Full Evidence Text

SubmissiontotheTransportandIndustrialRelationsCommittee:
ProposedLawChangetoAllowCycling
ontheFootpath
JoClendon,June2016
PetitionWording
JoanneClendon...Respectfullyrequests:ThattheHouserecommendachangetotheNew
ZealandRoadRulestoallowcyclingonthefootpathbychildrenunder14yearsofage(and
accompanyingadults),seniorsovertheageof65,andvulnerableusers(suchasthosewith
mentalorphysicaldisabilities)makebellsmandatoryforanybicycleusedonfootpathsor
sharedusepathsandallowlocalauthoritiestoexclude,onareasonablebasis,certainareas
offootpathfrombeingusedforcycling.

JClendon:FootpathCyclingSubmissionJune2016 Page1
ExecutiveSummary
Gettingkidsontheirbikesisawinforhealth,congestion,theenvironmentandlongtermdriver
skills.Enablinglegaluseofthefootpathbychildrenonbikescanhelpaddressthedramatic
declineinchildrencyclingtoschool,andimprovechildren'sphysicalactivityhabits.Usingthe
footpathwillnotdecreasesafetyforpedestrians,butitwillgiveparentsandschooltravel
plannersusefuloptionswhenidentifyingsaferoutestoschool.Allowingchildrentolegallyride
onthefootpathwillencourageridingbyreducingperceivedriskandprovidingaccessto
pedestrianonlyroutes(shortcuts).
CurrentNewZealandlawprohibitsbikesfromthefootpathbasedonwheelsize,effectively
banningmostschoolagechildrenfromridingonthefootpath.Althoughtheirbikesaretoobig
forthefootpathatage5,expertsrecommendthatchildrendonotcycleontheroaduntilage10
(orolder).Whereshouldtheyride?
NZhassecondworstchildcyclistfatalityrateamongOECDcountries.Theroadisnotasafe
placeforkidstocycletheyarenotdevelopmentallyready.Nationallyweareseekingto
improvechildren'sphysicalactivitylevelsanduseofactivetransport.Promotionalcampaigns
suchasMovinMarch1,schooltravelplanningandcyclingeducationencouragechildrentouse
activetransporttogettoschool.Ideallyallchildrenwouldhaveaccesstodedicated
infrastructure,butnoteverychildcanhaveabikepathleadingseamlesslyfromtheirfrontdoor
totheirdestination.Inreality,forchildrenwhodocycle,mostareusingfootpathsratherthan
cyclingonroad.Theyshouldbeabletodosowithoutbreakingthelaw .
Parentswanttoteachtheirkidstoobeythelawnottopickandchoosewhichonestheythink
theyshouldobeyandwhichtheyshouldnt.Parentsshouldnthavetochoosebetweentheir
childrenssafetyandteachingthemtobelawabidingcitizens.
TheproposedchangealignswithlawsinAustraliawhere,ataminimum,allstatespermit
cyclingonthefootpathbychildrentoage12.InQueensland,TasmaniaandtheAustralian
CapitalTerritoryitislegalforadultstorideabicycleonthefootpath.TheAustralianBicycle
Networkarecampaigningfortheagelimittoberaisedto16inremainingstates.
Usingthefootpathwillnotsignificantlydecreasepedestriansafety.EvidencefromAustralia
(andelsewhere)demonstrateslowrisktopedestriansandthatwe canshare andwecan share
withcare .

Asasocietyweneedtodemonstratethebeliefthatourchildrenarecapableof
developingtheskillsandattitudeswevalueandwhichwillcreateasafesharingenvironment.
Fosteringacultureofcalmandtolerance,togetherwithexistinginschoolcycleskillstraining,
willhelpkeepallfootpathuserssafeandhelpmakethesechildrensaferfuturedrivers.
1

http://www.movinmarch.com
Drivewaysafetyisalreadyaconcernforallfootpathusers,andforusersofdedicatedcycling
facilities:saferdriverbehaviourisneeded.However,comparedtotheroad,vehiclesenterand
exitdrivewaysatmuchlowerspeeds,significantlyreducingtheseverityofanycrash.
Increasingfootpathusernumberstoincludekidsonbikeswouldrequiredriverstobecome
moreawareoffootpathtrafficwhenmaneuveringtheirvehicles.Itwouldalsogivecyclistsusing
footpathslegalprotectiontomakecomplaintswhenmotoristsexitingdrivewaysfailtogiveway.
Issuesofpoorvisibilityatdrivewaysneedtobeaddressedviadesignandbehaviouralchange.
Educationforchildren,parentsanddriversisessentialforcreatingasafesharingenvironment.
Currently,cycleinstructorsarelimitedtoteachingchildrenthattheycannotcycleonthe
footpath.Onceitislegaltheycanteachchildrenhowtosafelysharewithcare.Improving
awarenessandbehaviourofdriversenteringandexitingdrivewayswillbenefitallpathusersas
wellascyclistsontheroad.
Footpathcyclingisnotasubstituteforteachingsaferoadriding,ratheritprovidesasafeplace
tolearnandpracticeridingskillsuntiltheyaredevelopmentallyreadyforsharingtheroadwith
cars.Norisitanalternativetoprovidingsafeandconnectedinfrastructureandcreatingasafer
environment.ItiscomplementarytotheSafeSystemsApproachandtherecommendationsof
theCyclingSafetyPanelin2014.Senioranddisabledriderscanalsobenefitfromtheadded
protectionofcyclingonthefootpath.
Tofacilitatesafesharingbellsshouldbemandatoryforanybicycleusedonfootpathsorshared
usepaths.Bellusemayhelpeliminatethesurprisefactorwhenapproachingpedestriansfrom
behind.Forthepurposesofmanagingconflictinhighusezones,localbodiesshouldbeableto
restrictfootpathcyclingwhennecessary.
Whilstachildcyclingonthefootpathposesaverylowrisktoapedestrian,thesamecannotbe
saidfortheriskthatmotorvehiclesposetochildrenridingbikesontheroad.Parentsknowthis,
andrestrictchildrenfromcyclingbecauseofit.Wearegrowingagenerationofchildrenwho
havenopersonalexperienceofactivetransport,andwhogrowupthinkingprivatevehiclesare
theonlytraveloption.Thebenefitsintermsofphysicalactivity,healthyhabitformationand
children'scyclingparticipationoutweightheassociatedrisks,whichareminimaland
manageable.
Pleasechangethelawandmakeitokayforchildren,accompanyingcaregivers,seniorsandthe
disabledtocyclesafelyandconsideratelyonthefootpath.
Tableofcontents
Introduction 11
Whatshouldchange? 12
Background 12
WheelSize 13
Whychangethelaw? 14
ALawIgnored 14
Commentsfromparents: 15
Ignoranceplaysarolealso 15
ItslegalinAustralia 16
AremorekidscyclinginAustralia? 17
HowactiveareNewZealandChildren? 17
Wewanthealthyactivekids 17
HealthyActivity 17
HealthyHabitsfora(Healthy)Lifetime 18
HealthyDevelopment 18
HealthierEnvironments 18
HealthierCommunities 19
Increasingactivity:Wearemissinganopportunity 19
Helpgetkidscyclingtoschool 20
Fewkidsarecyclingtoschool 20
Aretheyallowedtocycletoschool? 22
Whatcanbedone? 22
Safe 22
Parentscomments: 23
Supported 23
Normalised 23
Childrenwanttocycletoschool 24
Whatwevelearnedfromexistingschoolcyclingprograms 24
Kidsenjoycyclingtoschool 24
CurrentLawsandGuidelinesareRestrictingParticipation 24
Reducingtrafficaroundschoolsbenefitseveryone 25
Weneedtomakecyclingsaferforchildren 25
ComparingNewZealandandAustralia(QLD) 26
Childrenarenotreadyfortheroad 27
DevelopmentalFactorsinfluencingChildrensSafetywhilstRiding 27
Howskilledarechildcyclists? 28
Howcantheybesafer? 29
Developingskillsandcapabilitiesrequirestimeandpractice 29
Kidsneedasafeplaceplusregularopportunitiestocycle 29
Aviciouscircle 29
Feariskeepingkidsoffbikes 29
Adownwardspiraloffear 29
Kidsontheroad 30
Whatareparentstold? 30
Confusion?Shouldtheybeontheroadat10? 30
Andwilltheybereadyat10? 31
Doweexpectchildrentoknowtheroadrules? 31
Wewantthemtoride,butwherecankidscycle? 31
Thefootpathisasaferalternative 32
SafetyinNumbers 32
AnupwardspiralofEducationandParticipation 33
Thefootpathispartofthesolution 34
Havingasafeplacetorideisimportanttocyclesafetyoverall 34
AdvocatingforChildCyclists 34
WhyChangeNow?Roadsarebusier. 35
Isthefootpathsaferthantheroad? 35
Lesssafe? 35
Addressingthesafetyconcerns 36
PedestrianSafety 36
PedestrianSafety:PerceptionvsReality 36
AustralianResearchFindings 36
QueenslandCBDFootpaths,2010and2012 37
NSWSharedPaths,2009 37
Morelikelytobehitontheroadthanonthefootpath. 38
USAReportedInjuryBasedResearch 38
Fear,Intolerance?Orperhapsboth? 38
Separatingoutfear/perceptionfromreality 38
Perceptions 39
Reality 39
Thefootpathisasharedresourceandconflictneedstobemanaged 40
Changecanbeconfronting,andworthwhile 40
Fearofinundation:Whatifmorepeoplecycleonthefootpath? 40
Isthereaconcernthatfootpathswillbesuddenlyoverrunbykidsonbikes? 40
Willmorechildrencyclingonthefootpathmakeitlesssafe? 40
Thefootpathisnotpreferredbymostcyclists 41
WhathappenedinAustraliawhenfootpathcyclingwaslegalised? 41
SheppartonVictoria 41
WesternAustralia 41
Cyclistsadjustbehaviourinpresenceofcyclists 41
Fearoftheunknowndoesntlast 42
PositiveImpacts 42
Willitdeterwalkers? 42
WalkersnotdeterredinAustralia 42
WhowalksandcyclesthemostinNewZealand? 43
Context:Whataretherealriskstopedestrians? 44
Therealrisktopedestriansyoungandold:motorvehicles 44
NewZealandInjuryDatafromACC 45
ProactivelyManagingSafetyviaEducation 46
Whataresafesharingbehaviours? 46
Wecanteachkidstoresponsibilitysharewithcare 47
CycleEducationisCritical 48
GoodStudents 48
Startthemyoung 49
ValuingCycleEducation 49
AFlowonEffect:Safesharingchildcyclistswillbecomesafesharingadult 49
drivers
BenefitsforanAgingPopulation 50
DrivewaysandIntersections 50
CarsEnteringandExitingDriveways 50
LowerSpeeds=LessInjury 51
SafetyinNumberseffect 51
DriverEducation 51
SafeDesign 52
Arighttobethere 53
IntersectionSafety 53
Whatshouldchildrenbetaught? 53
SuitabilityofFootpaths 54
PedestrianDensity 54
Widthandconstruction:Areourfootpathsfitforpurpose? 54
Currentmultiple(legal)users: 55
SmallWheelsOkay 55
Widthanddesign 56
Bestpracticewidthsformobilityuserswouldenableshareduse 56
Isjurystillout? 58
Quality 58
InfluencingBehaviour 58
EducationvsEnforcement 59
Improvementsbenefitallfootpathusers 60
BalancingRiskvsBenefitsofPhysicalActivity 60
OtherConcerns 60
Whatabouttheprovisionofsafecyclingfacilities? 60
WillCyclingontheFootpathremovetheimpetusforothercyclinginfrastructure? 62
Willachangebeconsistentwithcurrentstrategies? 63
Is14tooOld? 64
Morethankidsonbikes 64
AccompanyingCaregivers 65
SeniorandDisabledBikeRidersontheFootpath 65
AgingPopulation=AgingRiders 65
DisabledRiders 65
BellsonBikes 66
Requested: 67
Appendices: 68
NewZealandsCurrentLaw 68
Cyclingonfootpaths 68
Mobilitydevices 68
Definitions 70
cycle 70
mobilitydevicemeans 70
wheeledrecreationaldevice 70
2.AustralianLaw:FederalandState 71
5.2.1Australianroadrules 71
Pedestriansandpersonstravellinginoronwheeledrecreationaldevices 71
andwheeledtoys
Bicycleriders 71
NewSouthWales 72
Victoria 73
Queensland 73
WesternAustralia 74
SouthAustralia 74
Tasmania 75
AustralianCapitalTerritory 75
NorthernTerritory 76
3.ChildHeight,AgeandBikeSize 76
4.DoCyclistsMakeBetterDrivers? 78
5.Children'sRights:UNConvention 78
6.ChildCycleSafetySafekids2012 79
FatalInjuries20032007 79
NonfatalInjuries20052009 79
7.Children'sDevelopmentaspertainstocycling 79
MotorSkills 79
CoordinationandControl 80
PreFrontalCortex 80
VisionandBalance 80
Estimatingspeedanddistance 80
Slowtoexecuteactionsoncedecisionmade 81
ResponseTimes 81
Multitasking 81
8.Howskilledarechildcyclists? 81
9.Cyclingsafetyandparticipationthesafetyinnumbersconcept 82
10.ThePsychologyofIntolerance 83
11.Thesafetyinnumberseffect 85
12.Principlesforminimisingconflict 86
13.HowdoesfootpathcyclingfitwiththeSafeSystemsApproach? 86
Saferoadsandinfrastructure/roadsides 86
Safespeeds 87
Safevehicles 87
Safepeople/SafeRoadUse 87
14.RecommendationsfromSafeKidsGeneralCycleSafety 87
15.Is14therightage? 88
16.QueenslandChildRoadDeaths20032007 90
17.NZMinimumFootpathDimensionGuidelines 90
18.ExtractfromTheofficialNewZealandcodeforCyclists 91
Usingroadsandpaths 91
Sharingwithpedestrians 91
19.CyclingontheFootpath,theProsandCons 92
20.Example:ADisabledRider 94
References: 95
Introduction
Thisisaboutmakingitokay:
Okayforkidstodosomethingtheyalreadydo.
Okayforresponsibleparentstokeeptheirkidssafewithoutbreakingthelaw.
Okayforcyclinginstructorstoteachkidshowtosharewithcare.
Okayforfamiliestogetoutandridetogetherintheirownneighbourhood.Kidslearnby
doing.
Okayforkidstogetoutandgetactiveanddevelopcyclingskillsinasafeplace
appropriatetotheirage.
Okayforustospeakupanddosomethingaboutdriversnotgivingwaywhentheycome
inandoutofdriveways.
Okayforthedisabledandseniorstokeepactive,usingbikestogetaround,withoutthe
vulnerabilityofbeingontheroad.
Okayforustogetactivemoreoftenandgettoandfrombikepaths,tracksandtrails
withouthavingtoloadthebikesonthecar.
Okayformorepeopletousethefootpathandhavethemmadesafer.
Okayforschooltravelplannersandboardswhowanttoencouragecyclingbutcannot
encouragebreakingthelawbyridingonthefootpath.
Okayforfamiliesthatwanttotryactivetransportoptionsbutarenotconfidentand
capableenoughtocycleontheroad,andwhodonthavebikepathsattheirdoor.
Thissubmissioncontainsacomprehensivereviewanddiscussionoftheevidencesupportingall
theabove.InwritingitIhaveaimedtotakethisissueoutofthetoohardbasketandprovidea
solidbasisforchangingthelaw.Thankyouforyourtimeandconsideration.
Whatshouldchange?
Background
CurrentNZlawprohibitscyclingonthefootpathoradjacentbermwithtwoexceptions:
Youareonlyallowedtocycleonthefootpathifyouare:
deliveringnewspapersormail,or
youareridingasmallwheeledrecreationaldevicethathasawheeldiameterof
lessthan355millimetres(typicallytricyclesorsmallchildrensbicycles).2
Astandardmountainbiketyreis660mm(26),withchildrensbiketyresranging406mm660
mm(1626).
Althoughitisgenerallyacceptedthatpoliceturnablindeyetobreachesunlessaspecific
problemorcomplaintarises,Ihavebeengivenexamplesofchildrenandfamilieswhohave
beentoldoff,andwhohavecurtailedtheircyclingasaresult.Mobilitydevicesarepermittedon
thefootpathsubjecttosafetyrules.Thefootpathisalsolegallyusedbywheelchairs,andother
smallwheeluserssuchasskateboards,prams,andkickscooters.
WheelSize
The355mmwheelsizelimiteffectivelyexcludesmostchildrenover5yearsoldfromcycling
legallyonthefootpath.PoliceandSafekidsprovideguidanceastotheagechildrencancycle
ontheroad(tenyears),andtheyandotherexpertsrecommendforparentsjudgetheir
individualchildren'sreadinesswhendeterminingwhethertheirchildrenarereadytocycleon
theroad.
Formoredetailsofchildheight(WHOcharts)andBikeSizerecommendationsseeAppendix
3.
ChildHeight,AgeandBikeSize
Whychangethelaw?
ALawIgnored
Parentsarealreadychoosingtobreakthelawandallowtheirchildrentocycleonthefootpath.
Mostdosoreluctantly,waryofthemessagetheymaybesendingtheirchildreninpickingand
choosingwhichlawstheyobey,buttheirconcernsfortheirchildssafetywinout.Mostkids
dontliketheideaofbreakingthelaw:thiscaninfluencewhethertheychosetocycleornot.
Commentsfromparents3 :
Itwouldbegreatifwecouldencouragemoreexercise,andthisisonewaytodoit.
Iwouldliketoabletoteachmychildrentorespectthelaw,howeverIwouldratherbreak
thelawmyselfthanhavethemusethemoredangerouslegaloption.
Shewillrideonthefootpath,withfewexceptions.I'mslightlyuncomfortableabouttelling
hertorideinatechnicallyillegalway.
Thesaferpeoplefeelwhenridingthemorepeoplewillride.
Ifeelmychildrenaresafercyclingonthefootpathandaremoreawareofdriveways
thanintersections,Iteachthemhowtocyclesafelyonthefootpath,andatthesame
timerespectingotherfootpathusers.Ihadtostopcyclingtoschoolwithmychildren,as
alocalpoliceofficertolduswehadtocycleonaverybusyroadinsteadofthefootpath.
Theseviewswereechoedinthe2009reportIwanttoridemybike,Althoughitisillegaltoride
abicycleonthefootpath,mostschoolstudentsdothisandtheyareencouragedorrequiredto
dosobytheirparents,especiallyinbusytrafficenvironments.ThisissupportedbyHorspool
(2006)whofoundthatapproximately80%ofyear8studentsrideonthefootpath(reducingto
around50%inyears9and10).
Hearbrieflyfromchildrenandparentsontheirconcerns:
https://www.tvnz.co.nz/onenews/newzealand/campaignunderwaykidsunder14ablecyclefo
otpaths
Ignoranceplaysarolealso
Overall,roadusersseemtobeunawarethatcyclistsarenotallowedtorideonthefootpath,are
allowedtoridetwoabreast(subjecttosomerestrictions),andarenotrequiredtouseshared
pathsandcyclelanes.Thisgenerallackofawarenessmayalsocontributetotheriskofinjury
forchildcyclistsinsomelocations(SafeKidsNZ,2012).Astrawpollindicated50%ofparents
werenotawareofthecurrentwheelsizerestrictionsandthattheirchildrencouldnotlegally
cycleonthefootpath.
3
nresponsethethequestion:Whatwouldyoulikeourdecisionmakerstoknowaboutyour
I
childcyclingonthefootpath/roadandthecurrentlaw?
ItslegalinAustralia
InAustralia,allstatesallowchildrenundertheageof12yearstocyclelegallyonthefootpath.
Thefollowingisanexcerptfromthe NSWRoadRules :
Childrenunder12yearsofagecanrideonafootpath.Anadultriderwhoissupervising
acyclistunder12mayalsoridewiththeyoungcyclistonthefootpath.Cyclistsare
allowedtorideonfootpathswhereindicatedbysigns.
InQueensland,TasmaniaandtheAustralianCapitalTerritoryitislegalforadultstoridea
bicycleonthefootpath.InAustraliabellsaremandatoryonbicycles.Thisenablesbicycleriders
tocourteouslywarnpedestriansoftheirapproach.RefertoAppendix 2.AustralianLaw:State
byState.
AremorekidscyclinginAustralia?
Yes,lookingatthePhysicalActivityActiveTransportReportcardsfor2014,Australiacomesout
ahead(Madisson,2015ActiveHealthyKidsAustralian,2015).
%ofChildren512yearsoldcyclingtoschoolonmostdays
NewZealand Australia
4% 1013%

Over1.9millionAustraliansnowcycleand2008sawthelargesteverincreaseincycling.60%
ofAustralianchildrencycleregularlyandcyclingisnowthe4thmostpopularphysicalactivity
behindwalking,aerobicsandswimming.ACRSFactSheet:BicycleSafetyFactsheet,2011
HowactiveareNewZealandChildren?
Wewanthealthyactivekids
HealthyActivity
Thebenefitsofphysicalactivity,particularlycycling/activetransportarebroadlyacknowledged
includingNZHealthphysicalactivityrecommendations.Cyclingandwalkingtoschoolhas
beenfoundtobeassociatedwithhigherlevelsofphysicalactivityandcardiovascularfitness
comparedtopassivemeansoftransporttoschool(Conlon,2013).
Childrenandyoungpeopleshouldbedoingatleast60minutesofmoderateorvigorous
physicalactivityeveryday(MinistryofHealthyGuidelines).4Theyrecommendthat,Active
transport(eg,walking,cyclingandscooting)providesanopportunityforchildrenofallabilitiesto
takepartinphysicalactivity.5
HealthyHabitsfora(Healthy)Lifetime
Wewantkidstobephysicallyactiveandacquiringskills/independence.ThePublicHealth
AssociationofNZPolicyonPhysicalActivity 6notesthatservicesandprogrammesshould
focusontheneedsofinfants,childrenandyoungpeopleasapriorityinordertoestablish
positivedispositionstowardphysicalactivityandmovementthroughoutthelifespan
Theestablishmentofregularphysicalactivityandexerciseduringchildhoodhasbeenshownto
continueonintoadulthoodandisthereforemorelikelytoproducelongtermhealthbenefits
andBecausethepreferenceforcartravelappearstobeestablishedinearlyadolescence,
youngerchildrensideasaboutcartravelasmoreconvenientandcyclingandwalkingasalow
statusmodeoftransport,shouldbechallengedearlyintheirdevelopment(Conlon,2013
Lorenc,2008).
HealthyDevelopment
Cyclingisanopportunityforchildrentodevelopindependence:Independentmobilityfor
childrenhasthepotentialtodevelopmotor,spatialandpracticalcopingskills,buildlocal
environmentalknowledgeandselfesteem,andassistinacquiringasenseofidentity(Conlon,
2013).Therearelinksbetweenmotorskilldevelopmentandachild'sreadinesstolearnthe
skillsofreading,writingetc.(ConnellandMcCarthy,2014).
HealthierEnvironments
Inherresearch,Conlon(2011)identifiedthat52%ofchildrendriventoschoollivewithin4kmof
school.Ifthosechildrencouldcycletoschoolitcouldhalfthetrafficaroundschoolsduring
peaktimes,whichwouldhaveasignificantimpactontrafficcongestionaroundschoolsand
reducetheimpactofschooltrafficonoveralltransportflowaswellasreducingairandnoise
pollution.
4

http://www.health.govt.nz/yourhealth/healthyliving/foodandphysicalactivity/physicalactivity/howmuchact
ivityrecommended
5

http://www.health.govt.nz/yourhealth/healthyliving/foodandphysicalactivity/physicalactivity/beingactivee
veryoneeveryage/activitieschildrenandyoungpeople
6

http://www.pha.org.nz/policies/phapolicyphysactivity.pdf
HealthierCommunities
Activetravelbenefitscommunities:
Reducedsocialisolation
Improvedaccesstoservices
Increasedpositiveemotions
Increasedconnectiontotheenvironment
Sources:Pain2001,Ramanathanetal2014,Brown,Mackett,Gong,Kitazawa,&Paskins,
2008,Kingham2015

Roadspacerequiredtotransport69people.
(Source:CyclingPromotionFund,Australia,http://www.bikehub.co.uk/news/sustainability/iconicwasteofspacephotokeepsongiving.)
Increasingactivity:Wearemissinganopportunity
Thereisuntappedpotential:BicycleownershipinNewZealandhouseholdswithoneormore
childrenisreportedtobe70%.69%ofchildrenagedfiveto12and60%of1317yearolds
reportedhavingriddenabikeinthelastyear,butfewerreportedhavingriddeninthelastweek
(34%and21%respectively)(MinistryofTransport,2011).Whenapproximately31%oftripsare
twokilometresorless(WoodwardandLindsay,2010)itmightbeexpected,giventhehighrate
ofbicycleownership,thatagreaterproportionofjourneyswouldbeundertakenbybicycle.
(Conlon,2013)
Helpgetkidscyclingtoschool
Fewkidsarecyclingtoschool
Inthelate1980s,12percentofprimaryschooljourneysand19percentofsecondary
schooljourneyswerebybike,butby20102014thishadfallento2percentand3
NZTA25YearsofTravel7
percentrespectively.Source:
However,despitetheseevidentbenefits,theratesofactivetransporthavedecreasedoverthe
last2030yearsandinitsplacethemotorvehiclehasbeenmorewidelyusedasameansof
transportingchildrentoschool.Conlon2014
7

http://www.transport.govt.nz/assets/Uploads/Research/Documents/25yrsofhowNZersTravel.pdf
RataStreetSchoolNaenae,whichactivelypromotescycling
This5yearoldisreadytocyclehome(onthefootpath)withhisDadfromEasternHuttSchool.
Fiveyearsagotherewerenobikesinthejuniorandmiddlescooterracks,nowtherearea
handful.Thatisinaschoolof~800pupils.
Aretheyallowedtocycletoschool?
Someschoolsactivelydiscouragecyclingtoschoolastheycannotbeseentocondone
breakingthelaw(cyclingonthefootpath)butdonotconsidertheroadasafeplacefor
theirstudentstocycle.
Atotherschoolsitismoresubtle:scooterracksreplacingbikeracks.
Parentsandchildrenwhoareawareofthelawandfearfulofbreakingit,andconcerned
aboutthebusytrafficaroundschoolswillnotchoosetocycletoschool.
Wehavegenerationsforwhomtheonlyfamiliar(andthusconsideredsafer)formof
transportisprivatevehicle.
Parentswanttoknowtheirkidswillbesafe,andinabsenceofotheroptionstheychoose
theonetheyhavebecomemostfamiliarwith:driving.
Whatcanbedone?
Providingbarrierstoparticipationcanbeaddressed,cyclingtoschoolcouldbeaneasywayfor
familiestogetmoreactive.Cyclingtoschoolneedstobe:
Safe
Supported
Normalised
Researchindicatesthatratesofchildrencyclingtoschoolcouldpotentiallyriseto2144%given
therightsupportandconditions(Mackie,2009).
Safe
Comparedtoothermodesoftraveltoschool,cyclingisthemostriskytravelmodelforschool
agedchildreninNewZealand,asapproximatelythreecyclingtripsundertakenbychildrenper
daywillresultinaninjury.Cyclingaccountsfor30.3percentoftheschooltravelrelatedinjuries,
andtheriskofinjurypermilliontripsishighestforcycling(46.1injuriespermilliontrips)
(SafeKidsNZ,2012).
Theavailabilityoffootpathuseforkidscyclingtoschoolwouldprovideparentswithan
alternativeriskmitigationstrategy.Inrecentyearstheapproachusedtomitigatetheriskof
injuryordeathontheroadhasbeentodrivechildrentoschool.(Mackie,2009).
Adultsneedtoensuretheenvironmentinwhichweareaskingchildrentorideissafee.g.
ridingtoandfromschool.Wecannotassumethattheywillbeabletoassessandaddressrisk
asadultsdo.Ifadultsaregoingtoencouragechildrentoridetoschoolthenweneedtomake
surethepathstheytakeandthebuiltenvironmentaroundthemaresafe.(Chalmers,2014).
Parentswantphysicalseparationfromtrafficonbusyroadsandwillutilisefootpathstoachieve
this.Whentheroutestoschoolwereplannedtherewasaconsistentthemeinthedesignof
theroutes.Inmostcasestherewasaheavyrelianceonresidentialstreetswithlesstraffic,
pathwaysthroughreservesandfootpathsonbusierroads.Theseroutesreflectedbothstudents
andparentspreferencesforstudentsavoidingtrafficasmuchaspossibleandaphysical
separationfromtrafficonbusierroads.(Mackie,2009).Indeterminingroutestakenbychildren
cyclingtoschool,Conlon(2013)observedWhenachildcyclestoschool,theymaynot
necessarilyusetheroad,butcyclesomeorallofthewayonthepavement.
Integratingsafeanduserfriendlycycleroutestoschoolsisanimportantpartofschooltravel
plans,andislikelytohaveapositiveeffectontheoverallnumberofchildrenwhocycleto
schoolaswellasreducingsafetyconcerns(SafeKidsNZ,2012).
Parentscomments:
MychildcyclestoKowhaiIntermediateeveryday.Shemainlyusesthefootpaths,aswe
arenothappyforhertorideonDominionRd.
FormalizedSHAREWITHCAREroutesonstrategicfootpathswouldhugelyexpand
availableroutestoschool.MychildrenhavecycledtoDevonsafelyforyears,butonlyby
judicious(andillegal!)useoffootpathsatstrategicpoints.
Source(ofparentcomments)Mackie,2009
Supported
Cyclisttraininghasbeensuccessfuloverseas,mainlybecauseithelpschildrentobecome
proficientandsafeonabicycleatanearlyageWhencombinedwithmeasureslikelowspeed
zonesandsaferroutestoschool,ithelpsparentstofeelconfidentabouttheirchildrencyclingto
school(SaferJourneys,2010).
Utilizingfootpathsinsaferouteplanningiscomplementarytoexistingprogramspromoting
activetransporttoschoolandcycleskills.Forschoolcyclenetworks,thefocusshouldbeon
linkingsignificantclustersofstudentstotheschoolusinglocalstreets,parks,pathwaysand
sharewithcarefootpathsonbusierroads.(Mackie,2009).
EvidencefromBikeItSchoolsinEnglanddemonstratesthatcycleusecanincreasebyover
400%,althoughfromlowbaselinesof23%,andreflectthehighlevelofsuppresseddemandfor
cyclingamongthisagegroup.Theprogrammehadexpertcyclingofficersinschoolshelping
childrenwithcycletraining,storage,travelplansaswellasparentalinvolvement(Sustrans,
2008).(Conlon,2013).
Normalised
Greatercyclingparticipationbyawidecrosssectionofthecommunity,togetherwithabroad
frameworkofgovernmentpoliciessupportingactivetravel,willhelpcreateaculturalclimatein
whichcyclingisnotjusttoleratedbutisenthusiasticallyadoptedasanormalmeansofdaily
transport.(Armstrong,2014).
Childrenwanttocycletoschool
Childrensdesiretocycletoschoolisoftenthwartedbyparentalconcernsaboutsafety(Collins,
2001).Inonesurvey,almosthalf(45%)ofthosechildrenbeingdriventoschoolexpresseda
desireforamoreactivetravelmode(Mitchell,2007).Thebarrierstoactivetransportmost
commonlycitedbychildrenwereparentalrestriction,mostcommonlyexplainedassafety
concerns.Youngerchildreninparticulararemorepositiveaboutactivetransportthanadults
(Brunton,2003).Childrensvoicesandneedsarenotcurrentlybeingacknowledgedinplanning
andenvironmentalmanagement(Schusler,2009Hayward,2012).(Conlon,2013).
Whatwevelearnedfromexistingschoolcyclingprograms
Kidsenjoycyclingtoschool
ChildrenwhoparticipatedintheNelsonCycleTraintrialsummariseditasafunhealthywayto
gettoschoolnotwastingfuel(OFallon,2007).
CurrentLawsandGuidelinesareRestrictingParticipation
Currentlaws,whicheffectivelyrequirechildrentocycleontheroad,makeitdifficulttodevelop
cyclingtoschoolprogramsandlimitedtheparticipationofyoungerstudents,aswellastheir
parentsandoldersiblings.
Whencontrastingtotheadultpreferenceforridingontheroad:Youngerschoolstudentsare
differentandtheymayprefer(ormayonlybepermitted)torideonthefootpathoranother
separatedfacilitywhentheymustusebusierroadcorridors.(Mackie,2009).
Theissuethatthreatenedtocompletelystopthetrialwastheageofchildrenridingonthecycle
train.Thesafetyauthoritiesinsistedthatonlychildrenaged10andaboveshouldbeallowedto
participate.Whiletheconcernaboutchildrenssafetywasunderstandable,thisrestrictionwould
haveseverelylimitedthelikelihoodofasuccessfultrial,asinternationalexperienceshowedthat
themostcommonageofridersoncycletrainswas8and9years,andthatyoungerchildren
usedthem,too.Tenyearsoldwasmorecommonlytheageofleavingacycletrain,ratherthan
joiningone,asthechildrengainedenoughmaturityandskillstoridealone(OFallon,2007).
Reducingtrafficaroundschoolsbenefitseveryone
Asignificantnumberofchildrenarestillbeingbeingdriventoandfromschool.AnecdotalNew
Zealandbasedevidencesuggeststhatasmuchas2040%oftheearlymorningtrafficstream
isaresultofthis,andsurveyresultsfromVictoria,Australia(Morrisetal.,2001)providemore
concreteevidencethat'at8.50inthemorningintermtime,carschauffeuringchildrentoschools
makeupintheorderof20%ofallcarsonurbanroads.(OFallon,2007).
Weneedtomakecyclingsaferforchildren
Ensuringthesafetyofourchildrenisasocietalresponsibility.NewZealandratifiedtheUN
ConventionontheRightsoftheChildonthe13thMarch1993.ThismeanstheNZGovernment
hasagreedthebestinterestsofthechildmustcomefirstwheredecisions,lawsorservices
involvechildrenUnicefNZ8.SeeAppendix 5.Children'sRights:UNConvention
UseofbicyclesbychildreninNewZealandappearstohavebeendecreasingsincetheearly
1980s.Inspiteoftheapparentlowlevelsofuseofbicycles,bicycleinjuriesarealeadingcause
ofinjurytoNewZealandchildren(014years).Inrecentyearschildcyclistinjurieshave
accountedforanaverageoftwodeathsperyear(20032007)andmorethan487
hospitalisations(20052009).Inthefiveyearperiod20032007childcyclistrelatedinjuries
accountfor5.7percentofallchildinjuryrelatedhospitalisationsand2.7percentofchildinjury
relateddeathsfortheperiod20012005.Consequently,itisimportanttoidentifyopportunitiesto
reducetheburdenofbicyclerelatedinjuriesforchildrenandtheirfamilies/whanau.(SafeKids
NZ,2012).
NewZealandchildrenappeartobeparticularlyvulnerable,whencomparedwithotherOECD
countries,havingthesecondworstfatalityrateperaveragenumberofkilometrestravelled
8

https://www.unicef.org.nz/learn/ourfocusareas/childrights
(Christie,2007).ComparedtoAustralia,childroaddeathsper100,000childrentravelled:NZ
6.9,50%higherthanAustralias4.4.Notonlyaretherisksveryreal,buttheyarewidely
reportedinthemediacreatingextensiveinfluenceonparentalperceptionsofsafety.Thebest
performingcountriesintheOECD(childtrafficsafety)haveastrongcommitmenttohighlevels
ofwalkingandcycling(Conlon,2013).
ComparingNewZealandandAustralia(QLD)
NewZealandpop4.4M Queenslandpop4.7M
BicycleRelated 2003200712deaths,8 200320075deaths,alldesignated

FatalInjuries involvingmotorvehicles,all multiplevehicleascrashtype
boys514
NonFatal 20052009:5.7%of 19982003:480hospitalisationunder

Injuries hospitalisations,total2,436 17years.Comprise5%ofall
average487peryear,014 hospitalisationsduetotrafficcrashes.
years. In1014agegroupcyclingis4thleading
causeofinjurydeath.
6%ofchildinjurypresentationsinunder
15s

5.7%ofallchildinjury Pending:dataforQLDhospitalisationfor
hospitalisations 20052009period.9
InjuryLocation/ Mostchildreninjuredinacrash Location:

Parties withamotorvehiclearecycling 36%road
ontheroadatthetimeoftheir 32%home
injury. 10%footpath

14%injuredincrashwithmotor 74%singlevehicleaccidents.
vehicle
DataSource(s) Safekids2012 BicycleInjuryInQueensland,

Formoredetailsonchild QueenslandInjurySurveillanceUnit
cyclistsdeathandinjuryreferto BulletinNo86,April2005
Appendix 6.ChildCycleSafety SubmissionAuthorsAnalysisof
Safekids2012 AustralianRoadDeathsDatabase. See
Appendix:16.QueenslandChildRoad
Deaths20032007 .

9
Iamcurrentlysourcingthisinformationandwillprovideanupdatedtablewhenitisavailable.
Childrenarenotreadyfortheroad
Giventheriskforinjuriesfrombicycleriding,itisimportantthateffortstoprotectchildrenwhile
bicycleridingconsiderthesedevelopmentalissues.(Ellis,2014).
DevelopmentalFactorsinfluencingChildrensSafetywhilstRiding
DevelopmentArea: Need:
Motorskills Lotsoftime(years)
Largeamountsofpractice
CoordinationandControl Practiceinsafeenvironments
Prefrontalcortex Timetomature
Visionandbalance Asafeplacetorideawayfromtraffic
Measuringspeedanddistance Timetomature(around12)
Delayedexecutionandresponsetimes Asafemarginforerror
Multitasking Lotsandlotsofpracticesothattheycando
moreautomatically
FurtherdetailisprovidedinAppendix:
7.Children'sDevelopmentaspertainstocycling
Childrensdevelopmentalmaturityhasanimpactontheirabilitytocyclesafelyinspecific
situations.Forexample,youngerchildrenaremorelikelytohavedifficultyinpayingattentionto
morethanoneaspectofacomplexandpotentiallydangeroussituation,suchaswhentwocars
approachthepointwherethechildisabouttocrosstheroad(SafeKidsNZ,2012).Putanother
way,childrenareeasilydistracted.
Childrenarenotsmalladults.Theyperceivedangerandreactquitedifferentlytoadults.Their
perceptionofdistanceisnotasdevelopedandtheytendtofocustheirvisionquitetightly.They
oftenassumethatiftheycanseeyou,youcanseethemandhavelittleunderstandingofthe
distancesinvolvedinstoppingorchangingdirectioninamovingvehicleoroftheforceofimpact
ofbeinghitbyalargevehicle.(Chalmers,2014).
Howskilledarechildcyclists?
Ourunderstandingofchildren'sdevelopmentandexposuresisconfirmedbyobservational
studiesobservingandassessingchildrenscyclingability.Childrenwhousuallyrodetoschool
(133)weresignificantlybetteratperformingthepracticalassessmentthanthosewhodidnot
(67)91.0%vs67.2%(p<0.0001).Nevertheless12children(9.0%)ofthosewhousually
bicycletoschoolwereunabletoperformthepracticalassessmentwithoutlosingcontroloftheir
bicyclesorveeringoutofthecyclelane.(Bromwell,2016).
Howcantheybesafer?
Developingskillsandcapabilitiesrequirestimeandpractice
Ellisidentifiesthebenefitsofbikeridingonphysicalactivityemphasisestheneedtosupport
children'sbikeridingviaeducation,facilitationandimportantly,opportunitiesforpractice.In
orderforchildrentobecomeproficientatboththeseskills,bothskillsmustbepracticed
frequentlyandtogethersothattheskillsbecomeautomatic(Clark,2007).
Giventhatittakesasignificantamountofpracticetodevelopaskill,itisnotsurprisingthat
behaviorchangeswerenotfoundafteraonetimetrainingactivity.Bicycleskillstrainingsuchas
cyclingskillsclinicsmaybeagoodwaytointroducechildrentobicyclehandlingskillshowever,
thisactivityaloneisnotthebestsourceforproducingbehavioralchange.(Ellis,2014).
Kidsneedasafeplaceplusregularopportunitiestocycle
Significantamountsofpracticearerequiredinordertodeveloptheskillsandcapabilities
requiredforsafecycling.Inordertopracticechildrenneedbotha safeplacetoride
aswellas
regularopportunitiestocycle .Asafeplacetocycleisonethataffordsthemamarginoferror
andabufferfromfastermovingtraffic.Intheabsenceofadedicated,separatedbikepath,the
footpathisagoodoption.
Anindependentevaluationhasshownthatthechildrenarelearningandusingthecycleskills
andthosewhopassthetestaremorelikelytohaveparentswhopermitthemtoridetoschool.
(SaferJourneys,2014)
Aviciouscircle
Feariskeepingkidsoffbikes
Cyclingsurveysconsistentlystatethenumberonereasonpeopledonotcycle,ordonotallow
theirchildrentocycle,istheyfeelitistoodangerous.(SaferJourneys,2014).
Adownwardspiraloffear
Parentswishtokeeptheirchildrensafe,andinabsenceofbetteroptions,arerestrictingchild
cyclinganddrivingthemaroundmore.Fewerchildrenexperiencethefunandexerciseof
regularbikeridingandthisreduceschildrensopportunitytolearnandpracticeessentialskills,
decreasingtheirsafety.Thechoicetodriveinsteadalsoincreasesthetrafficontheroad,
decreasesactivityratesandperpetuatestheideathatdrivingistheonlywaytogetaround.
Drivingseemslikeasaferoption,ortheonlyoption,whenitisthemostfamiliarone.Whenwe
restrictchildrenscyclingtodedicatedcyclingfacilitieswemakeithardertoaccessandless
normal,perpetuatingtheviewthatcarbasedtransportisthenorm.Wealsocreatea
generationwhohavelimitedexperienceincyclingandsharingbehaviours,whichwillimpact
theirdrivingbehaviours,andthetransportchoicestheymakeasindividualsandfutureparents.
Timeseriesdatashowsthatdecreasedbicycleridingtrendsareassociatedwithincreasedrisk
ofinjuryandincreasedriskinturnisassociatedwithdecreasingbicycleuse.(Conlon,2013).
Kidsontheroad
Whatareparentstold?
TheNewZealandPoliceandtheNewZealandTransportAgency10recommendthatchildren
under10yearsoldcycleontheroadonlywhenaccompaniedbyacompetentadultrider.
(Conlon,2013).
Childrenunder10yearsofageshouldnotcycleontheroadunlessaccompaniedbya
competentadultcyclist,andcarefulconsiderationshouldbegiventotheskillsofthechild,the
trafficenvironment,andtheirroadruleknowledge...Thisisarecommendationonly,andis
dependentontheskillsoftherider,thetrafficenvironment,andthechildandtheirsupervisors
roadruleknowledge.(SafeKidsNZ,2012).
Someparentswillnotbecompetentadultriders.Thereisinsufficientcycletrainingavailable
foradults,asrecognisedbytheSaferJourneys2014Panel.Howwillthechildrenofthese
adultshavetheopportunitytodeveloptheirowncompetencies?
Confusion?Shouldtheybeontheroadat10?
Thismaycausesomeconfusiontoparents:Whilethisdoesnotstatethat10yearoldscanbe
allowedtocycleunsupervised,itisnotunreasonableforaparenttodrawthisconclusion.Inthis
studyoneinfour10yearoldswerenotabletoperformthepracticalassessmentwithoutlosing
controloftheirbicyclesorveeringoutofthecyclelane.Thisnumberdroppedtooneintenof
11yearolds.Asexpectedthemoreoftenachildrodetheirbicycle,sothemorecompetentthey
wereattheassessment.Cautionshouldbeexercisedwhenallowingchildrentorideonpublic
roadsonborrowedbicyclessinceinourstudythesechildrenwerelesscompetentatperforming
cyclingmanoeuvres.(Bronwell,2016).
Andwilltheybereadyat10?
Alongsidethesefactors,achildsindividualtemperamentandpersonalitytogetherwithsocial
influencesonbehaviourmayaffectchildrensabilitiestosuccessfullynegotiatetraffic.(Conlon,
2013).
Thefindingsofthisstudysuggestthatthereisnospecificageatwhichitcanbesaidayoung
childcanbeallowedtorideunaccompaniedonpublicroads.Enrolmentincycleskillscoursesis
10
https://www.nzta.govt.nz/safety/safetyforchildren/roadsafetytipstoteachyourchildren2/
recommendedwheretheseareavailable.However,parentsshouldnotsolelyrelyontheseas
proofoftheirchildscompetence(Bromwell,2016).
Formoreonchildren'sreadinessandwhatstudiesshowbyageseeAppendix
15.Is14the
rightage?
Doweexpectchildrentoknowtheroadrules?
Researchfrom1982,lookingat9yearoldsshowedthatthewerefairlyignorantoftheroad
rules.Chambers2007.
Inmorerecentresearchwith812yearolds(Bromwell,2016),thefindingsindicatedavariable
knowledge.
Ofthe200childrenforwhomtherewasusablequestionnairedata,91%knewthe
correcthandsignalforaleftorrightturn.43%knewthehandsignalforstopping.42%
knewboththesignalsforturningandstopping.8%(mostly8and9yearolds)didnot
knowanyofthehandsignals.
Only4%ofthechildrenknewthecorrectamountoftimeahandsignalshouldbe
performedforasstipulatedintheRoadCode.Inanswertothisquestionmanychildren
answereduntilIhavecompletedtheturnoruntilIhavestopped.
86%ofchildrensaidtheyshouldnotridetheirbicyclesonthefootpath.
3%ofchildrensaidtheywereallowedtoturninfrontofcarsorothercyclists.
Wewantthemtoride,butwherecankidscycle?
Whereshouldkidsride?Policeandchildsafetyorganisationsrecommendthatchildrenunder
10donotcycleontheroadunlessaccompaniedbyacompetentadult.Theyalsorecommend
thatparentsusetheirjudgementinassessingthereadinessofthechildandtheconditions.
Expertsrecommendthattheonlywaytodevelopskillandcompetencyisviapractice,andlots
ofit.Whereshouldtheyridetogetallthispractice?Willithappenifparentshavetoloadthe
bikesontothecarandgotodedicatedfacilities?Arechildrenover10safeontheroad?Child
cyclistsaged1014yearshadthehighestrateofhospitalisation,14.1per100,000population
peryear,andMostchildreninjuredinacrashwithamotorvehiclearecyclingontheroadatthe
timeoftheirinjury.(Safekids,2012).
IfIwanttoridewithmykidsIshouldnthavetopackthebikesontothecarandtake
themtoabikepathorbikeparkawayfromhome.Weshouldbeabletoridetogether
everyday:toschool,theshopsorthelibrary.Thatishowkidslearn.
Parentcomment
Thefootpathisasaferalternative
Byprovidingasaferalternativetocyclingontheroad,onethatisalreadyonthefamily's
doorstep,wecanreduceparentalanxietyandgetmorekidsonbikes.Cyclingcanbecomepart
ofeverydayfamilyliferatherthananotheractivitytobescheduledandsqueezedintothe
weekend.
Changingperceptionsofroadsafetymayalsobeasimportantasimprovingthe
infrastructureinincreasingchildrensratesofactivetransport(Timperio,2004),
particularlyasperceptionsofsafetyarenotalwayscorrelatedwithactualmeasured
ratesofinjuryorcrime(Lorenc,2008).(Conlon,2013).
SafetyinNumbers
ThesafetyinnumberseffectisrecognisedbythePanelinSaferJourneys(2014):
Thereareanumberofmechanismsbehindsafetyinnumbers.Morepeoplecyclingon
theroadmeansdriversaremoreawareofthem,reducinglookedbutdidntsee
crashes.Greateruseofcyclingfortransportmeansmorepeopledrivingalsoknowwhat
itsliketobeonabikeandhowtobehavesafelyaroundpeoplecycling.Ascycling
becomesasociallyacceptablepartofthetransportsystem,itslikelythatattitudes
improveandaggressivebehaviourbydriversreduces.Allofthesemechanismscanact
aspositivefeedbackloops,astheyalsoimprovetheperceptionofsafetyandencourage
furthercycling.
RefAppendix:
9.Cyclingsafetyandparticipationthesafetyinnumbersconcept
Increasedparticipationatearlieragesleadstogreatersafetyofolderyouthriderswho
increasinglyusebikespriortobecomingdrivers.
Thedatafurthersuggestedaprotectiverole
ofearlycycleexperienceforyoungadolescentcyclists,particularlyforyoungmales.(Twisk,
2013).
NewZealandresearchershaveappliedtheestimateofa34percentreductioninfatalinjuryrate
foradoublingofcycleusage,andproposesubstantialhealthandenvironmentalcobenefitsif
thebicyclewastoreplacethecarforshorttripsinurbansettingsinNewZealand.Lindsayand
colleaguesnotethehealthgainsfromregularcyclingwouldbegreatestforMoriandPacific
peoples,reflectingthehigherbaselinemortalityratesinthesegroups.(SafeKidsNZ,2012).
AnupwardspiralofEducationandParticipation
Furtherbenefit:kidswhocansharefootpathresponsiblywillbebetterdrivers:sharingroadwith
otherroadusers.
Thefootpathispartofthesolution
Cyclingonthefootpathisnotasinglesolutiontogettingmorechildrencyclingsafely.However
itcanprovideanimportantoptiontoparentsandplannerswhowanttofillthegapsbetween
theirhomeandsafeseparatedcycleways.
SafeKidsNZ(2012)recommendchildcyclistsbeseparatedfrommotorisedtraffic.Sufficient
engineeringshouldbeincorporatedsuchaswidersharewithcarefootpathstocreatesafe
linksacrossresidentialroadingnetworks,andincorporatingsignalizedcrossingonbusyarterial
roads.
Havingasafeplacetorideisimportanttocyclesafetyoverall
Internationaldataindicatesthatexposureisanimportantconsiderationforcyclinginjury
risk:decreasingbicycleridingleadstoincreasedriskofinjuryforcyclists,andincreased
riskofinjuryleadstodecreasingbicycleuse.SimilarpatternsareevidentinNew
Zealand.Childrenandadolescentshaveexperiencedthegreatestincreaseintheriskof
injury,despiteasubstantialdeclineintheamountofcyclingoverthelasttwodecades.
However,iffewerchildrenusebicycleslessfrequently,theywillhavelessopportunityto
developcyclingandroadsafetyskills,increasingtheirriskofinjuryaswellasdecreasing
levelsofphysicalactivity.Ananalysisofthefatalityrateperunitofexposureacrossa
sampleofOECDcountries(NewZealand,theNetherlands,Germany,Switzerland,the
UK,NorwayandSweden)forchildrenaged1014yearsdemonstratedthatNew
Zealandchildrenareparticularlyvulnerableroadusers.10NewZealandhadthesecond
worsefatalityrateper100,000peopledividedbytheaveragenumberofkilometers
travelled.(Safekids,2012).
AdvocatingforChildCyclists
InNewZealand,childrenareunderrepresentedinresearch,advocacyandplanningforcycle
safety.
SaferJourneys(2014)refertothecultureshiftthatoccurredintheNetherlandsbetween1971
and2010.AnimportantdifferencebetweentheDutchprotestsandothercyclingadvocacy
campaignsisthatStopdeKindermoordwasnotaboutcyclingversuscars,itwasaboutchild
safetyonroads,atopicwellunderstoodbythewiderpublic.
Inherpresentation,ChildrenintheFastLane,Chambers(2007)proposed:
Moreagerelatedresearch/policyintothedevelopmentalfactorsoftrafficcompetence
Moreuseofsafefootpaths,including:Gradeseparation,Speedcontrols,Bellsonbikes
WhyChangeNow?Roadsarebusier.
Somearguethatwhentheywerechildrentheycycledontheroadandthattodayschildren
shoulddothesame.Irecallasachilddoingboth,withgreatfearofbeingtoldoffbythepolice
ifIwascaughtonthefootpath.Ialsocorrectlyrecallthattheroadswerequieterinthe1970sas
demonstratedbydatafromtheNZTA(2016).
Isthefootpathsaferthantheroad?
Haworth(2011)concludesthatfootpathsareimportantfacilitiesforbothinexperiencedand
experiencedridersandforutilitarianriding,especiallyinlocationsridersconsiderdonotprovide
asafesystemforcycling.
...footpathcyclingisasafealternative.Thereportrecommendsfootpathcyclingasa
saferoptionthancyclingonlocalstreetsandarterialroads...(Hazard,1990)
AustralianresearchestimatestheriskofaPolicereportedcasualtycrashperbillionsecondsof
cyclingwashigherontheroadthanonthefootpathforridersofallagesandrangedfrom1.5for
childrenonnonarterialsto6.8foradultsonnonarterials.(Haworthetal.,2011).
Lesssafe?
Itissometimesproposedthatchildrenwillbelesssafecyclingonthefootpath.Lookingatthe
relativesafetyofdifferentridinglocations,HaworthandSchramm(2011)foundthat:thelargest
numberofcrashestookplaceonurbanroadswithoutbicyclemarkings(38.7%),followedby
bicyclepaths(14.3%)and footpaths(5.8%) .Itwasfurtherreportedthat
69.4%offootpath
collisionsdidnotinvolveanyotherbicycle,pedestrianoranimal (andthuswere
singlevehiclecollisions).Comparedtocollisionsinotherlocations,footpathcollisionsendedin
lesssevereinjuriesthancollisionsonurbanroads .Morespecifically,injuriestothehead,
concussionandinternalinjurieswerelessfrequentinfootpathcollisionsthanincollisionsin
otherlocations(Haworth,2015).
Addressingthesafetyconcerns
ThetoptwoconcernsarisinginreactiontomyproposalarePedestrianSafetyandDriveways.
AnAustralianreviewofinternationalevidencerelatedtothesafetyoffootpathcycling
concludedthatthereislittleevidencethatfootpathcyclingcontributestoseriousinjuries
topedestrians.Indeed,itmayprovidecyclistswithanoptiontoavoidcollisionswith
motorvehicles.Thechallengeoccurswhencyclistsareridingonthefootpathinthe
oppositedirectiontotrafficandnotbeingnoticedbydriverswhenthecyclistsleavethe
footpathtocrossintersections.Fromapublichealthperspective,theopportunitytoride
onthefootpathmayacttoencouragecycling(particularlyamongnewcyclists)because
itisperceivedtobelessdangerousthanridingontheroad.(Haworth,2011).citedby
CARSSQ2016
PedestrianSafety
PedestrianSafety:PerceptionvsReality
AreviewofAustralianresearchofpedestriancyclistconflicts,spanning19892012,confirms
thattheincidenceofconflictandcollisionisminimal.Thuswecanseparateoutfearand
concernfromrealrisk,andeffectivelymanagethoseconcerns.
ThisisechoedbyanecdotalevidencefromQueensland,wherecyclingonthefootpathhas
beenlegalsince1993forallagegroups:
Therehasntbeenahighincidenceofaccidentsorcrashesbetweenbikesand
pedestrians,andselfpreservationplaysarole:Veryoften,thebikeridercomesoff
secondbest,BenWilson,CEOofBicycleQueensland
AustralianResearchFindings
Theproblemofcasualtiesduetocollisionsbetweencyclistsandpedestriansonfootpathswas
ofverysmallproportionssuchthatitneednotbeconsideredintheformulationofpolicy.
Grzebietaetal,2011citingDrummond1989
Drummonds(1989)originalresearchwaslimitedtolookingatpolicereportsandhospital
admissiondata,soraisedtheconcernthatlesssevereandunreportedinjurieswerenotbeing
counted,(Harworth,2011).Thisconcernisaddressedbyrecentobservationbasedresearch.
QueenslandCBDFootpaths,2010and2012
InanAustralianstudy,researchersfromtheCentreforAccidentResearchandRoadSafetyat
theQueenslandUniversityofTechnology(CARRSQ)observedcyclistsandpedestriansinthe
BrisbaneCentralBusinessDistrict.Theylookedatcyclistcharacteristics,numberof
pedestrianswithin1mand5mradiusandtypeofconflict(none,pedestrian,vehicle)for1,971
cyclistsin2010and2,551cyclistsin2012atsixlocationsintheBrisbaneCentralBusiness
District.(Harworth,2014).Theyfoundthat:
Only1.7%ofcyclistswereinvolvedinconflictswithamotorvehicleorpedestrianand
nocollisionswereobserved.Conflictwasdefinedas:whereacollisionwouldbe
imminentunlessoneormoreroadusersdidnotundertakeanevasivemanoeuvre.An
evasivemanoeuvre,suchashardbrakingorswerving(asanisolatedaction,or
accompaniedbyshouting,bellringingorhornhonking),mayhavebeentakenbythe
riderorbyanotherroaduser.However,onlyevasivemanoeuvresbythecyclistwere
recorded.
Thisstudysoughttoexaminetheprevalenceofpedestriancyclistconflictsandthe
factorsassociatedwiththeiroccurrenceinabusyarea.Theresultsdemonstratedthata
quarterofthecyclistsridingonthefootpathhadoneormorepedestrianswithin1metre
andanadditionalquarterofthecyclistshadoneormorepedestrianswithin15metres.
However,lessthan2%ofcyclistswereinvolvedinconflict,eitherwithamotorvehicleor
pedestrianandnoneoftheobservedconflictsresultedinacollision.
Thefindingthatcyclistshadsixfoldhigheroddsofbeinginvolvedinaconflictwitha
pedestrianwhenridingonthefootpathwasexpectedgivenpreviousresearch.However,
itisimportanttonotethatwhiletheoddsofaconflictwereincreased,nocollisionswere
observedformorethan500cyclistsridingwithinfivemetresofpedestriansonthe
footpath.
NSWSharedPaths,2009
AstudybytheNSWRoadsandTrafficAuthorityin2009concludedtheperceptionofdangeris
muchgreaterthantheactualrisksofbicyclistsandpedestriansonsharedpaths.
ArecentstudybytheNSWRoadsandTrafficAuthoritywithTavernerResearch,where
atotalof672observationhoursat10sharedpathlocationsinSydney,Newcastleand
Wollongongwerecarriedoutobserving51,031pedestriansand12,319bicyclists,
concludedthattheperceptionofdangerismuchgreaterthantheactualrisksof
bicyclistsandpedestriansonsharedpaths.Theyobservedonlyfivenearmissincidents
andnoactualcontactbetweenbicyclistsandpedestrians(Grzebietaetal.,2011).
Morelikelytobehitontheroadthanonthefootpath.
InanotherQueenslandstudy(Rees,2011)(hospitaldatareview)thedatasuggeststhatthe
highestriskofinjuryresultingfromconflictsbetweencyclistsandpedestriansoccursonthe
road.61%ofallrecordedcrashesoccurredontheroad,with28%occurringonfootpathsand
only11%occurringonbikeways.
Moreover,areportonPedestrianandCyclistsSafetyfromtheLegislativeAssemblyof
Queensland(1993)concludedthatcollisionswithmotorvehiclescausedthevastmajorityof
cyclistdeathsandinjuries(Chong,2010).
USAReportedInjuryBasedResearch
Stutts,JC&Hunter,WW(1999)carriedoutasurveyofatotalof2558personstreatedfor
injuriesincurredwhilebicyclingorwalking,ateighthospitalemergencydepartmentsoveraone
yearperiodinthreeUSstates.Theresultsshowthatonly0.8%ofinjuriestopeopleoccurredin
apedestrianbicyclecollision(Austroads,2006).
Fear,Intolerance?Orperhapsboth?
TheQueenslandParliamentCommitteeReportintoCyclingIssuesexaminedthepsychologyof
intoleranceofmotoriststowardscyclists.Theydrawuponanumberofpsychologicaltheories
toexplainwhythereissuchangerandantagonismtowardscyclists.Furtherdetailisprovided
intheAppendix10.ThePsychologyofIntolerance .Althoughthosetheoriesareposedinthe
contextofmotoristsvscyclists,itwouldappearthatsomeofthesamepsychologyisaplay
whenconsideringthefearsofpedestrianstowardsfootpathcyclists.Thisisevidencedbysome
ofthelanguageandimagesbeingusedbyopponentsofchange.
Opponentsareespeciallyconcernedaboutthesafetyofolderpedestriansifchildrencycleon
thefootpath.Asadultswemayfeelmoreaffinityforimagesofthefrailelderlythanwedofor
children.Childrenarebecomingincreasinglyinvisible.Peoplearequicktoimposevalue
judgementsonhowtheyarebeingparentedandeducated.Wecanrelatebettertotheelderly
becauseweknowthatiswhereweareheadingandbecausewehavesocietalrespectandduty
ofcaretoourelders.
Wemustconsiderthatthechildrenoftodayaretheoneswhowillbecaringforuswhenweare
agedandinfirm.Ifwecannottrustourselvesasasocietytoteachthesechildrenthe
careand
compassion,respect,tolerance,andconsideration thatisneededto
sharethefootpathwith
olderpedestrians thenwefacehavingverypoorcarersandfurtherdeclineinpeoplewhoare
willingtotakeupthosecaregiverroles.
Separatingoutfear/perceptionfromreality
AComparison. Everysooftenthereareconcernsraisedinthemediaaboutthesafetyofolder
driversontheroad.SometimeswhenIseeanolderdriverIdofeelfearandconcernforthesafetyof
otherroadusers.ButasarationaladultIamabletomoderatethatconcernwithfactsanda
reasonableexpectationthatolderroaduserscanalsoberesponsibleroadusers.Iletfactand
evidencecalmmyfears.Idon'tturnafewwellreportedtragediesandnearmissesdrivemy
behaviour.
Manyfactorscontributetoantagonisticbehaviourbothonandofftheroadfear,thatsenseof
otheranddifference.Perhapsifweareoutsidesharingthefootpathwewilllookeachotherin
theeyeandrealiseweareallpeoplewhowanttobealiveandwell,themajorityofwhomwill
wantthatforotherpeopletoo.
Coulditbethatsomeoftheangerinotherstatesisntentirelyduetodangerperse,but
simplybecauseitisillegalbehaviourbyaminoritygroup?Afterall,jaywalkingisalso
illegal,butiswidelypractisedandseldomcriticised
(MichaelOReilly,Australian
Journalist,referringtoangerfrompedestrianstowardsadultcyclists).
Perceptions
itsthesenseofdangerthatcanbeoverwhelming,especiallyifabicyclistwhooshes
pastawalkerunexpectedly.O Reilly.
Therealityandperceptionsofconflictonpathsmaynotbethesame,particularlyaspeople
oftengeneralisefromlimitedpersonalexperiencesthesingleupsettingincidentwillremainin
themindmuchmoreclearlythanthelargenumberofuneventfuloccasions(Austroads,2006).
Inappropriateuserbehaviourhasbeencitedasamajorcauseofconflictbetweencyclistsand
pedestrians.Sometimesthefeelingsofconflictareonewaypedestriansarefrightenedwhen
acyclistpassessilentlyandcloselybutthecyclistmaynotsharethisconcern(Grzebietaetal.,
2011).
Reality
AnalysisofNSWdatain2005,comparingrisksforpedestrianshitbycycliststootherrisky
events:
Riskofdeath:
lessthantheriskofbeingstruckbylightning(0.1chancesoffatalitypermillionperson
years),
23timeslesslikelythantrippingonafootpathorroadway(1.15chancesoffatalityper
millionpersonyears),
200timeslesslikelybeinginvolvedinanairlinecrash(10chancesoffatalitypermillion
personyears),and
700timeslesslikelythanbeingstruckandkilledbyamotorvehicle(35chancesof
fatalitypermillionpersonyears).
Riskofinjury11:
around8timesgreaterthantrippingonafootpathandkillingyourselfasaresult
andjustslightlylessriskierthanbeingkilledinanairlinecrashevent.
163injuriesper75milliontrips,orapproximately1injuryinevery460,000trips.1Inperson

11
years,thisrepresents8.2pedestriansinjuredpermillionpersonyears.
Inotherwords,itisstillaverylowriskevent.
Neverthelesstheriskofapedestrianbeinginjuredasaresultofanimpactwithacyclist
isalowriskeventandoftheorderequivalenttobeingkilledinanairlinecrash.
(Grzebietaetal.,2011).
Thefootpathisasharedresourceandconflictneedstobemanaged
InAustraliatheyhavenotedthatincreasedamountsofwalkingandcycling,alongwithuseof
wheeledrecreationaldevicesareincreasingsafetyconcerns,realandperceived.Because
concernscanimpactparticipationtheyemphasisethatitisthe management oftheconflictthat
needstobeaddressed.Noteitdoesnotmention avoiding conflict(Austroads,2006).Withan
agingpopulationandthegrowingpopularityofmobilityscooterswe already
needtomanage
conflictandsafetyonthefootpath.Thisisanopportunitytodosoproactivelyandinawaythat
improvesthesafetyandphysicalactivityofchildren.
Changecanbeconfronting,andworthwhile
Forexample,whenthesmokinglawswerechanged,opponentswerevocalintheirconcernthat
itwouldgreatlyreducethenumberofpeoplesocialisinginpubs,barsandrestaurants.Thelaw
changed,andweallbenefited.Thepubs,barsandrestaurantsdidnotgooutofbusiness,but
insteadofferedahealthierenvironmentforstaffandcustomerstoenjoy.
Fearofinundation:Whatifmorepeoplecycleonthefootpath?
Isthereaconcernthatfootpathswillbesuddenlyoverrunbykidsonbikes?
Gettingmorekidsonbikesrequiresamultifacetedapproach,legalisingcyclingonthefootpath
isonechangewhichlegitimisesexistingbehavioursandprovidingfurtherfoundationand
supportforfuture/currentstrategieswhichfacilitateparticipation.Itisnotasilverbulletaimedto
strikepedestrians!
Willmorechildrencyclingonthefootpathmakeitlesssafe?
Australianresearchersnotedincreasedbicycleusebetweentheir2010and2012observations,
butnotedthatCollectively,allthesefindingsimplythatthesafetyofpedestriansandcyclists
hasnotworsenedevenafterincreaseinbicycleusage(Harworth,2014).
Thefootpathisnotpreferredbymostcyclists
Weneedtodistinguishbetweenkidsonbikesandcyclists.Kidsonbikesneedasafeplaceto
developskillsawayfromtraffic.Cyclistswantasmoother,faster,lessinterruptedroutethan
thatfoundonthefootpath.
[InasurveyofQLDadultcyclists]athirdoftherespondentsreportedridingonthe
footpathand,ofthose,abouttwothirdsdidsoreluctantly.Ridingonthefootpathwas
morecommonforutilitariantripsandfornewriders,althoughtheaveragedistance
riddenonfootpathswasgreaterforexperiencedriders.About5%ofdistanceriddenand
asimilarpercentageofselfreportedcrashesoccurredonfootpaths.(Haworth,2011).
WhathappenedinAustraliawhenfootpathcyclingwaslegalised?
SheppartonVictoria
ExtensivetrialsoffootpathcyclingwereconductedintheBullaandSheppartonregionsof
Victoriainthelate1980s.Muthusamy(1993)reportsthatduringthetrialaround26percentof
cyclistsrodesolelyonthefootpath,63percentrodesolelyontheroadand10percentrodeon
bothroadandfootpath.AftertheVictoriantrial,Sheppartonlegalisedfootpathcycling.A
subsequentreviewofthefootpathcyclinginthatcityfoundthattheextentoffootpathcycling
remainedalmostthesameat27percentsupportingtheviewthatcyclistsusethefootpath
whentheydeemitsafertodosoandareunlikelytochangetheirbehaviourinlightofnew
regulations.(Shervill,2015).
WesternAustralia
ThislackofincreasedcyclistshascertainlybeentherecentexperienceinWA,wherethe
footpathshavebeenopeneduptolimitedcyclingbyunder12yearoldssincetheintroductionof
theARRs.Nevertheless,itwouldbeimportanttoallaysuchfearswithadequateinformationand
awarenessprograms.(Shervill,2015).
Cyclistsadjustbehaviourinpresenceofcyclists
UKresearchfoundthatpedestriansdonotaltertheirbehaviourinthepresenceofcyclistsbut
cyclistsdoadjustappropriatelytopedestriandensity.Thesuggestionisthatcyclistschange
theirbehaviourwhensituationsrequire,suchasslowingdown,anddismountingwhenthe
pedestriandensityincreasesortakingevasiveactionwhenobstaclesareencountered
(TrevelyanandMorgan,1993).
IntheNetherlandsitwasobservedthattheaveragespeedofcyclistsonthefootpathdropped
fromabout12km/hwhentherewerenopedestrianspresenttoabouthalfthatvaluewhenthere
weresixpedestrianswithin20metresofthebicycle(Kiyota,2000).Closertohomethese
findingwereechoedinanAustralianstudyofstudyofspeedonsharedusepathsinQLD,which
concludedthatridersmodifytheirspeedaccordingtotheconditions,includingthepresenceof
otherpathusers,andthatitwasareasonablespeedforeachlocation(Rees,2011).
Fearoftheunknowndoesntlast
SurveyscarriedoutfortheDepartmentforTransportinrecentyearshaveshownthatshared
useroutesareacceptablebybothpedestriansandcyclists,andthatuserswouldnotwishto
reverttopedestrianonlyuseattheexpenseofputtingcyclistsatrisk(DepartmentforTransport,
2004b).(Austroads,2006).
PositiveImpacts
Withmorechildrenwalkingorcycling,theirgreaterpresenceonthestreetsmayreduceboth
perceptionsof,andactualcrime.(Conlon,2013).
Willitdeterwalkers?
WalkersnotdeterredinAustralia
ItwouldappearthatAustraliansarenotdeterredfromwalking,includingstateswhereadultsare
permittedtocycleonthefootpath12:

Walkingwasthemostcommonlyreportedsportsandphysicalrecreationactivityamong
Australiansaged15yearsandover,withaparticipationrateof25%.
TheAustralianCapitalTerritoryrecordedthehighestparticipationrateforwalking(36%).
ThiswasfollowedbySouthAustralia(28%),WesternAustralia(28%)andTasmania
(27%).
Norareolderadultsputoffwalking:
Peopleaged5564yearsreportedthehighestparticipationratesforwalking(35%).The
participationratesweresimilarforthoseaged4554years(31%)andthoseaged65
yearsandover(29%).Thehighestnumberofparticipantswerefromthe4554yearage
group(853,300).ABS2010.
WhowalksandcyclesthemostinNewZealand?
Schoolagedchildrenandyoungadultswerethemostlikelytousenoncarmodes(walking,
cyclingorpublictransport),buteventheyspentaroundtwothirdsoftheirtraveltimeinacar.
NZTA,2015
InQueensland,TasmaniaandtheAustralianCapitalTerritoryitislegalforadultstoridea

12
bicycleonthefootpath.
Context:Whataretherealriskstopedestrians?
Therealrisktopedestriansyoungandold:motorvehicles

Source:
NZTAMotorVehicleCrashesinNewZealand2014Section6Pedestrians
Theveryyoungandveryold,whoaremostlikelytowalkandaremostfragile,are
overrepresentedinpedestriancasualtyrates.Thisisaproblemthatrequiresattention,whether
childrencycleonthefootpathornot.Ifconcernsforpedestriansafetyaretokeepchildrenfrom
cyclingonthefootpath,thenthosesameconcernsshouldbedrivingimmediateandunilateral
decreasesinspeedlimitsthroughoutNewZealand.
Forperspective,2015datafromACCsuggeststhatover65yearoldsaremorelikelytobe
injuredathomethananywhereelse,with1%ofinjuriesoccurringonthefootpath.Forallage
groups,thebicyclescause1%offootpathinjuries.
NewZealandInjuryDatafromACC13
DataSource:ReportsfromACCProvidedinresponsetoinformationrequests,refSIA36471

13
andSIA36417
ProactivelyManagingSafetyviaEducation
Whataresafesharingbehaviours?
Safetymessagesforvehicledriversfocusonsafesharing/drivingbehaviours,including:
Acknowledgingtherightsofotherroadusers
Makingappropriateadjustmentsandconcessionsforotherroadusers
Exercisingappropriatepatienceandcaution
Adjustingspeedfortheconditions
Anticipatingproblems:otherroaduserscanmakemistakesorbeunpredictable
Stayingalert
Givingwayasrequired
The[seethepersonsharetheroad]campaignencouragesroaduserstobecourteoustoeach
otherandacknowledgethattheyrenottheonlyoneontheroad.Toachievethis,ourcampaign
isdesignedtopersonaliseandhumanisepeoplecyclingsothatmotoristsseethemasreal
peoplewhohavearighttosharetheroadsafely.Wewantdriverstoseethepersonnotsimply
thebike.Sharetheroadadvertising,NZTA14
14
https://www.nzta.govt.nz/safety/drivingsafely/sharingtheroad/sharetheroadadvertising/
WecouldalsoencouragemoreconsiderateandsafebehaviourfromallroadusersFordrivers
thekeymessagesaretotakeextracarearoundpedestriansandcyclistsThisincludesgiving
themsufficientspaceontheroad,drivingatspeedsthataresafeforallusersontheroadand
notparkingindangerousplaces.(SaferJourneys,2010).
Thesesamebehavioursarerequiredbypersonsusingthefootpath,andcanbeusedby
footpathcycliststoensuretheysharewithcareandcourtesy.
Wecanteachkidstoresponsibilitysharewithcare
Parentsarealreadydoingso:
Source:HuttNews30May2016,LetterstotheEditor
CycleEducationisCritical
Currentlywhenchildrenreceiveformalcycletraining,theirtutorsmustinformthemthatthey
maynotcycleonthefootpath.Thisistheendofthetopic,thereisnoscopetoeducateyoung
cycliststosharewithcare.Bylegalisingcyclingonthefootpathwewillenablecycletrainingto
includetheskillsandattitudesrequiredtosafelyandcourteouslysharethefootpathwithother
users.Thesesharingskillsandbehavioursinclude:
Awarenessofotherusers,including:
Headphoneuse/poorhearing
Occupyingentirefootpath:groups,buggies,mobilityscooters
Unpredictablebehaviours:swervingwalkers,dogs,smallchildren
Safeandappropriatespeed15
Awarenessandadaptationsforenvironmentalfactors
Surfaceandconstructionqualityandstateofrepair
Pathwidth
Obstaclesandobstructions,includinglandscaping,streetfurniture,services,
signs,parkedcarsandmaintenancework
Blindoracutecornersandbends
Poorvisibilityandsightlines
Weatherconditions
Dangerousramps
Thesesafesharingbehaviourscloselyresemblethoserequiredofdriverssharingtheroadwith
cyclists,andthusbecomefoundationskillsforfuturedrivers.
Aswithdrivereducation,theseskillsarebestlearnedviatheoreticalandpracticallearning,and
willbeembeddedintoridingbehaviourviapractice.Childrenarehighlyreceptivetosuch
learningwhichwillbecomeanexcellentfoundationtotheirdrivingtrainingatalaterage.(See
Docyclistsmakebetterdrivers?)
GoodStudents
Societyvalueseducationbecauseitworks.Childrenrespondwelltobasicrulesandguidelines,
suchasthoseidentifiedbyconductorsintheNelsonCycleTrainTrial:Generally,thechildren
werewellbehavedonthecycletrainsandonlyneededoccasionalremindersoftheoperating
rules(OFallon,2007).
15
Childrencyclingonthepavementshouldbeencouragedtocycleslowly(atanadultjoggingor

walkingpace),andbealerttorisksincludingpedestriansandcarsmovingacrossthepavement
fromdriveways.SafeKidsNZ2012
Startthemyoung
Legalisingfootpathcyclingwouldenablecycleskillstrainingtocommenceatanearlierage,
whichhasmultiplebenefits:
Effortstoimprovethebehaviourofbicycleusersshouldfocusonimprovingtheirskill
levelsfromayoungage.Itisintheseearlyyearswheregoodhabitsareformedand
whereconfidenceandcompetencecanbestbeestablished.Bicycleeducationnotonly
improvesactualsafetybybuildingskills,italsobuildsconfidencethatcanhelpovercome
thebarrierstocyclingandleadtoalifetimeofhealthyactivity.(Arnold,2014).
Currentlyformalcyclinginstructionismostlylimitedtoolderchildrenwhofittheover10criteria,
ortoschoolswithpurposebuiltcyclingtracks.
ValuingCycleEducation
SaferJourneys(2014)highlightsthevalueofcycleeducationandopportunitiesforittobe
improvedandincreased.
Onlyasmallpercentageofchildrenarebeingtaughtcyclingskillsandtheseskillsare
oftennotadequatetocopewithmosttrafficsituations.
Intuitivelyitwouldseemselfevidentthatbettercycleskillswillreducecrashrisk,
especiallywithtwothirdsofcrashesnotinvolvingamotorvehicle.
ThevalueoffundingeducationforcyclistsanddriverswasrecognisedinSaferJourneys
(2010):
Increasecycleskillstraininginschoolsandincreasetheeffectivenessofroaduser
educationtomakeitsafertowalkandcycle.
AFlowonEffect:Safesharingchildcyclistswillbecomesafesharingadultdrivers
Education/Behaviourswhichenablesafeandcourteousfootpathsharingaretransferableand
willmakesaferdriverssharingwithcyclists:
Ifmorechildrenwalkandcycleandappreciatetheimportanceoftheroadrulesthen
theyarelikelytohaveabetterunderstandingofhowtheyshouldbehavearound
pedestriansandcyclistswhentheystartdriving.(SaferJourneys,2010).
Althoughthereisalackofstrongevidence,thePanelbelievesthatchildrenwho
regularlycyclewillgrowuptobecomesaferdrivers.(SaferJourneys,2014).
Recognisingthevalueofcycleeducationforfuturedrivers,theAmyGilletfoundationin
Australia:
Cyclingisafundamentallifeskillthatwillhaveanimmediateimpactonstudentssafety
asroadusers,theirfutureexperiencesasdriversandcreateanintergenerationalshiftto
Australiandriverswhosafelysharetheroadwithbikeriders.Schoolbaseddeliveryof
cyclingskillstrainingwouldmeetthecyclingcomponentofdrivereducation.(Johnson,
2014).
Surveysofdrivinginstructorssuggestthatcyclistsmakebetterdrivers,especiallywhenitcomes
toawarenessofotherroadusers.SeeAppendix: 4.DoCyclistsMakeBetterDrivers?
BenefitsforanAgingPopulation
Olderpedestrianswantdriverswhoareawareoftheneedsofolderpeople,particularly
recognisingtheirreducedmobility,slowerreactiontimes,speedofwalking,visionandhearing
impairments(WiltonandDavey,2007).Byeducatingchildbikeriderstobeawareofthese
needs,wecreateagenerationofdriversmorecapableofcarearoundolderpedestrians.
DrivewaysandIntersections
Intersectionsanddrivewayshavebeenidentifiedasthelocationofthemajorityofmotorvehicle
/bicyclecrashes.Howeveritisnotedthatdrivewaysrepresent7%/14%(rural/urban)ofthe
intersectiontypesinfatalandseriouscrashes20032012(SaferJourneys,2014).
JulieChamberslookedat014yearoldsinjuredwhilstridingonthefootpath,lookingata
sampleof10ofthe202casesoccurringbetween20022006shefound:
Seriousinjury=2Minorinjury=8
Rangeage=8to14Averageage=elevenyearsMedianage=elevenyears.
Threerodeintocaronfootpathatrightangles.Oneofthesevisibilitywasobstructed.
Sevenrodefromfootpath&hitcaronroad.Twoofthesecyclistwascrossingona
pedestriancrossing.Chambers2007
Thesefindingsareconsistentwiththenotionthatlowercollisionspeedsonthefootpathwill
causelesserinjuries.Theyalsoemphasisetheneedforfootpathspecificcyclesafety
education.
CarsEnteringandExitingDriveways
Drivewaysareanissueforallusers:Drivewaydeathsandseriousinjuriesoftenresultfrom
vehiclesreversingfromthedriveway,childrenridingoutfromthedrivewayanddriversfailingto
seeacyclistwhenturningintoorleavingadriveway(SaferJourneys,2014).
Regardingcarsenteringandexitingdriveways,thefollowingkeyfactorsimpactonthesafetyof
allfootpathusers
:
Lowerspeed=lesserinjury
Safetyinnumbers
Thenecessityofdrivereducationaculturalshiftbetweenroadusers
Betterdesign
LowerSpeeds=LessInjury
Themainriskstothosecyclingonthefootpatharecarsenteringandexitingdrivewaysand
intersections/crossings,howevertheoverallriskismitigatedbylowerspeeds(Austroads,2006).
Althoughthereisstillpotentialforacyclisttobeinjuredbyamotorvehiclewhilstcyclingonthe
footpath,theoverallriskwouldbelower,astheyareseparatedfromthefastermovingtraffic.
SafetyinNumberseffect
Thesafetyinnumberseffectmeansthatanincreaseinfootpathusehasthepotentialto
improvethesafetyofallusers.
Thereissafetyinnumbers,inmorethanonesense.Oneortwochildrenridingalonga
footpathmaynotbeseen,whereas500childrenwalkingandridingtoaschoolwillbe
noticedandwillimpactonthereactionandbehaviourofvehiclesdriversnearby.
(Chalmers,2014).
DriverEducation
Adriverenteringorexitingadrivewaymustgivewaytoaroaduseronafootpath,cycle
path,orsharedpath(NZRoadCode).
Thereappearstobeawidespreadignoranceofthislawwhichalreadyposesriskstoany
pedestrianorcyclist.Muchcanbedonetoeducatedrivers,promotesafebehaviours,and
creategreaterawarenessofpathuserswhendriversareenteringandexitingdriveways.
PhotocourtesyofBrakeRoadSafetyTrust,RoadSafetyAwarenessWeek2016.
Examplesofsafetymessagingfocusedonfootpathsafety.
SafeDesign
Animprovedfocusongooddesignfordrivewayswouldbenefitallusers,asrecommendedby
theNZTA:
Foralldrivewayscrossingafootpaththereshouldbealineofclearsightbetween
pedestriansonthefootpathandvehiclesusingthedrivewaysothatcollisionsare
avoided.Theareaoccupiedbythedrivewayshouldalsobewelldefinedsothat
pedestrianscananticipatevehiclepathsacrossthefootpath.(NZTA,1993).
FurtherbestpracticerecommendationscanbefoundinChapter14ofNZTAs
PedestrianPlanningGuide(NZTA,2004).
Manydrivewaysposevisibilitychallengesfordriversandpedestrians.Betterdesignand
educationareneeded.
Arighttobethere
Currentlyifachildcyclingonthefootpathweretobehitbyacarfailingtogiveway,therewould
bethedistractionofthechildbeinginthewrong,ratherthananappropriatefocusonthesafety
ofthedriversbehaviour.Becausethefootpathisusedbymanyusersitisessentialthatthelaw
protectsthemall.
IntersectionSafety
Thelargestproportionofcrasheshappenduetothefollowingreasons:
PoorObservation
Failuretogiveway/stop
Crossing/Turning
Source:NZTACrashAnalysisdataforWellingtonandSouthAuckland
Whatshouldchildrenbetaught?
Childrenshouldbetaughttotakegreatcarearoundintersectionswithdrivewaysandroads,
especiallywhenvisibilityisimpairedbyfences,shrubberyandbuildings.Iteachmychildrento
usetheirearsandeyes,listeningandlookingforvehiclesatalltimes.Theyareveryawarethat
oftendrivershaveimpairedvisibilityorsimplydonotcheckthefootpath.Childrencantake
longertoassesssafetyfactors,sowhenapathcrossesaroadIteachthemto
stop
andcheck
bothwaysbeforeproceeding.
Whenusingapath,we stopanddismount beforecrossingaroad,asthisallowsmore

timeandheadspaceforthekidstodeterminewhetheritissafetocross,andhelpstheir
brainlearntodistinguishbetweenthevigilancerequiredwhencyclingversuscrossing.
CyclingwithKids16
SuitabilityofFootpaths
Concernshavebeenexpressedthatourfootpathsarenotsuitableforsharingwithchildcyclists
becauseoftheirdesignorpoorcondition.Thesuitabilityoffootpathsforchildcyclistsneedsto
beconsideredinseveralcontexts:
Pedestriandensity
Widthandconstruction
Likelybehaviourofusers
PedestrianDensity
Mypersonalexperienceofusingfootpathsasapedestrianisthattheyarenotwellused,and
themajorityarenotsubjecttohighlevelsofpedestriandensity.Inhighuserareasthefollowing
considerationsapply:
Thepetitionedlawchangeprovidesforlocalauthoritiestoimposelimitstofootpathuse
inareasofhighpedestriantraffic.
Highuseareasshouldhavesuitablywidefootpaths,whichwouldaccommodatesafe
sharing,asindicatedbytheBrisbaneCBDobservationalstudiesofpedestriancyclist
conflict(Haworth,2014).
Research,whichshowsthatbicycleridersadjusttheirbehaviourinthepresenceof
highernumberofpedestrians,shouldalsobetakenintoaccount.(See Cyclistsadjust
behaviourinpresenceofcyclists ).
Widthandconstruction:Areourfootpathsfitforpurpose?
Givenouragingpopulationandtheiruseofmobilityscooters,andthatwewishtopromote
activetransportinallitsforms,itisessentialthatourfootpathsarefitforpurpose.Ipropose
thatifafootpath17isnotwideenoughforachildcyclisttofindasafeopportunitytopassa
pedestrian,thenthefootpathisnotfitforpurposeforevenitscurrentlegalusers.
16
https://cyclingwithkids.co.nz/2016/05/05/sharewithcare/

17
T
hisincludesadjacentberm/verge/naturestripwhichcanbeutilisedwhenpassing
pedestrians.
Putanotherway,ifwerestrictchildrenonbikesfromthefootpathbecausetheyarenotsuitable,
thenwouldwealsoconsiderbanningmobilityscooters,pramsandwheelchairs?
IntheNZTA(2008)PedestrianPlanningandDesignGuide,itisobservedthatby2051,onein
fourNewZealanderswillbe65yearsoroldercomparedwiththecurrentoneineight.Thusit
isessentialhavefootpathsthatcaterforallusers.
Currentmultiple(legal)users:
Footpathscaterforadiverserangeofusersincluding:
Onfoot Onsmallwheels Mobilityimpaired
Ablepedestrian Inlineskates Mobilityscooters

Runner/jogger RollerskatesSkateboards Manualwheelchairs
Adultpedestrian Kickscooters Electricwheelchairs
Youngpedestrian Pedestrianwithapram Pedestrianwithawalking
Impairedpedestrian Smallwheeledbikes frame
Agedpedestrian
Pedestrianwithaguidedog
Sensoryimpairedpedestrian
Pedestrianwithacane
Source:NZTA2008PedestrianPlanningandDesignGuide
SmallWheelsOkay
Whyisitlegaltorideakickscooteronthefootpath(withoutahelmet)butnotabike?
Thecurrentlawsandguidelinesallowfortheuseofsmallwheeldevicessuchasskateboards,
kickscooters,rollerskates,inlineskates.Theyarenotedashavingusefulnessforutilitytravel
astheyarefasterthanwalkingonfoot(NZTA,2008).Theirspeedisalsonotedasapotential
risktofootpedestriansandtotheirusers,howeverithasbeenconcludedthatTheredoesnot
appeartobeastrongcaseforprohibitingtheiruseonfootpathsinNewZealand,asthereisno
evidenceofahighdegreeofrisktoeitherusersorpedestrians,althoughtheremaybea
perceptionofdanger,especiallyforolderpedestrians(NZTA,2008).Theevidencepresented
inthissubmissiondemonstratesthatthesamelogicappliestobicyclesonthefootpath.
Widthanddesign
Howwideiswideenough?Doourcurrentfootpathsmeasureup?ThroughoutNewZealand,
andwithineachlocalityitisusualtofindawidevarietyoffootpathwidths.Usuallywhenthe
pavedareaisnarrower,therearegrasssurroundswhichcanbeutilisedbythechildcyclistto
passotherfootpathuserssafely.
Bestpracticewidthsformobilityuserswouldenableshareduse
NZTAFootpathwidths18 1.65metreabsoluteminimum,with
1.80metrepassingplaces
Localsharedusepaths19 2.5metres
Schoolbiketracks20 2.0metres
Safefootpathwidthformobilityscooterusers 2.0metres
21

18
Dependantonusagerates,Moreinformationinappendix
17.NZMinimumFootpathDimension
Guidelines
19
A
ustroadsrecommendaminimum2.5mwidthforlocalsharedusepaths,Veith2009.
20
W
hendesigningschoolbiketrackstheMOErecommendsa2mwidth.
http://www.education.govt.nz/school/property/stateschools/schoolfacilities/bikeandfitnesstracks/
21
Suggestedsafefootpathwidthformobilityscooterusers,Newman,2015.

Childcyclistsarecapableofusingthegrassedareassurroundingthefootpathtosafelypassfootpath
users.
Somefootpathsareverywide,suchasthisoneinDannevirke.
Isjurystillout?
ThereiscurrentlylittlequantitativeguidanceavailableinNewZealandorAustraliaregarding
thedeterminationofsharedpathwidths...ObservationsofuserinteractionsonNewZealand
pathsshouldbeundertakentodeterminethevaluesofuserwidths,clearancerequirements,
userspeeddistributionsanddelayedpassingthresholdappropriatetoNewZealand
conditions(Fowler,Lloyd,andMunro,2010).
Quality
UKstudiesalsofoundthatthegeneralstate(disrepair,lightingetc)ofthepathsthemselves
impactedperceivedconflict.Howeverconsideratebehaviourstoodoutasbeingextremely
importantinallscenarios(Austroads,2006).
Manyfootpathuserswouldobservethatproblemswiththequalityofthefootpathcreatea
hazardtousers.Increaseduseofthefootpathbyfamilieswouldcontributetothereportingand
rectificationofsuchqualityissues.MyownexperienceisthattheHuttCityCouncilarevery
goodatfixingreportedproblemsinatimelymanner,providedtheyarereportedusingtheir
officialsystem.Olderresidentshoweverappeartobelesslikelytoreportproblems,andmay
insteadjuststopusingthefootpath:perhapstheywillbenefitfrommorefamiliesusingthe
footpathsintheirneighbourhoods.
InfluencingBehaviour
Unlikepoorqualitypaths,behaviourcanbeinfluencedbyeducationandawarenessprograms
thatdontrequirecapitalexpenditure.
Evensubstantialreductionsineffectivepathwidthcanbeovercomewithgoodwilland
consideration.(Austroads,2006).
FindingsfromUKCountrysideagencystudyofgreenways:Nophysicaldesignwillguarantee
thatnegativeinteractionswillbeeliminated,butusersexpectationsofthesettingareanintegral
partofthecomplexsystemthatgovernsinteractions.Whenthesystembreaksdown,conflict
occurs.(Austroads,2006).
Educationiskey:Managementstrategiestoresolveconflictoftenfocusonseparatingusesand
usersothershaveincludedsignsormarkings,speedlimitsandsurfacematerialswhich
generateaudiblewarningofapproach.Fewofthesephysicalmeasureshavehadmuch
success,partlybecauseitisunlikelythatunidimensionalsolutionstothemultidimensional
causesofperceivedandactualconflictwillbeeffective,andpartlybecausetheyareignored
whenthesitesarenotcrowdedorobscuredwhentheyare.Anincreasingemphasishasbeen
placedonthedevelopmentofguidingprinciplesandbestpracticeguidance.Althoughcodesof
practicearedifficulttoenforce,thereisageneralagreementthatastandardisedetiquetteis
requiredforallusersofshareduseroutes.(Austroads,2006).
Source:Austroads,2006.Figure7.1:Withappropriatebehaviour,interactiondoesnotleadtoconflict
EducationvsEnforcement
Australianresearch(Austroads,2006Rees,2011Grzebietaetal.,2011)foundthatspeedlimit
settingonsharedpathstobeineffective/problematic.Moresuccessfulapproachesfocuson
educatingtheusertochoseasafeandappropriatespeedfortheconditions,andproviding
someguidanceastowhatthatmaybe.Thiswouldcertainlymakesenseforthemajorityof
bicycleuserswhodonothavespeedmeasurementdevicesontheirbikes,andisalsopractical
fromanexpectationmanagementandenforcementstandpoint.Safekids(2012)suggested
joggingpaceasanappropriatespeed.
InAustraliasACTitwasobservedthatcyclistsridesloweronsharedpaths(21km/h)and
particularlyfootpaths(11km/h)thanintraffic(29km/h)(DeRomeetal.,2011).Thisreinforces
thepredictionthatthefootpathwouldnotbeinundatedbyfastercyclists.
Improvementsbenefitallfootpathusers
Fundingpriorityisusuallydemanddriven.Assuchanyincreaseduseofthefootpathmaydrive
improvementswhichbenefitallusers.
IntheirreportHealthandsafetyconcernsaroundtheincreasinguseofmobilityscootersonNZ
roads(Newman,2015)identifiesanumberofmeasuresthatarerequiredtoimprovethehealth
andsafetyofmobilityscooterusers,theseincludingIncreasingminimumfootpathwidthto2
metres.
IntheirreportImprovingthesafetyofolderpedestrians,WiltonandDavey(2007)identifythe
followingcoursesofactiontoimprovethesafetyofolderpedestrians:drivereducationand
awareness,suitablefootpathwidthstoaccommodateanincreasingvarietyofusers,sharewith
careeducation,andimprovedconsultationwithfootpathusers.
BalancingRiskvsBenefitsofPhysicalActivity
Fromapublichealthperspective,theopportunitytorideonthefootpathmayacttoencourage
cycling(particularlyamongnewcyclists)becauseitisperceivedtobelessdangerousthan
ridingontheroad(CARRSQ,2016).
Thusthecostsofanyinitiativeintroducedneedstoaccountfortheverylowriskofthecollision
eventoccurring,andweighedagainstthesubstantialhealthbenefitgainsresultingfrom
increasedbicyclingactivity.(Grzebietaetal.,2011).
OtherConcerns
Whatabouttheprovisionofsafecyclingfacilities?
Iactivelysupportbuildingqualitycyclepathsbothonandoffroad.Despitethegreatworkbeing
done,noteverychildcanhaveapathleadingfromtheirhometoschool.Forcyclingtobean
everydayactivityweneedboth:
Purposebuiltseparatecyclingfacilities
Safeoptionstoallowchildrentosafelygetfromhometothecyclepathsintheirarea:
connections.
Theconceptofusingfootpathsasconnectionsiscomplementarytothefocusidentifiedin
SaferJourneys(2014):ThePanelfeelsstronglythatincreasingtheprovisionoffitforpurpose,
connectedandcompletedurbancyclenetworkswillmakethebiggestimpactonimproving
cyclingsafety.
Footpathcyclingisonlypartofthesolution:interventionswhichtackleonlyoneofthepotential
barriersinthismixmaybelesslikelytosucceedthaninterventionswhichaddressbarriers
acrossseveraldifferentlevels(Christensen,2012).
Usingactivetransportforshorttripsisactivelyencouraged.Given20%ofourpopulationare
under14,weneedtocaterforfamiliesactivetransportchoices.Theirshorttripsbeginandend
athome,yettheirhomesarenotusuallyadjacenttopurposebuiltfacilities.Iftheyareexpected
tocycleontheroadorwalktheirbikesuntiltheyreachthebikepath,thenitwillbeunattractive
andadisincentivetoparticipation.
ThisthreeyearoldfromChristchurchsbikeistoobigtobelegallyusedonthefootpath.Her
parentswillnotallowhertocycleontheroaduntilsheis710(accompanied)and1214
(unaccompanied).Theydonothaveanycyclepathsconnectingthemtotheshopsortheir
otherdestinations,althoughtheycangetpartwaytoschooloncyclepaths.
This12yearoldfromAucklandisallowedtooccasionallycycleontheroad.Sheandherfamily
havecyclefacilitiesconnectingthempartiallytotheirdestinations,butnotthewholeway.This
familyprefertheirchildtousethefootpathratherthanbusyroads,andfeelshewillbereadyfor
cyclingontheroadaccompaniedat1214yearsandunaccompaniedat1416years.
WillCyclingontheFootpathremovetheimpetusforothercycling
infrastructure?
No,QLD(wherefootpathcyclingforallageshasbeenlegalsince1993)continuetoinvestin
cyclinginfrastructuredespitehavinglegalfootpathcyclingforallages.
Source:Austroads,2006(annotatedbysubmissionauthor)
Willachangebeconsistentwithcurrentstrategies?
Allowingchildrentocycleonthefootpathisconsistentwiththestrategiesandprinciplesoutlined
inSaferJourneys(2014),including:
Increasedparticipationincycling:
morechildrencancycleiftheyhaveasafeplaceto
doso.
Safeandconvenientroutesforpedestriansandcyclists,especiallytoandfrom
workandschool: footpathsfillthegapsthatarisewhentheroutefromhometo
school/destinationisnotfullyservicedbypurposebuiltcyclingfacilitiesandroutes.
Encouragingdriversandcycliststosharetheroadsafely: sharewithcare
behavioursrequiredforsafefootpathusewillbenefitallusersandinthelongerterm,
improvedriverskillsandattitudes.
ReferAppendix:
13.HowdoesfootpathcyclingfitwiththeSafeSystemsApproach?
Source:NZTASaferJourneys
Is14tooOld?
Ifweletchildrencycleonthefootpath,whatagelimitsshouldbeapplied?InAustraliathecut
offis12,butthereisacampaigntoraiseitto16,basedonadolescentriskanddevelopment.In
Australia12istheagethatchildrencanbehomealone,hereitis14.InmypetitionIhave
statedage14asanupperlimitforchildrencyclingonthefootpath.Thiswarrantsfurther
discussionandevaluation.Herearesomereasonstoconsideranagelimitofaround14:
Childrenaregettingbigger(notjustfatter,tallertoo).Some13and14yearoldswillbeadult
sizedandthesafetyrecordsofQLD(whereadultscancycleonthefootpath)indicatesafe
sharingispossible.Myexperienceonsharedusepathsisthatteensareadeptatmovingoff
thepathtomakewayforotherusers.
Althoughtheymayhaveadultsizedbodies,theirbrainsarestillworkinprogress.Letstakeon
oursocietalroleincaringforandguidingyoungpeopletoshare(withcareandconsideration),
anddemonstrateourfaithintheirabilitytolearn.Afteralltheyareourfuturedrivers,agedcare
workers,parentsanddecisionmakers.TheQLDstudiesshowthatmaleridersarethemost
likelytobeinvolvedinconflictswithpedestriansormotorvehicles(Haworth,2011),butIcant
imaginewewouldconsidershapingourlawsbygender.
Itmaybechallengingtopickanagelimit:ReferAppendix 15.Is14the'rightage'?
,howevera
higherupperlimitwillenableparents(andolderchildren)tochoosethesafestoptionfortheir
levelofskill,confidenceandexperience,andgiventheconditions(traffic,weather,etc).
Morethankidsonbikes
SofarIhavefocusedonthereasonswhychildrenshouldbeallowedtocycleonthefootpath.
Mypetitionalsoproposesthatcaregiversaccompanyingunder14yearolds,andsenior,and
disabledbikeridersbeabletousethefootpath,aswellasmandatingbellsonbikesusedon
sharedpaths.
AccompanyingCaregivers
Allowingaccompanyingcaregiverstocyclewithchildrenonthefootpathisanimportant
componentofassuringsafetyofallusers.Fromacloseposition,anadultcanprovide
appropriateguidancetothechild,whichwouldnotbepracticaliftheadultwereontheroad.If
theywereontheroadtheywouldnotbeabletoseethesameviewofthefootpathasthechild,
andthuslessabletocoachappropriatecaution,careandbehavior.
Thecrucialroleofparentsinmodelingandsupervisingsafebehaviourisacknowledged:
Themorevigilantaparentis(providingsupervisionatyoungages,knowingwhere
teenagechildrenare,etc.)themorelikelytheywillhaveachildwhotakesfewerrisks
andexperiencesfewerinjuries(Arnett&BalleJensen,1993Morrongiello&Hogg,
2004).Parentswhoalsomodelsafebehaviorhavechildrenwhonotonlyengageinsafe
behaviorbutintendtocontinuesafebehaviorinadulthood(Bandura,1991Morrongiello,
Corbett,&Bellissimo,2008).(Ellis,2014).
Acknowledgingtheincreasedinjuryriskforchildrenaged1114,especiallyboys,careful
supervisionalongsidebicycleskillstrainingisrecommendedtosupportchildrenwho
transitiontocyclingonroads.(SafeKidsNZ,2012).
SeniorandDisabledBikeRidersontheFootpath
AgingPopulation=AgingRiders
Peopleaged65andoverwillconstituteahigherproportionofthepopulationinthefuture,
growingfromjustover12%in2006to25%in2039(WilsonandDavey,2007).Thisisreflected
inSaferJourneys,whichacknowledgestheagingpopulationandroadsafetyofolderNew
Zealandersasanincreasinglyimportantissue.(SaferJourneys,2010).Thisforwardthinking
andplanningshouldalsobeappliedwhenconsideringtheneedsofolderadultswhocycle.A
startingpointwouldbetounderstandanydecreasedcapabilitiesintheagingpopulationtocycle
safelyintraffic,alongsidetheirfrailty.Theparticipationratesfortheagingpopulationwillbe
influencedbyanincreasinguptakeinelectricbikeuse.
Oneofthelimitationsofmobilityscooteruseageisthatofdecreasedphysicalactivity:Mobility
scooterusersappeartoexperienceamorerapiddeclineinfunctionalmobilityandabilitythan
thosewhoremainevenmarginallymoreactive.(Newman,2015).Thuselectricbikesand
trikesprovideagoodmiddleoftheroadoption.
DisabledRiders
InmypetitionIreferredtoothervulnerablepersons.Toclarifymyintent,thatthiswouldallow
forpeoplewithphysicalorintellectualdisabilities,whohaveadoctor'scertificate,toalsocycle
onthefootpath.Thisisconsistentwithotherdutyofcaremeasuresandconcessionsprovided
tothesemorevulnerablemembersofsociety.Forananecdotalexampleofsucharider,please
refertothestoryofLowerHuttsKieranFrench22,includedintheappendices:
Example:A
DisabledRider .
Thistypeofmedicalexceptiontotheunder12ruleappliesinVictoria:peoplewhohavea
physicaloranintellectualdisabilityandwhocarryacertificatesignedbyamedicalpractitioner
thatstatesthatitisundesirable,impracticalorinexpedientforthemtorideontheroad.
BellsonBikes
BellsonbikesaremandatoryinAustralia.Iproposethattheybemandatoryequipmentfor
bicyclesriddenonthefootpath.Theyareonetoolthatcanbeusedtoprovidesomewarningto
otherpathusersandavoidthesilentsurprisefactor.
Australianexperiencesindicatethatbellsarenotasolutioninandofthemselves.Bellsarea
valuablepartofthesolution.Educationisthebiggerpart.Sharingisaboutattitudenot
equipment.Childcyclistsarecapableoflearningwhenabellisappropriateandeffective,
versuswhentheyneedtotakeotheractionssuchasslowing,stopping/walking,oravoidance
measuressuchasridingonthegrassverge.
Concernwasconsistentlyexpressedaboutthelackofuseofwarningdevicesby
cycliststoalertpedestriansoftheirapproach.Atthesametime,itwasrecognisedthat
pedestriansresponsestoawarningmaythemselvesbeunpredictable.Thismightbefor
arangeofreasons,includingthatthepedestrianmaynothearthewarning(e.g.dueto
hearingimpairment),leadingtouncertaintyandconflict.Thismaybebestaddressedby
advicethatcyclistsexercisecaution(includingslowingdown)whenapproaching
pedestrians,particularlyfrombehind,especiallyifthereisnoindicationthatthe
pedestrianisawareoftheirpresence.
Itwasalsostatedthatwarningdevicessuchasbellsaresometimesused,or
misunderstoodasaformofaggression,withthecyclistassumingrightofwayoncethe
warninghadbeengiven.(Austroads,2006).
22

http://www.stuff.co.nz/dominionpost/news/localpapers/huttnews/5047064/StrangerreplacesHuttcharacte
rsbelovedbike
Requested:
Thankyoufortheopportunitytopresentthedetailsofmypetitiontotheselectcommittee.I
respectfullyrequestthefollowingactionsbeincludedinthecommittee'sfurtherconsiderationof
thismatter.
1. Theopportunityforfurthersubmissionstobemade,includingfromorganisations,
childrenandparents.
2. Activelyencouraginginputfromschooltravelplanners,cycletrainingorganisationsand
otherregional/localauthoritycyclingandwalkingofficerswhomaybereluctantto
engageonthistopicgiventheirNZTAfundingandrelationships.
3. Revisionofcurrentcurrentguidelinesadvisingthesuitableageforchildrentocycleon
theroadtofocusmoreonparentsjudgementofcompetenceandconditionsandlesson
age.
4. Improvedclarityandconsistencyinhowthecurrentlawspertainingtochildrencyclingon
thefootpatharepoliced.
5. Areviewofdrivewaysafetyanditsimpactonpedestriansandcyclists.
Andofcourse:
Pleasechangethelawandmakeitokayforchildrentocycle(legally!)
onthefootpath.
Appendices:
1. NewZealandsCurrentLaw
Cyclingonfootpaths
ThisruleiscontainedintheLandTransport(RoadUser)Rule2004
11.11Ridingcyclesonfootpaths,etc
(1)Apersonmustnotrideacycleonafootpathoronalawn,garden,orothercultivation
formingpartofaroad.
(2)Subclause(1)doesnotapplytoapersonwhoridesacycleonafootpathinthecourseof
deliveringnewspapers,mail,orprintedmaterialtoletterboxes.
Clause11.11heading:amended,on1November2009,byclause38(1)oftheLandTransport
(RoadUser)AmendmentRule2009(SR2009/253).
Clause11.11(1):amended,on1November2009,byclause38(2)oftheLandTransport(Road
User)AmendmentRule2009(SR2009/253).
Clause38states:
38Ridingcyclesormopedsonfootpaths,etc
(1)Theheadingtoclause11.11isamendedbyomittingormopeds.
(2)Clause11.11(1)isamendedbyomittingormoped.
Exceptions
Youareonlyallowedtocycleonthefootpathifyouare:
deliveringnewspapersormail,or
youareridingasmallwheeledrecreationaldevicethathasawheeldiameterof
lessthan355millimetres(typicallytricyclesorsmallchildrensbicycles).
Mobilitydevices
11.1Useoffootpathandroadway
(1)Apedestrianmust,atalltimeswhenpracticable,remainonthefootpathifoneisprovided.
(2)Adrivermustnotdriveamobilitydeviceonanyportionofaroadwayifitispracticableto
driveonafootpath.
(3)Apedestrianordriverofamobilitydeviceorawheeledrecreationaldeviceusingthe
roadwaymustremainasnearaspracticabletotheedgeoftheroadway.
(4)Adriverofamobilitydeviceorwheeledrecreationaldeviceonafootpath
(a)mustoperatethedeviceinacarefulandconsideratemannerand
(b)mustnotoperatethedeviceataspeedthatconstitutesahazardtootherfootpathusers.
(5)Apersonusingawheeledrecreationaldeviceonafootpathmustgivewaytopedestrians
anddriversofmobilitydevices.
(6)Apedestrianmustnotundulyimpedethepassageof
(a)amobilitydeviceorwheeledrecreationaldevicepermittedtousethefootpathbythisclause
or
(b)amopedormotorcyclepermittedtousethefootpathbyclause2.13(2).
Clause11.1(6):substituted,on1November2009,byclause36oftheLandTransport(Road
User)AmendmentRule2009(SR2009/253).
Rule36oftheLandTransport(RoadUser)AmendmentRule2009states:
36Useoffootpathandroadway
Clause11.1(6)isrevokedandthefollowingsubclausesubstituted:
(6)Apedestrianmustnotundulyimpedethepassageof
(a)amobilitydeviceorwheeledrecreationaldevicepermittedtousethefootpathbythis
clauseor
(b)amopedormotorcyclepermittedtousethefootpathbyclause2.13(2).
Compare:SR1976/227r14
Clause2.13(2):added,on1November2009,byclause9oftheLandTransport(RoadUser)
AmendmentRule2009(SR2009/253).
r14=TrafficRegulations1976
14Drivingonfootpath
[Revoked]
Regulation14:revoked,on27February2005,byregulation5(a)oftheTrafficAmendment
Regulations(No3)2004(SR2004/444).
Clause9oftheLandTransport(RoadUser)AmendmentRule2009states:
9Drivingalongfootpath
Clause2.13isamendedbyaddingthefollowingsubclauseassubclause(2):
(2)Subclause(1)doesnotapplytoapersonwhoridesamopedormotorcycleonafootpathin
thecourseofdeliveringnewspapers,mail,orprintedmaterialtoletterboxesiftheroad
controllingauthorityhasauthorisedtheuseofthefootpathforthatpurpose.
Definitions
Interpretation
cycle
(a)meansavehiclethathasatleast2wheelsandthatisdesignedprimarilytobepropelledby
themuscularenergyoftheriderand
(b)includesapowerassistedcycle
mobilitydevicemeans
(a)avehiclethat
(i)isdesignedandconstructed(notmerelyadapted)forusebypersonswhorequiremobility
assistanceduetoaphysicalorneurologicalimpairmentand
(ii)ispoweredsolelybyamotorthathasamaximumpoweroutputnotexceeding1500Wor
(b)avehiclethattheAgencyhasdeclaredundersection168A(1)oftheLandTransportAct
1998tobeamobilitydevice
Clause1.6mobilitydevice:substituted,on22June2005,bysection95(10)oftheLand
TransportAmendmentAct2005(2005No77).
wheeledrecreationaldevice
(a)meansavehiclethatisawheeledconveyance(otherthanacyclethathasawheeldiameter
exceeding355mm)andthatispropelledbyhumanpowerorgravityand
(b)includesaconveyancetowhichareattached1ormoreauxiliarypropulsionmotorsthathave
acombinedmaximumpoweroutputnotexceeding300W
Clause1.6wheeledrecreationaldeviceparagraph(b):amended,on22June2005,bysection
95(10)oftheLandTransportAmendmentAct2005(2005No77).
Source:ParliamentaryLibrary:ResearchRequest,14April2016,Preparedfor:CarlieBromley
,By:BethVincent
2.AustralianLaw:FederalandState
5.2.1Australianroadrules
AnumberofAustralianRoadRules(NationalRoadTransportCommission1999)arerelevantto
theissuesofpotentialconflictbetweencyclistsandpedestriansonfootpathsandsharedpaths.
Theserulesarepresentedbelowinaslightlysimplifiedformforclaritypurposes.Source:
Austroads,2006
Pedestriansandpersonstravellinginoronwheeledrecreationaldevicesandwheeled
toys
Rule236apedestrianmustnotunreasonablyobstructthepathofanydriveroranother
pedestrian.
Rule239apedestrianmustnotbeonapartofaseparatedfootpathdesignatedfortheuse
ofbicycles,unlessthepedestrianiscrossingthepath.However,apedestrianmaybeonthe
separatedfootpathdesignatedfortheuseofbicycles,ifthepedestrianisinorpushinga
wheelchair,orisonrollerblades,rollerskatesorasimilarwheeledrecreationaldevice,orthere
isnotrafficcontroldeviceindicatingthatthepedestrianisnotpermittedtobeonthatpartofthe
separatedfootpath.
Rule242apersontravellinginoronawheeledrecreationaldeviceorwheeledtoyona
footpathorsharedpathmusta)keeptotheleftofthefootpathorsharedpathunlessitis
impracticabletodoso,andb)givewaytoanypedestrian(exceptapersontravellinginorona
wheeledrecreationaldeviceorwheeledtoy)whoisonthepathorfootpath.
Rule243apersontravellingonrollerblades,rollerskates,orasimilarwheeledrecreational
device,mustnotbeapartofaseparatedfootpathdesignatedfortheuseofpedestriansunless
thepersoniscrossingthepath.Thispersonmustkeepoutofthepathofanybicycleiftravelling
onapartofseparatedfootpathdesignatedfortheuseofbicycles.
Bicycleriders
Rule249theriderofabicyclemustnotrideonapartofseparatedfootpathdesignatedfor
theuseofpedestrians.
Rule250theriderofabicyclewhois12yearsoldoroldermustnotrideonafootpathif
anotherlawofthisjurisdictionprohibitsit.Theriderofabicycleridingonafootpathorshared
pathmusta)keeptotheleftofthefootpathorsharedpathunlessitisimpracticabletodoso
andb)givewaytoanypedestrianonthefootpathorsharedpath.
Rule251theriderofabicycleridingonafootpathorsharedpathmustkeeptotheleftofany
oncomingbicyclerideronthepath.
Rule252theriderofabicyclemustnotrideonalengthoffootpathorroadtowhichano
bicyclessignormarkingapplies.
Rule253theriderofabicyclemustnotcauseatraffichazardbymovingintoapathofa
pedestrian.
Rule258apersonmustnotrideabicyclethatdoesnothaveabell,horn,orsimilarwarning
deviceinworkingorder.
Rule259theriderofabicyclemustnotrideatnightorinhazardousweatherconditions
causingreducedvisibilityunlessthebicycleortheriderdisplaysappropriatelighting.
NewSouthWales
InNSW,theAustralianRoadRulesareincorporatedintoRoadTransport(SafetyandTraffic
Management)(RoadRules)Regulation1999alongwithNSWvariations.Thisessentiallymeans
thatallruleslistedinSection5.2.1abovealsoapplyinNSW.ForNSWpurposes,thevariation
ofRule250readsasfollows:
26Ridingonafootpath.
(1)Forthepurposesofrule250(1)oftheAustralianRoadRules,ariderofabicyclewhois12
yearsofageoroldermustnotrideonafootpathunless:
(a)iftheriderisanadulttheriderisaccompanyingachildunder12yearsofagewhoisriding
onthefootpathandthechildisundertheriderssupervision,or
(b)iftheriderisnotanadulttheriderisunderthesupervisionofanaccompanyingadultas
referredtoinparagraph(a),or
(c)theriderisapostalworkerwhoisridingthebicycleinthecourseofhisorherdutiesasa
postalworker.
WiththeintroductionofthenewAustralianRoadRules,theRoadsandTrafficAuthority(Roads
andTrafficAuthority1999b)hasalsodevelopedaguideentitledChangestoRoadRulesin
NSWGuide,whichprovidesdetailedinformationaboutchangestoroadrulesinNSW.
Victoria
TheVictorianversionoftheAustralianRoadRules,RoadRulesVictoria(Victoria.Parliament
1999)havebeenincorporatedintotheRoadSafety(RoadRules)Regulations1999.Underthe
RoadRulesVictoria,peopleaged12yearsofageorolderarenotpermittedtoridetheir
bicyclesonthefootpath,unlesstheyqualifyforanexemptionasoutlinedbelow:
a.peopleaged18yearsofageorolderwhoareaccompanyingachildwhoisunder12yearsof
ageandthechildisundertherider'ssupervision
b.peoplewhohaveaphysicaloranintellectualdisabilityandwhocarryacertificatesignedbya
medicalpractitionerthatstatesthatitisundesirable,impracticalorinexpedientforthemtoride
ontheroad
c.peopleengagedinthedeliveryofpostalarticlesfororonbehalfofAustraliaPost.
AbrochureentitledCyclistVisibilityhasbeenproducedbyVicRoads(2000).Itrelatesprimarily
tocycliststravellingonroadshowevertherulesalsocouldapplytoridingonpaths.
VictoriahasalsodevelopedacommunitybasedcampaigncalledSharetheRoad.Whilstthis
campaignisaimedatincreasingdriversandcyclistsawarenessofeachother,areferenceis
madetocyclistswearingbrightclothingandusinglights,andsafecyclingforchildrenandon
sharedpaths(VicRoads2004a).
Finally,VicRoads(2004b)haveproducedaselfregulatedcodeofconductforroadcycling,
whichdidnotmentionridingonpaths.However,BicycleVictoria(n.d.)haspublishedashort
leafletentitledSharingOffRoadPathswhenCommutingorTouring.Thisleafletprovidesa
shortsummaryofrulesandetiquetteonsharedpathsfromthecyclistsperspective.
Queensland
QueenslandsRoadRulesarecontainedwithintheTransportOperations(RoadUse
ManagementRoadRules)Regulation1999.Someofthemostimportantrulesforpedestrians
arealsopresentedontheinternet,includinggivingwaytopedestriansifusingawheeled
recreationaldevicesuchasascooter,skateboardorrollerblades,andwalkingonthesideofthe
pathdesignatedforpedestriansonseparatedpaths(QueenslandTransport2005b).TheRoad
RulesforCyclistsarticlelistsmostoftheRulesstatedinsection5.2.1(QueenslandTransport
2005a).ItshouldbenotedthatinQueensland,cyclistsofanyageareallowedtorideona
footpathunlessprohibitedbyabicycleprohibitionsign.
ARoadUserCodeofBehaviourisalsopresentedontheinternet(QueenslandTransport
2005c).Itincludesacodeofbehaviourforpedestrians,usersofwheeledrecreationaldevices
andcyclistswhenusingfootpaths,sharedpathsandseparatedpaths.
QueenslandTransport(2005dand2005f)listsafetytipsforcyclistsandpedestriansonsharing
pathssafely.SeparatesafetytipsforcyclistsarediscussedinQueensland(2003f)butthey
appeartorelatemostlytoridingontheroad.
WesternAustralia
InWA,mostrulesapplyingtocarsalsoapplytocyclists.Afulllistofthesecanbefoundinthe
RoadTrafficAct1974,RoadTrafficCode2000andRoadTraffic(Bicycles)Regulations2000.
TheAustralianRoadRulesbeenadoptedintotheabovelaw.
InWA,onlyridersunder12yearsofagearepermittedtorideonafootpath,unlessano
bicyclessignhasbeenerected.
TheDepartmentforPlanningandInfrastructurehasalsoproducedaseriesofcyclingbrochures
thatrelatetopotentialconflictonsharedpathsandfootpaths.IntheirCyclingonRoadsand
SharedPathsbrochure,rulesstatethatridersmustonlytravelinsinglefileonallpaths,animals
mustnotbetiedtoamovingbike,apowerassistedbicyclemustnotusethepathwhenthe
powerassistanceisengaged.Also,itisanoffencetospeedandridecarelesslyandrecklessly
(DepartmentforPlanningandInfrastructure2005c).Courtesyalsoindicatesthatthecyclist
shouldslowdownwhenpassingpedestriansandshouldalwaysringthebellabout30mbefore
reachingthem.TheCyclingandtheLawbrochurealsodealswithrulesaffectingcyclists
(DepartmentforPlanningandInfrastructure2005a).Thethirdbrochure,CyclingatNight,
providesinformationonreflectors,lights,powersourcesandbeingalert(Departmentfor
PlanningandInfrastructure2005b).
RoadSafetyCouncil(1998b)isaguideforallsharedpathuserstotheirresponsibilitiesand
rightsinordertohelpminimiseconflictsbetweenthem.However,thishasnotbeenupdatedto
reflecttheAustralianRoadRulesandiscurrentlyoutofprint.
SouthAustralia
TheAustralianRoadRuleshavebeenmadeintoRegulationsundertheRoadTrafficAct(SA).
TheRegulationsapplyingtocyclistsarealsosetoutinadocumententitledCyclingandtheLaw
(TransportSA2000).Theystatethateverybicyclemusthaveaneffectivewarningdevicein
workingorderandwithineasyreach,thebicyclemusthaveappropriatelightingifridingatnight
orinhazardousweatherconditions.Itfurtherstatesthatwhenridingonanypath,theridermust
exerciseduecareandconsiderationforpedestriansandotherusers,givewarningto
pedestriansorotherusersofapproachbysoundingthebellorhornandkeeptotheleftofany
oncomingbicyclerider.Whenusingfootpathsandsharedpaths,theridermustgivewaytoany
pedestrianandkeeptotheleftofthepathunlessimpracticabletodoso.
ItisagainstthelawinSouthAustraliatorideonthefootpathunlessyouareundertheageof12
orcarryingandcomplyingwithacertificateissuedbyadoctor.
TransportSA(n.d.a)havedevelopedasetofbehaviouralguidelinesentitledSharetheRoad.
Whilstsomeguidelinesareapplicabletofootpathbehaviour,thereisnospecificreferencemade
tofootpathsandsharedpaths.
Aninformationbrochuresummarisingthelawsapplyingtoskateboardersandrollerbladershas
alsobeenpublishedbyTransportSA(n.d.b).Itmakesreferencetoskatingonfootpathsaswell
aswellasroads.
Additionally,AdelaideCityCouncil(undated)hasalsoproducedguidelinesforusersofshared
pathsentitledSharingourPathsandourCity,aimingparticularlyfortheuseoftheLinearPark
SharedPath.Ithasbehaviouralguidelinesforcyclistsandpedestriansaswellaspeople
preparingtousetheriverforrowing.
Tasmania
InTasmania,theAustralianRoadRuleshavebeenadoptedbyincorporationintoTraffic(Road
Rules)Regulations1999(S.R.1999,No.131)alongwithlocalTasmanianlaws(Tasmania.
Parliament1999).Areviewoftheregulationsindicatesnolocallawpreventingridersover12
yearsofagefromridingonafootpath,henceridersofanyagemayrideonfootpaths.The
DepartmentofInfrastructure,EnergyandResources(2003)alsoliststherulesapplicableto
skatingonfootpaths,aswellastheskaterscodeofconduct.Noadditionalinformation
appearedtobeavailableforcyclistsorpedestriansthatrelatedtopotentialconflictonshared
pathsandfootpaths.
AustralianCapitalTerritory
TheACTRoadRulesHandbookwrittenbyRoadTransport(2006)hasincorporatedanumber
oftheAustralianRoadRulesforcyclists.Therelevantrulesarestatedbelowinasimplified
form.
Theriderofabicycleridingonafootpathorsharedpathmustkeeptotheleftofthefootpathor
sharedpathunlessitisimpracticabletodoso,andmustgivewaytoanypedestriansonthe
footpathorsharedpath.
Theriderofabicyclemustnotcauseatraffichazardbymovingintothepathofadriverora
pedestrian.
Apersonmustnotrideabicyclethatdoesnothaveabell,horn,orsimilarwarningdevicein
workingorder.
Theriderofabicyclemustnotrideatnightorinhazardousweatherconditionscausing
reducedvisibilityunlessthebicycleortheriderdisplaysappropriatelighting.
IntheACT,pedestriansmayalsousebicyclepaths.Thefollowingrulesapplytobicyclepaths:
Itisagainstthelawtorideabicycleonapathwithin10metresofanopenshop.
Pedestriansmustkeeptotheleftofanywhitecentrelinethatmaybeonthepath.
Ifapproachingpedestriansfrombehind,cyclistsmustringtheirbelltoletthemknowtheyare
coming,slowdownastheypassandgivethemrightofway.
IntheACT,peopleofanyagemayrideonfootpaths.Briefguidanceisgiveninabrochureon
EnjoyingSafeCyclingintheACT(DepartmentofUrbanServices2005).
NorthernTerritory
IntheNorthernTerritory,theAustralianRoadRulesareincorporatedintoTrafficRegulations
NorthernTerritoryofAustralia(DepartmentofPlanningandInfrastructure2004).Ridersofany
agemayrideonfootpaths.Noadditionalinformationappearedtobeavailableforcyclistsor
pedestriansthatrelatedtopotentialconflictonsharedpathsandfootpaths.
3.ChildHeight,AgeandBikeSize
Source:
http://www.who.int/growthref/who2007_height_for_age/en/
overlayedwith
recommendedheight/sizerangesfrombikebarn.co.nz

UsedwithpermissioncourtesyofBikeBarn,Source:http://www.bikebarn.co.nz/sizeguides/
4.DoCyclistsMakeBetterDrivers?
Whatdodrivinginstructorssaysurveyof44drivinginstructorsinAuckland:
68.18%ofdrivinginstructorsbelievethatcyclingisgoodpreparationfordriving
Oftheadditionalcommentsgiven,justificationsprovidedwerecyclistshave
Increasedawareness24.62%
Increasedroadexperienceandsense18.46%
Improvedjudgementskills15.38%
15.91%ofinstructorsdonotthinkcyclingpreparesyoungpeoplefordriving
15.91%wereunsure

Drivinginstructorsbelievewhendriving,youngpeoplewhocycledemonstratea:
Betterunderstandingoftheroadrules68.1%
Betterunderstandingoftheroadenvironment88%
Heightenedawarenessofotherroadusers77%
Heightenedawarenessofcyclistsontheroad75%
Youngpeoplebelievedthatbecausetheycycled,whendrivingtheydemonstratedabetter:
Awarenessofotherroadusers65.26%

Understandingoftheroadenvironment56.87%
Awarenessofothercyclists60.66%
5.Children'sRights:UNConvention
TheUNConventionontheRightsoftheChildisguidedbyfourfundamentalprinciples
1. Nondiscriminationallchildrenshouldhaveequalopportunitiesandareofequalworth
regardlessofethnicity,gender,language,religion,wealthorability.
2. Thebestinterestsofthechildlawsandactionsaffectingchildrenshouldputtheir
interestsfirstandbenefittheminthebestpossibleway.
3. Survival,development,andprotectionauthoritiesineachcountryhavethe
responsibilitytoprotectchildrenandhelpensuretheirfulldevelopmentphysically,spiritually,
culturally,andsocially.
4. Participationchildrenhavearighttohavetheirsayindecisionsthataffectthemandto
havetheiropinionstakenintoaccount.
Readthe fulltextoftheUNConventionontheRightsoftheChild
,orread
NewZealand's
bilingualsummaryoftheConventionhere .
NewZealandratifiedtheUNConventionontheRightsoftheChildonthe13thMarch1993.
ThismeanstheNZGovernmenthasagreedthebestinterestsofthechildmustcomefirstwhere
decisions,lawsorservicesinvolvechildren.NewZealandsubmittedits
FifthPeriodicReportto
theCommitteeontheRightsoftheChild on5thMay2015.
Source:
https://www.unicef.org.nz/learn/ourfocusareas/childrights
6.ChildCycleSafetySafekids2012
FatalInjuries20032007
Atotalofeightchildrendiedasaresultofacrashinvolvingamotorvehicleandachildcyclist.
Allchildcyclistdeathsinvolvedboysagedbetweenfiveto14years.
TamarikiMoriwereoverrepresentedinbicyclingrelateddeathsinvolvingamotor
vehicleandchildcyclist,accountingforhalfofallthesedeaths.
NonfatalInjuries20052009
Cyclingrelatedinjuriesareoneofthetopthreecausesofunintentionalinjuryrelated
hospitalisationsforchildreninNewZealand(5.7percentofallchildinjuryhospitalisations).In
thefiveyearperiod20052009atotalof2,436childcyclistsaged014yearswereinjured
severelyenoughtobeadmittedtohospital,anaverageof487hospitalisationsperyear.
Hospitaladmissionsforcycleinjuriesweresignificantlyhigherformales,forMoriand
EuropeanchildrencomparedtoAsian/Indianchildren,andforchildrenfromareasof
highersocioeconomicdeprivation.
Childrenagedbetween1014yearsaccountedforthehighestnumberofallcyclist
hospitalisations(57percent).
Approximatelyonethirdofallinjuriesoccurredamongchildrenagedfivetonineyears.
7.Children'sDevelopmentaspertainstocycling
MotorSkills
Motorskillsincludewalking,running,jumping,stabilitymovements,climbing,throwing,writing
etc.Theyaredevelopedthroughrepeatedpracticeanduse.Motorskillstakeyearstodevelop
andrequirespecificexperiencesandinstructionClark2007.Childrenneedlargeamountof
practicetomakethemovementsefficientandautomatic.Ellis2014.Developingproficiencyin
childhoodimpactsthedegreeofphysicalactivityundertakeninadulthood.Faigenbaum2012.
Therearelinksbetweenmotorskilldevelopmentandachild'sreadinesstolearntheskillsof
reading,writingetc.ConnellandMcCarthy2014.
CoordinationandControl
Whenapplyingoptimalcoordinationandoptimalcontroltoridingabicycleonroads,childrennot
onlyhavetodevelopthebicycleridingskill(balance,pedaling,adjustingspeed,braking,
controllingthehandlebars,etc.),buttheymustalsodevelopthetrafficsafetyskillthatconsists
ofsufficientbehaviorsneededtocorrectlyandsafelymaneuverthroughtraffic(movingthehead
tosearchfortraffic,engagingthebrakepedalsorleverstostopatlightsandstopsigns,slowing
downtoyield,etc.).
PreFrontalCortex
Graduallymaturesintheearlytomid20s(Casey,Giedd,&Thomas,2000)
Thismeansthatchildrengraduallygetbetteratusingworkingmemory,inhibitingresponses,
controllingimpulses,planning,weighingconsequences,andselfregulation(Caseyetal.,2000
Steinberg,2007)
Changesinbrainfunctionprioritiesduringadolescenceresultinrisktakingbehavioursbeing
heightenedduringadolescence.
VisionandBalance
Useofcentralvisiontomaintainbalancecompeteswithuseofperipheralvisiontoscanfor
hazards,sobalancemaybecompromisedwhilsthazardscanning.Ellis2014
Aroundage7,childrenstopusingperipheralcuesforbalancebutthenbeginusingthemagain
at8or9yearsoldthroughadulthood.Whatthismaymeanintermsofbicycleridingisthat
children7to8mayplacemorefocusontheircentralvisiontomaintaintheirbalanceona
bicyclemakingthemlessabletonoticeimportanttrafficrelatedinformationintheirperipheral
vision.Alternatively,iftheydopayattentiontotrafficrelatedinformationintheirperiphery,they
maycompromisetheirbalanceontheirbicycle.Ellis2014
Whilechildrenhavethesamevisualabilitiesasadults,itisimportantforbicyclesafety
practitionerstoknowtheredoesseemtobeaperiodduring7to8yearsoldwherechildrenstop
usingperipheralcuestohelpmaintainbalance.Thismeansthatchildrenmaypaylessattention
towhatishappeningintheirperipherytomaintainbalanceandiftheydopayattentionto
objectsintheirperipheralvision,theymaycompromisetheirbalance.Ellis2014
Estimatingspeedanddistance
Itispredictedthatchildrenwouldbeatadultperformancebyabout12yearsoldEllis2014
Thisissupportedbyfindingsthat10and12yearoldswerechoosingsimilargapsizestoadults.
Slowtoexecuteactionsoncedecisionmade
Whilechildrenhavefullydevelopedspatialandtemporalabilitiesallowingthemtochoosethe
samegapsizestocrossintrafficasadults,theyareslowertoexecutetheiractionsoncetheir
decisionismade(Plumert,Cremer,&Kearney,2004).Thismeanstheyhavelesstimeto
spareinfindingagapintrafficandmovingthroughit.
Somestudiessuggestthatchildrenbecomemoreadultlikeintheirspeedofprocessingduring
midadolescence.Ellis2014
ResponseTimes
Childrenhaveslowerresponsetimesthatgraduallyimprovewithageandareadultlikeby
approximately14yearsold(Kail,1991).Thismeansthatchildrenhaveadelayfromthe
momenttheymaketheirdecisiontothemomenttheybegintoactontheirdecision,whichcan
bedangerousforthemduringnormalridingconditionsandemergencysituations.
Inatrafficsituation,itiscriticalforroaduserstoactquicklyintheeventofanemergency.
Delayedresponsetimescanmakethedifferencebetweenanearmissandacrash.
innormalandemergencysituations,youngerchildrenwilltakemoretimetorespond,thereby,
increasingtheirchancesofinjury.
Definesafeenvironmentsforyoungchildrentorideinthatminimizetheneedforquick
responses.Ellis2014
Multitasking
Ridingabicycleinvolvesthesimultaneousexecutionofmotorskillsandcognitiveskills.While
childrenareabletoperformtwotasksatonce,theyoftensacrificecognitiveperformancefor
motorskillperformance(Wierda&Brookhuis,1991).
Childrenmayneedtopracticebothridingandattendingtoanddealingwithtrafficatthesame
time,numeroustimesinasafeenvironmentbeforeridingontheirownintraffic.
Findingssuggestthatwhenchildrenengageinaconcurrentcognitiveandmotortasklikeriding
abicycleandnavigatingtraffic,childrenscognitivecapabilitiesarecompromisedmakingtheir
abilitytonegotiatetrafficproblematic.Theresearchstudiesjustdiscussedfoundthatchildren
placeapriorityonbalanceovercognitivetaskswhenengaginginbothatthesametime.This
canbeproblematicwhenridingintraffic.Ellis2014
8.Howskilledarechildcyclists?
Duringastudyofthefactorsinfluencingchildcyclistsafety,apracticalassessmentofabilitywas
conducted:
Source:Bromwell2016.Itshouldbenotedthatallchildrenwhoparticipatedattendschools
wheretheyreceivecyclesafetyandridinglessonsdeliveredbyalocalpoliceofficerwhoisthe
areaschoolcommunityofficerandadualtrainedlevel2/3cycleinstructor.Manychildrendo
nothavetheopportunitytoreceivesuchtraining,asidentifiedinSaferJourneys2014.
9.Cyclingsafetyandparticipationthesafetyinnumbers
concept
Thesafetyofcyclistsisinextricablylinkedwiththenumberofpeoplecycling.Thisisgenerally
consideredtobebecauseofsafetyinnumbersinotherwords,anincreaseinpeoplecycling
directlyreducestheriskofinjurypercyclist.Comparisonsbetweencountriesandcitiesshow
thatplaceswherethereismorecyclinghavealowerriskofinjury.
Thereareanumberofmechanismsbehindsafetyinnumbers.Morepeoplecyclingontheroad
meansdriversaremoreawareofthem,reducinglookedbutdidntseecrashes.Greateruseof
cyclingfortransportmeansmorepeopledrivingalsoknowwhatitsliketobeonabikeandhow
tobehavesafelyaroundpeoplecycling.Ascyclingbecomesasociallyacceptablepartofthe
transportsystem,itslikelythatattitudesimproveandaggressivebehaviourbydriversreduces.
Allofthesemechanismscanactaspositivefeedbackloops,astheyalsoimprovethe
perceptionofsafetyandencouragefurthercycling.
Whenstartingfromaverylowbase,experiencesuggeststhatittakestimeforanysafetyin
numberseffecttobeseenitmaynotbegintohaveanoticeableeffectuntilcyclingreaches
somewhereintheorderof5%ofalljourneys.
However,justcomparingcitiesandcountriesatasinglepointintimehidesanumberof
importantrelationshipsthatareconfusedwithwhatisusuallycalledsafetyinnumbers.This
includesanumbersinsafetyeffectinotherwords,countriesandcitiesthathavemadesigni
cantinvestmentsinimprovingcyclingsafetythroughmanagedspeedsandwelldesigned
infrastructureseebothimprovementsinsafetyandincreasesincyclingatthesametime.In
addition,vehiclenumbersplayanimportantroleinsafetyandparticipation.Againthiscanact
aseitherapositiveornegativefeedbackloop,dependingonwhethervehiclenumbersortrips
bybikeareincreasing.ThePanelhasconcludedthatintheNewZealandcontext,simply
encouragingmorepeopletocyclewouldhaveanegativesafetyimpact.Itisessentialtoprovide
safe,connectednetworksandtheotherimprovementsrecommendedinthisreportasthe
foundationforbothnumbersinsafetyandsafetyinnumbers.
Strengtheningthepositivefeedbacksofincreasednumbersofcyclists,effectiveinfrastructure,
safespeedsandreducingvehiclenumberscanleadtoreductionsinboththerateofinjuryand
theabsolutenumberofinjuriesanddeaths,ashasbeenthecaseinPortland,Copenhagenand
theNetherlands
Source:SaferJourneys2014
10.ThePsychologyofIntolerance
TheQLDParliamentReportintoCyclingIssues,2013,examinedthepsychologyofintolerance
ofmotoriststowardscyclists.Theydrawuponanumberofpsychologicaltheoriestoexplain
whythereissuchangerandantagonismtowardscyclists.
Theoreticalexplanationsinclude:
Freeridertheory motoristshatecyclistsbecausetheythinktheyoffendthemoralorder.
Drivingisaverymoralactivityandbelievethatcyclistsaresomehowcheatingthesystem.This
ismanifestedintheargumenttolicensecyclistsandmakethempayregistration.
Ignorance ImmoreconvincedbyVanderbiltsargumentthatignoranceofthelawsgoverning
bikingisresponsibleforalotofthediscord,whichpartlyexplainsthemisguidedbeliefthat
roadsbelongtothecars..
Fear(theYodaprinciple)Inshort,fearleadstoanger,angerleadstohateandhateleadstothe
darkside:.......Asadriver,cyclistsscareme,theymakemetenseandwary,becauseIknow
howeasyitwouldbeformetohurtthem.IthinkthereareahugenumberofAmericanswhose
reactiontobeingafraid,especiallyintheircars,israge.Theycantacknowledgethattheyre
afraid,sotheychannelitintoanger.
Outgrouphomogeneityeffect perceptionthatmembersofaminoritygroup(thatis,an
outgroup)aremoresimilartooneanotherthanaremembersofthemajoritygroup,thatisthey
areallalikebutwearediversei.e.lumpinganyoneonabikeintoacategorycalledcyclist,and
assumingtheyallbehavebadlybecauseafewdo.CyclistsareatinyminorityintheUK,so
whensomeoneseesacyclistbreakingthelaw,themostsalientgrouptowhichtheybelongis
cyclists(asopposedtothemanyothergroups,suchasmenortallpeople,towhichthey
mightbelong),andthentheoutgrouphomogeneitybiasleadspeopletogeneralizefromthis
cyclistbrokethelawtocyclistsingeneralhaveatendencytobreakthelawandThe
othernessofcyclistsmakesthemstandout,andthathelpsdriverscementtheirnegative
conclusions
Affectheurismandnegativitydominance afancywayofsayingthatpeoplemake
judgementsbyconsultingtheiremotionsinsteadoflogic.Theaffectheuristicexplainshowour
mindtakesadifficultquestion(onethatwouldrequirerigorouslogictoanswer)andsubstitutes
itforaneasierone.Whenouremotionsgetinvolved,wejumptopreexistingconclusions
insteadofexertingthementalefforttothinkofabespokeanswer...Whenitcomestocyclists,
oncesomeclownontwowheelsalmostkillshimselfwithyourcar,youfuriouslydecidethat
bicyclistsare********,andthatconclusionwillbehardtoshakeregardlessofcountervailing
facts,statsorargumentsandTheaffectheuristiciscompoundedbytheideaofnegativity
dominancebadeventsstandoutmorethangoodones.Thiscausesyoutooverestimateboth
theamountandtheseverityofupsettingevents...Theconvictionthatbicyclistsareerratically
movinghazardsisnotdiminishedbytherepeatedobservanceofsafeandrespectfulriding.
Factsandlogicalargumentsthatdonotconformtotheemotionalconclusionarediscountedor
disregarded.
ConfirmationBias: falliblehumanslikeyouandmearesubjecttoconfirmationbias,the
tendencytonoticethingsthatconfirmourbeliefs,andtoignorethingsthatdont.
Thecommitteeconsideredthesetheoriesandconcluded:
Inparticular,theCommitteewasconcernedtolearnoftheoutgrouphomogeneityeffectwhich
contributestocyclistsbeingseenascockroachesandtothefailureofsomemotoriststo
identifywithcyclistsasotherpeople.TheCommitteewaspleasedtonotetherecentshiftinthe
Governmentsroadsafetyadvertisingcampaignawayfrombloodandbrokenbonesand
towardsrealstoriesofrealpeoplewhichmaygosomewaytohelpingovercomethislackof
empathy.
Further,whiletheCommitteehasnothadtheopportunityinthisreviewtoexplorethisarea
deeplyorcomprehensively,itbelievesthatfurther,scientificresearchtoexplainandunderstand
theaggressioniswarranted.Suchresearchwouldbewidelyusefultoarangeofagenciesand
organisationsattemptingtoaffectchangeinthisarea.
TheCommitteehasformedastrongviewthateducationandawarenessarecrucialstrategiesin
addressingsomeofthepsychologywhichunderliesaggressiveanddangerousbehaviourson
theroad.
Source:QLDParliamentReportintoCyclingIssues,2013
TheQLDresponsecanbecomparedwithNZTAsSeethepersoncampaign.
11.Thesafetyinnumberseffect
Thetheoryhasgainedcurrencyinrecentyearsthat(paradoxically)themorepeoplecycle,the
lowertheinjuryrate.Thisisbecauseotherroadusersaremoreusedtoseeingandcopingwith
bicycles,andadapttheirbehaviouraccordingly.Armstrong2014
Amotoristislesslikelytocollidewithapersonwalkingandbicyclingifmorepeoplewalkor
bicycle.Policiesthatincreasethenumbersofpeoplewalkingandbicyclingappeartobean
effectiveroutetoimprovingthesafetyofpeoplewalkingandbicycling.Jacobsen2003.Such
policiesalsohelpovercomethethemandusstereotypingthatcancharacterisemutual
perceptionsbetweenpeopleincarsandpeopleonbikes.
GarryBrennanofBicycleNetwork(Victoria),identifiedthat
Thereasonthat[somemotorists]doshowaggressionontheroadtowardscyclistsisbecause
theythinkwereadifferentspecies.Theyveframedusasanedgegroupsowerenotworthyof
respect.Weneedmorewomen,moreschoolkids,moreelderlypeopleweneedafullcross
sectionofsocietyonourstreetsridingbikes,notjustsuperfitroadiesorsuperbrave
commuters.
Thatswhatsgoingtodeliverusthehugebenefitsinsafetybecausebikeridingwillbe
normaliseditwillbesociallyacceptable,socialempathywillbedrivingamuchgreater
understandingandrespectforpeopleonbikesandthatwillbeanetgainforeverybody.
Armstrong2014
Greatercyclistnumbersmayresultinincreasedcyclingsafetyviaseveralmechanisms.For
example,withmorecyclistsaround,driversmaybemoreawareofcyclists,andsofewer
crashesmayresultfromdriversfailingtolookforcyclists(acommoncauseofcycle/motor
vehiclecrashes).Incontrast,increasedcyclingsafety(whichmayresultfromfactorssuchas
improvedinfrastructure)maypromotetheuptakeofcycling,resultinginincreasedcyclist
numbers.Eitherway,thesafetywithnumbersphenomenon(Jacobsen,200323)seemsto
suggestthatinitiativestopromotecyclingarebestpursuedintandemwiththosethatincrease
cyclingsafety.Hatfieldetal2015
12.Principlesforminimisingconflict
Moore(1994),citedinLitmanandBlair(2004)liststwelveprinciplesforminimisingconflictson
multipleusetrails:
1. Recognizeconflictasgoalinterference.
2. Provideadequatetrailopportunities.
3. Minimisenumberofcontactsinproblemareas.
4. Involveusersasearlyaspossible.
5. Understanduserneeds.
6. Identifytheactualsourcesofconflict.
7. Workwithaffectedusers.
8. Promotetrailetiquette.
9. Encouragepositiveinteractionamongdifferentusers.
10. Favourlighthandedmanagement.
11. Planandactlocally.
12. Monitorprogress.
Austroads,2006
13.HowdoesfootpathcyclingfitwiththeSafeSystems
Approach?
Thesafesystemsapproach:
Saferoadsandinfrastructure/roadsides
Safespeeds
Safevehicles
Safepeople/SafeRoadUse
NZTA2014

23
Jacobsen,PL.(2003).Safetyinnumbers:Morewalkersandbicyclists,saferwalkingandbicycling.InjuryPrevention,9(3),
205209.
Saferoadsandinfrastructure/roadsides
Noteveryonecanhaveacyclepathattheirdoor.Childrenneedsafeaccesstobuiltfacilities.
QLDhavefootpathcyclingandacomprehensiveactivetransportstrategyincludingdedicated
cyclingfacilities.
Safespeeds
Vehiclesenteringandexitingdrivewaysaretravellingatlowerspeedthanthoseontheroad.
Drivewaybehaviourswouldbenefitfromthecultureshiftofsharingtheroadsafelybeingthe
priorityforallusers.
ThePanelsthirdpriorityisthereforetoinitiateamajorcultureshiftamongallroadusers
sothatsharingtheroadsafely,whetheryouareacyclist,carortruckdriver,ismore
importantthangettingfromAtoBasquicklyaspossible.SaferJourneys2014
Safevehicles
Inthecontextofcyclingasafevehicleisonefromwhichthecyclistisseparated.Children
cyclingontheroadarenotseparatetovehicles.
Safepeople/SafeRoadUse
SaferJourneys2014highpriorityrecommendationsinclude:
#12.IncreasethesafetyofcyclingtoschoolthroughapackageofSafeSystemmeasures.
#13.Improveallroaduserattitudesandbehaviourstowardssharingtheroadsafely.
Theyalsonotethatcycleeducationcannotstandalone:Despitethelackofsolidevidencein
thisareathePanelconsiderscycleskillstrainingandeducationregardingthekeyrisksfor
peoplewhocyclewillimprovesafetyoutcomeswherethe schoolrouteinfrastructureis
improved .Utilisingfootpathsaslinksinidentifiedsaferoutestoschoollegitimisescurrent
behaviourandremoversbarriertoparticipationandobstaclesforprogramdevelopment,such
asschoolbiketrains.
TheintegrationofofBicycleEducationwithsafeenvironmentsforchildrenscyclingisalso
stressedinSaferJourneys2014.HighPriorityActionrecommendationfromSaferJourneys
2014:
Createandimplementcomprehensiveschooltravelplanningpackages
incorporatingimprovedroutestoschools,appropriatespeedlimits,community
engagementandincreasedaccesstocycleskillstraining.
14.RecommendationsfromSafeKidsGeneralCycleSafety
SafekidsNewZealandrecommendsthatthefollowinginterventionsaresupportedtoreducethe
riskofinjuryanddeathtochildcyclists.
1.Bicyclehelmets
Bicyclehelmetsareeectiveinprotectingchildcyclistsagainsthead,brainandfacial
injuries.Childrenandparentsneedtobesupportedwithongoingeducationand
awarenesscampaignstoensurethatbicyclehelmetsareappropriatelyttedand
correctlyworn.Helmetwearingappearstodecreaseamongolderchildren,and
communitybasedinterventionsshouldbetargetedtoappropriatelyreacholderchildren
toensuretheycontinuetoconsistentlywearappropriatelyttedbicyclehelmets.
2.Bicycleskillstraining
Cyclingskillstraininghasapositiveeffectinincreasingknowledgeandimproving
observedridingskillsinchildrenwhoreceivetraining.Theimplementationofa
nationwidecycleskillstrainingprogrammeisanimportantcomponentofsupportingthe
developmentofconfidentandcapablecyclists,andhasthepotentialtocontributeto
reductionsininjurydeathsandhospitalisationsforchildcyclists.Childrenand
communitiesareencouragedtoparticipateintheNZTACycleSkillstrainingprogramme.
Childrenunder10yearsofageshouldnotcycleontheroadunlessaccompaniedbya
competentadultcyclist,andcarefulconsiderationshouldbegiventotheskillsofthechild,the
trafficenvironment,andtheirroadruleknowledge.
Childrencyclingonthepavementshouldbeencouragedtocycleslowly(atanadultjoggingor
walkingpace),andbealerttorisksincludingpedestriansandcarsmovingacrossthepavement
fromdriveways.
supervisionalongsidebicycleskillstrainingisrecommendedtosupportchildrenwhotransition
tocyclingonroads.
Source:SafekidsNZ2012
15.Is14therightage?
TheAustralianBicycleNetworkarecampaigningfortheagelimittoberaisedto16inremaining
states.Researchshowsstudentsuptotheageof16aremuchmorelikelytotakeriskswhich
adultswouldntwhenridingontheroads,makingfootpathsthebestplaceforyoungerriders.
Ellis2014
Theirabilitytoassessrisksontheroadandtheirvisualandperceptualskillsarentfully
developed,soallowingstudentstorideonfootpathswhethertheyredoingitforthefirsttime
ortheyvedoneitbeforeduringtheirprimaryschoolyearsmeanstheycanlearntheseskillsin
AustraliasBicycleNetwork24
anenvironmentwithfarlesstraffic.
supervisionalongsidebicycleskillstrainingisrecommendedtosupportchildrenwhotransition
tocyclingonroads.SafeKidsNZ2012
Cyclingperformancedoesnotnecessarilyincreasewithageandimprovedcognitiveandmotor
capacity.Olderchildrenmayoverextendtheircapabilitiesbycyclingfaster,andundermore
dangerousconditions,thantheirskillsareabletoaccommodate.Observationsofeightto13
yearoldchildrenscyclingbehaviourssuggestthatboyscyclingspeedincreaseswithage,and
bothboysandgirlsmakeincreasednumbersoferrors(suchasfailingtostopatsignalsor
stoppingtoolate)astheygetolder.SafeKidsNZ2012
ObservationalStudiesofNZChildCyclistsfoundthatoneinfour10yearoldswerenotablethe
practicalassessmentwithoutlosingcontroloftheirbicyclesorveeringoutofthecyclelane.This
numberdroppedtooneintenof11yearolds.Thefindingsofthisstudysuggestthatthereis
nospecificageatwhichitcansaidayoungchildcanbeallowedtorideunaccompaniedon
publicroads.Bromwell2016
Adviceisavailableregardingthetheoreticalrequirementsforsafecyclingbychildren.However,
thereisalackofinformationastowhenchildrencanphysicallycopewiththepracticalities
requiredundercurrentroadrulesandregulations.Thereisalsolittledatapublishedabout
childrensknowledgeabouttheserulesandregulations.Bromwell2016
Arnberget.al(1978)tested144childrenbetweentheagesof513fortheirabilitytoperforma
numberofskillsdeemedimportanttoensuresafecyclingintrafficsituations.Theyfoundthatit
wasonlythe13yearoldswhocouldmanageallthetestswell.Bromwell2016
Parentaljudgementiskey.They[parents]shouldcheckafewsimplethingsforthemselvesto
helpinformtheirdecision.Firstly,doesthechildknowthevarioushandsignalsrequiredforsafe
cycling,anddotheyunderstandwhenandforhowlongtoperformthese?Secondly,canthe
childmaintaincontroloftheirbicycleandremainwithinacyclelanewhileperformingthese
requiredhandsignals,andthenwhencheckingovertheirshoulderfortrafficapproachingfrom
behind?Therewereafew11and12yearoldswhowereunabletodoso.Bromwell2016
ResearchfromtheUSA(Tan2006)providesinsightintothetypeoferrorschildrenmakewhen
cyclingontheroad:
24

https://www.bicyclenetwork.com.au/general/policyandcampaigns/1014/
BicyclistRideoutNonintersectionChildbicyclistsages05,610,andtoalesser
extent,1115arealsooverrepresentedinrideoutsfromdrivewaysandothermidblock
locations.
BicyclistTurn/MergeYoungbicyclists,especiallyages1115,andolderriders,70+,
tendedtobemostoverrepresentedincollisionsinwhichtheyturnedormergedintothe
pathofasameoroppositedirectionmotoristadultsages2539tendedtohavelower
representationinthiscrashtype.
16.QueenslandChildRoadDeaths20032007
Bicyclist
(includes Motorcycle
pillion pillion Motorcycle Grand
passengers) passenger rider Passenger Pedestrian Total
Multiple
vehicle 5 1 25 31
Pedestrian 20 20
Single
vehicle 2 26 28
GrandTotal 5 2 1 51 20 79
%ofTotal
Fatalities 6.3% 2.5% 1.3% 64.6% 25.3%
Source:
AustralianRoadDeathsDatabase
.Filters:StateQLD,Ages014,Years20032007.
17.NZMinimumFootpathDimensionGuidelines
TheseareprovidedbytheNZTAinchapter14oftheirPedestrianPlanningGuide(NZTA2004).
Recommendedwidthsaredependantonmaximumpedestrianflowandlocation,withthe
absoluteminimumbeing1.65metres(onlyacceptableinexistingconstrainedconditionsand
whereitisnotpossibletoreallocateroadspace.)Forlocalroadsinresidentialareasthe
recommendedwidthis2.7metres,risingto3moncollectorroads.Alongsideparks,schools
andothermajorpedestriangeneratorstherecommendedwidthis4.5m.Notethatthesewidths
includeKerb,StreetFurniture,Throughroute,andFrontage.Wherefootpathsareinsufficiently
wide,theyrecommendpassingplacesof1.8metrewidthand2metrelengthtoaccommodate
twowheelchairstopasseachother.
Source:NZTA2008PedestrianPlanningandDesignGuide
18.ExtractfromTheofficialNewZealandcodeforCyclists25
Usingroadsandpaths
Whereveryouride,youaresharingspacewithotherroadusers.
Understandingandrespectingtheneedsofotherusersensureseveryoneis
safeandcomfortablewhiletheyareontheroadoronpaths.
Sharingwithpedestrians
Wheretherearealotofpedestrians,slowdownandbepreparedtostop
quickly.
Becarefulwhencyclingpastparkedvehiclesorstoppedbuses,as
pedestriansmaysuddenlyappear.
Slowdownandbereadytostopforanypedestrianson,orsteppingonto,
acrossing.See

Usingdifferenttypesofpedestriancrossings for
moreinformationonlegalstoppingrequirementsatdifferenttypesof
pedestriancrossings.
25
https://www.nzta.govt.nz/resources/roadcode/cyclistcode/aboutcycling/
Ifyouwanttouseapedestriancrossingtocrosstheroadyoumustget
offyourcycleandwalk.Theexceptionisatcrossingswithspecialtraffic
signalsforcyclistshereyoumaycycleacrossthecrossingwhenthe
signalshowsagreencyclesymbol.See Usingsharedpedestrianand

cyclecrossings formoreinformationonthesetypesofcrossings.
Sharedpaths(pathsthatallowpedestriansandcyclists)havetheirown
setofrulesformoreinformationonthese,see
Sharedpaths .
Whatpedestrianswouldlikecycliststoknow
Ifyouareonafootpathwithyourcycleyoushouldbewalkingwithit,
unlessyouaredeliveringmailorarecyclingawheeledrecreationdevice
thathasawheeldiameterlessthan355millimetres(normallyatricycle
orsmallchild'sbicycle).
Pedestriansoftencan'thearcyclistsapproaching,especiallyfrombehind
ortotheside.Calloutpolitelyoruseabellifyouhaveone.
Children,especiallythoseundertheageofnine,mayhavepoorroad
skills.Beverycarefulwhencyclingnearthem.
Untilchildrenreach15yearstheirvisionisnotfullydeveloped.Thislimits
theirabilitytoseeeasilytotheirsidesandcanmeantheymaynotsee
youuntilyouareintheirdirectlineofvision.
Childrenhavetroublejudgingthespeedofmovingcyclists,sotheymay
trytocrosstheroadeveniftheydoseeyou.
Somepeoplemayhavedisabilitiesthatpreventthemfromreactingor
movingquickly.
19.CyclingontheFootpath,theProsandCons
Benefits Disadvantages
Footpathsprovideasafercyclingenvironment Potentialincreasedconflictbetweencyclistsand
especiallyforthosemostvulnerable(theelderly pedestrians.
andinexperiencedriders).

Willreducetheconflictbetweencyclistsand Somepedestriansmaynotaltertheirbehaviourto
motorists. accommodatecyclistsonfootpaths.
Evidencefromotherjurisdictionswhereitislegal Itisdifficulttoenforcecyclistsspeedandsafe
indicatesfootpathcyclingwillhavenoadverse behaviouronfootpaths.
safetyimpacts,asthereisnotasignificantshiftby

themajorityofbicycleriderstothefootpathafter
regulatorychange.
Itisdifficulttoenforceabanonadultfootpath Maybeconflictinsomemixedusearease.g.caf
cyclingandthebreachcannotcompetewithother strips.
lawenforcementpriorities.

Willaddressthecurrentconfusionexperiencedby Costforsignageforareaswherecyclingon
adultcyclistsastowheretheymaylegallyride. footpathsisnotacceptablee.g.cafstrips.
Resolvesthedifficultyindefiningthedifferences CostforupdatingcurrentBikePlanstoreflectany
betweenpathse.g.sharedpaths.Willpotentially regulatorychange.
expandcyclingtoothergroupsofthecommunity.

Source:WALGAShervill,2015
20.Example:ADisabledRider
Source:
http://www.stuff.co.nz/dominionpost/news/localpapers/huttnews/5047064/StrangerreplacesH
uttcharactersbelovedbike
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SubmissiontotheTransportandIndustrialRelationsCommittee:

BicycleRelated 2003200712deaths,8 200320075deaths,alldesignated

NonFatal 20052009:5.7%of 19982003:480hospitalisationunder

InjuryLocation/ Mostchildreninjuredinacrash Location:

DataSource(s) Safekids2012 BicycleInjuryInQueensland,

Whenusingapath,we stopanddismount beforecrossingaroad,asthisallowsmore

Onfoot Onsmallwheels Mobilityimpaired

Ablepedestrian Inlineskates Mobilityscooters

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