7) is throttled back
into the condenser and mix with the feed-water in the condenser.
The mixture of condensate and feed-water is then pumped back into the
boiler to repeat the cycle.
Closed-type Feedwater Heater
Pbleed = p6
3 6 2
2 Ideally,
6
T9 = T7 5
5
4 3
Throttle valve s
Ideal Rankine cycle

With closed-type FWH
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Analysis of closed-type FWH
Mass of Bled-Off Steam

By performing energy balance on the Pbleed = p6
closed-type FWH, 6 2
Ideally,
T6 = T7 5
i.e., (m.h) in = (m.h ) out

4 3
( y ) .h2 + (1) .h5 = ( y ) .h7 + (1) .h6 Figure 12 Repeated
Simplify gives the fraction of the steam 2
bled off,
( h6 h5 ) 6
y= (23)
( h2 h7 ) 5
Analysis of the Cycle

For 1 kg of steam flowing through the cycle,
a) Heat supplied
The heat supplied to the working Pbleed = p6
6 2
q6-1 = (1)(h1h6) (24) Ideally,
T6 = T7 5
b) Turbine work
The work produced by the turbine 4 3
s
wt = (1)(h1h2)+(1-y)(h2-h3) (25)
Figure 12 Repeated
c) Heat rejected
The heat rejected to the cooling water,
q3-4 = (1-y)(h3-h8)+(1)(h8-h4) (26)
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Analysis of the Cycle

d) Feed-water pump work
Pbleed = p6
The feed-water pump work input,
6 2
Ideally,
wp = v4(p5-p4) (27) T6 = T7 5
4 3
Figure 12 Repeated
Alternate Scheme
Sometimes, two closed-type FWH are used as shown below:
Ideally, T6 = T11
T5 = T9
(1 y1 y2) kg
y1 kg (y1 + y2) kg
Regenerative plant using two closed-type FWH
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Mass of Extracted Steam

The mass of steam extracted for feed-water heater 1,
y1.h7 + h5 = y1.h11 + h6 (28)
h6 = h11 = h12
Ideally, T6 = T11
and that for feed-water heater 2, T5 = T9
y2.h8 + y1.h12 + h4 = (y1 + y2)h9 + h5 (29)

(1 y1 y2) kg
h5 = h9 = h10
Note: in liquid region, h = hf@T
Cycle Performance
a) Heat supplied
Ideally, T6 = T11
T5 = T9
The heat supplied to the working fluid,
qin = q6-1 = (1).(h1+h6) (30)

(1 y1 y2) kg
b) Work output
The work output of the turbine
wt = (h1- h7) + (1-y1)(h7- h8)+(1-y1-y2) (h8- h2) (31)
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Comparison
Comparisons between open-type and closed-type feed-water
heaters are summarized as follows:
Aspects Open-type Closed-type
Design Simpler More complex
Cost Cheaper More expensive

Heat Transfer Good Less effective
Feed Pump Many Single/Less
Example 7
An ideal regenerative steam power plant operates between

a pressure limit of 40 bar and 0.2 bar. The steam enters the
turbine at 450C and exits the turbine with a dryness
fraction of 0.86. Some amount of steam is extracted from
the turbine at a pressure of 4 bar and enters a closed-type
feed-water heater. Neglecting feed pump work, determine:
(a) the mass of steam extracted from the turbine,
(b) thermal efficiency of the cycle,
(c) specific steam consumption, and
(d) condenser heat load.
34
9/2/2014
Pbleed = p6
3
6 2
Ideally,
2
6 T6 = T7 5
5
4
4 3
Throttle valve s
Example 8
Consider a steam power plant that operates on an ideal reheat-
regenerative Rankine cycle with one open feed-water heater, one
closed feed-water heater, and one reheater. Steam enters the
turbine at 140 bar and 520oC and is condensed in the condenser
at a pressure of 0.1 bar. Some steam is extracted from the high
pressure (H.P) turbine at 40 bar for the closed feed-water heater,
and the remaining steam is reheated at the same pressure to
520oC. The condensate exiting the closed feed-water heater and is
throttled to the open feed-water heater at 7 bar. Some steam of
the low-pressure (L.P) turbine is extracted from the turbine at 7
bar for the open feed-water heater. Saturated liquid from the open
feed-water heater is pumped to 140 bar before entering the closed
feed-water heater and passes to the boiler. Determine (a) the
fraction of steam extracted from each turbine as well as (b) the
thermal efficiency of the cycle.
35
9/2/2014
Example 8 Malay version

Stim meninggalkan dandang pada 140 bar dan 520C. Stim
kemudiannya memasuki turbin peringkat pertama dan keluar pada
tekanan 40 bar. Sebahagian stim yang keluar dari turbin ini dibekalkan
kepada sebuah pemanas air suapan tertutup, dan selebihnya
dipanaskan semula kepada suhu 520C. Stim yang dipanaskan semula
memasuki turbin peringkat kedua dan dikembangkan kepada tekanan
pemeluwap 0.1 bar. Sebahagian stim dijujuh dari turbin peringkat
kedua pada tekanan 7 bar untuk digunakan oleh pemanas air suapan
terbuka. Stim jujuhan daripada turbin peringkat pertama memeluwap
apabila ia melalui pemanas tertutup dan didikitkan ke pemanas
terbuka pada 7 bar. Cecair tepu air yang meninggalkan pemanas
terbuka melalui sebuah pam yang meningkatkan tekanan kepada 140
bar sebelum memasuki pemanas tertutup dan dialirkan kepada
dandang. Dengan anggapan kitar adalah unggul dan mengabaikan kerja
pam, tentukan (a) peratus stim memasuki turbin peringkat pertama
yang memasuki pemanas tertutup, (b) peratus stim memasuki turbin
peringkat kedua yang dialirkan kepada pemanas terbuka, dan (c)
kecekapan kitar. Vapor Power Plant 71
520oC
12
(y1)
10 11
36
9/2/2014
3
T3 = 420oC
P1 = 13 Mpa P2 = P3 = 4 Mpa
T1 = 600oC
Boiler (1) 1 2
Pressur
turbine
Pressure
High-
turbine
Low-
e
4 P5 = 10 kPa
P4 = 800 kPa 5
(y1) (1 y1 y2)
(y2)
10 Heater 9
8 7
P 6
2 Heater
P
Condense
1 r
11 12
37

Lecture Note - Steam Cycle

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Lecture Note - Steam Cycle

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9/2/2014

Vapor Power Plant 1

What is a Vapor Power Plant?

Vapor Power Plant 2

The power output is typically used to drive electrical

The plant uses water as a working fluid, which will be

Note: The processes taking place in actual power generating

Vapor Power Plant 3

Simplified Model for Analysis

A simplified model for a fossil-fuel vapor

Simplified Model for Analysis

Vapor Power Plant 5

Focus of the Analysis

We will focus our analysis on Subsystem A, shown in the figure below.

Subsystem A of the plant

Vapor Power Plant 6

The functions of the basic components of Subsystem A are:

Vapor Power Plant 7

The 1st Law of Thermodynamics

Vapor Power Plant 8

The 1st Law of Thermodynamics

Vapor Power Plant 9

The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics

Vapor Power Plant 10

Vapor Power Plant 11

Energy Balance for Steady-flow Systems

Vapor Power Plant 12

Energy Balance for Steady-flow Systems

If the fluid experiences a negligible change in its kinetic and

Vapor Power Plant 13

Performance of Steam Plant

2. Work ratio (wr)

Performance of Steam Plant

3. Thermal efficiency (th)

Vapor Power Plant 15

Performance of Steam Plant

For the expansion process in the turbine,

Isentropic work (h1 h2 ) (5) 4

For the pumping process in the feed-pump,

Isentropic work (h4 h3 )

Vapor Power Plant 16

Performance of Steam Plant

thermal efficiency of actual cycle

Vapor Power Plant 17

The Carnot Cycle

Vapor Power Plant 18

The Carnot Cycle

so it can damage the turbine blades

The Rankine Cycle

With Regenerative Regenerative

Vapor Power Plant 20

Basic Rankine Cycle

The working fluid undergoes a thermodynamics

Vapor Power Plant 21

Basic Rankine Cycle

Figure (2-3) Repeated

Basic Rankine Cycle

By comparing with the Carnot Cycle, this basic

In addition, the working fluid is water, and this can

Vapor Power Plant 23

Basic Rankine Cycle

The Cycle Analysis

The changes in kinetic energy and potential energy

Vapor Power Plant 24