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Grid Interconnection of Wind
Selected Technical Aspects
Annual Meeting of CIGRE Section - Crna Gora

10th May, 2017 Budva
Goran Drobnjak
GE Energy Connections
Energy Consulting Group
Munich, Germany
goran.drobnjak@ge.com
Mr. Goran Drobnjak graduated from the Electric Power Engineering, University
of Belgrade, Serbia in 1986. In 1992 he received Master degree from the same
University. At the beginning of 1998 he interrupted his PhD studies in Texas A&M
University to join GE Energy Consulting, Schenectady, NY. Since then he is
involved in development and application of GE products for power systems, oil &
gas and renewable energy. He is currently a Technical Director in GE Energy
Consulting in Europe. Mr. Drobnjak is a senior member of IEEE and active
contributor to several CIGRE WG.
Wind Grid Interconnection - Selected Technical Aspects 18 April 2017 2017 GE International, Inc. - All rights reserved 2
GE Energy Connections
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For Nearly A Century
A core group of leading GE technical experts has

focused its energies on solving the electric power
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evolution of electric power systems with greater
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Today
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by providing innovative solutions across the
entire spectrum of power generation, delivery,
and utilization
Wind Grid Interconnection - Selected Technical Aspects 18 April 2017 2017 GE International, Inc. - All rights reserved
Wind Power Plants
Sophisticated Generation Technology
Content
WTG Grid Friendly Functions WPP Performance
Wind Projects - Typical Challenges Wind Projects - Few Advance Topics
Edit Presentation Title in [Insert Tab > Header & Footer] | 18 April 2017 2017 GE International, Inc. - All rights reserved 6
Wind Turbine is a Complex System - Sample View
Grid Requirements Evolution
Performance Requirements
Advanced
Higher functionality is required for:

a) Bigger Plants
b) Weaker systems
c) Grids with higher wind penetration
Basic
Volt/VAR LVRT Active Power

Protection Control Control
Application Characteristics
Single WTGs Large Plants Multiple Plants
Low Penetration High Penetration
Advanced
Yesterday
O/U Voltage
Overcurrent
O/U Frequency PF control None None
Basic

Recent
Advanced
Past
Fancy Voltage
Control
(WindVAR)
Voltage control LVRT no trip Curtailment

(old DVAR)
O/U Voltage
Overcurrent
Basic

Now
Active Anti-islanding, Zero Power
Advanced
Torsional, Voltage LVRT with controlled Inertial
others Control current injection Response
WindFREE
Fancy Voltage Zero VRT no trip Frequency

Anti-islanding Control (e.g. FERC, Western Response
(WindCONTROL) Australia)
Voltage control LVRT no trip Curtailment

(old DVAR) (FRT)
O/U Voltage
Overcurrent
Basic

Wind Power Plants
Grid Friendly Features
2017 GE International, Inc. - All rights reserved
Grid Friendly Wind Power Plant
Dynamic VAR Control (Voltage, PF or VAR)

Line Drop Compensation
Voltage Droop
Power Curtailment
Capacitor/Reactor Bank Control
Ramp Rate Control
Frequency Droop Control
Grid Friendly Wind Power Plant
Reactive Power
Full leading and lagging range over full power range

Faster reactive response than synch. generator
Capability of reactive compensation with no wind
No need for FACTS devices
Generic Sample: GE X MW WTG - Reactive Power Capability
~0.5 pu
Reactive Power
0 pu 1 pu
Active Power
~ -0.5 pu
Voltage Regulation Initial Effect
Individual WTGs have fast, autonomous, self-protecting regulation

of their terminal voltages
Individual WTGs will always respond rapidly and correctly for grid
voltage events
Voltage Regulation WPP Level
GE WindCONTROL provides plant-level controls

Sends supervisory reactive power commands to individual WTGs
Coordinates other substation equipment (shunt capacitors/reactors, SVC, etc.)
Interfaces with utility SCADA
Accepts commands (e.g., voltage reference setpoint) from utility system operator
Plant Level Control System - WindCONTROL
Coordinated turbine and plant supervisory

control structure
Voltage, VAR, & PF control
PF requirements primarily met by WTG
reactive capability, but augmented by
mechanically switched shunt devices if
necessary
Combined plant response eliminates need
for SVC, STATCOM, or other expensive
equipment
Integrated with substation SCADA
Fault-Ride-Thru (FRT/LVRT/ZVRT)
Current is managed per Grid Code

Reactive current injection
Specific ramp rate, etc.
Active Power
Some grid codes require that wind plants have to provide

frequency response Specifically, governor-like reaction
AESO (Alberta) and ERCOT (Texas) are among those
In Europe Ireland grid system operator
GE WTG Can Provide:

Frequency response, Droop response, Wind Inertia, Ramp Rate
Control
GE WTG: Active Power Frequency Response Curve
GE WTG: Active Power Droop Response
Power
2% Frequency
Settings: Increase
4% Droop
(1.2 Hz f)
2% Frequency step Frequency

@0.25Hz/sec
50% Power Reduction
10 s/div
50% reduction in plant watts with 2% over-frequency
GE WTG: Active Power Startup
Settings:
Turbines sequenced on
at 20 second intervals
Ramp rate limit

3MW/Min
GE WTG: Active Power Shutdown
Settings:
Shutdown interval
set to 5 minutes
GE WTG: Active Power Shutdown
Wind Interconnection - Advanced Topics
Multiple Generation Site Coordination
Grid
Connectin
g nodes
Several
Miles
Several
Miles
X1 X2
Thermal Plant Wind Plant
Voltage Regulator Voltage Control
PT PT
Wind Plant 1 Wind Plant 2
Voltage Control Voltage Control
Thermal
Plant
WF1 WF2
WF3
Sample: Wind Plant Droops & Gains
Wind Plant Droop % Proportional Integral Gain

(on plant MVAr base) Gain
Plant 1 5 6.0 1.5

Plants 2 1.3 1.5 0.5
Plants 3 1.3 3.5 0.83
Plant 4 2.0 0.18 0.09
Plant 5 1.3 1.5 0.5
Plant 6 1.5 0.4 0.2
Volt/Var Control (simplified block diagram)
Voltage Behavior 5 Wind Plants
Uncoordinated Coordinated
WTG and Harmonics
Power electronic converters use PWM technology
Harmonics are clustered around multiples of the switching frequency
High frequencies are easily filtered
Random phase superposition self-cancels much of the harmonics produced in a plant
with many WTGs/inverters
All rotating machines produce a small amount of harmonics due to winding configuration
WTG harmonics do not usually require action in collector system design
WTG and Harmonics
Modern WTG/PV converters tend to cause low distortion at POI*:
High frequency PWM converter switching
Distortion filter
Harmonic system studies should be based on realistic converter modeling guidelines.
Wind/Solar plant equipment can create resonances (Shunt Caps), particularly to grid
distortion. If shunt capacitors are required, consider de-tuning.
If filters are needed, design must be sufficiently robust to meet design objectives for
expected variations.
POI* - Point of Interconnection
WTG and Harmonics Evaluation
GRID POI WF Collector System Aggregated Wind Turbine Generators
HV Bus
Zwf tx(f)
Zgrid(f)
Zwf cc(f)
Doubly Fed WTG and Short Circuit Contribution
Max and min symmetrical short-circuit current Max and min symmetrical short-circuit current
magnitudes immediately after fault application magnitudes three cycles after fault application
In the first cycle of the fault: high magnitude of AC current with DC offset due to the residual flux in the generator
Right after that: current control in the WTG pulls down the fault current
In about three cycles: the current regulator regains the control
Measure of Grid Strength - SCR
The industry has used the Short Circuit Ratio (SCR) to assess the system strength
for the connection of power electronic converters
SCR varies with system conditions
There are few different SCR calculations proposed in the industry
short circuit MVA of AC System

SCR
converter MW rating
GE turbines can operate on grids w/ SCR 1.7

For lower SCRs, studies would be necessary to explore feasibility
SCR applied to Wind Plants
In the case of Wind Plants (WP), the characterization of system strength has to take
into account all electrically close converters (Multi-infeed)
Composite SCR (CSCR) considers the grid strength as seen by all electrically close
converters and is used for wind plants.
Composite SC MVA
CSCR
converter MW rating
WP1 WP 2 WP 3
WTG and Weak Grids
All current-controlled PE sources require grid strength to operate reliably and stably
Grid strength is high when electrically close to conventional generation
Long transmission paths typically have power transfer limited below thermal limits
due to stability challenges
Fast control stability refers to interactions between transmission system and PE
sources (WTG, FACTS, HVdc, etc.)
Study Required to tune
WTG and Weak Grids
Modern WTGs are PE sources

Some applications may need mitigations to achieve desired
system performance under very low system strength conditions :
New lines
Meshed vs radial
Series compensation
Synchronous condensers (System strength, dyn VARs)
SVC, STATCOM (dyn VARs, control challenges)
Special protection schemes (such as transfer trips)
GE WTGs have control features to improve performance in low
system strength conditions
Thank you!
Hvala na paznji!
Wind Grid Interconnection - Selected Technical Aspects 18 April 2017

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Grid Interconnection of Wind

Selected Technical Aspects

Annual Meeting of CIGRE Section - Crna Gora

GE Energy Consulting Group

A core group of leading GE technical experts has

GEs Energy Consulting continues this tradition

WTG Grid Friendly Functions WPP Performance

Wind Projects - Typical Challenges Wind Projects - Few Advance Topics

Higher functionality is required for:

Volt/VAR LVRT Active Power

Volt/VAR LVRT Active Power

Voltage control LVRT no trip Curtailment

Volt/VAR LVRT Active Power

Fancy Voltage Zero VRT no trip Frequency

Voltage control LVRT no trip Curtailment

Volt/VAR LVRT Active Power

Dynamic VAR Control (Voltage, PF or VAR)

Full leading and lagging range over full power range

Individual WTGs have fast, autonomous, self-protecting regulation

GE WindCONTROL provides plant-level controls

Coordinated turbine and plant supervisory

Current is managed per Grid Code

Some grid codes require that wind plants have to provide

GE WTG Can Provide:

2% Frequency step Frequency

50% reduction in plant watts with 2% over-frequency

Ramp rate limit

Wind Interconnection - Advanced Topics

Wind Plant Droop % Proportional Integral Gain

Plant 1 5 6.0 1.5

short circuit MVA of AC System

GE turbines can operate on grids w/ SCR 1.7

Study Required to tune

Modern WTGs are PE sources

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