Lesson

2
 Lesson 1

VOCABULARY

PARTS OF THE BODY

Head Face Arm Hip
Hair Neck Hand Waist
Ears Cheek Wrist Leg
Eyes Shoulder Fingers Knee
Nose Chest Elbow Toes
Mouth Back Belly Ankle
Tongue Eyebrow Eyelid Feet
Jaw Palm Calf Belly button

ILLNESSES

Whats the matter?

I have a headache.
a stomachache.
a toothache.
an earache. How do you feel?
a backache. I feel sick. I feel nauseous.
a bad cold. ill.
a cough. awful.
a sore throat.
fever.
influenza. Why dont you take an aspirin?
chicken pox. Go home?
My head feels hot. see a doctor?
My legs feel weak. I hope youll get better.

3
 Washington English College

Medical supplies Types of medication First aid kit

Plaster Medicine Band aid

Syringe Capsule Adhesive tape
Crutch Pill Gauze pad
Wheel chair Aspirin Ice pack
Tablet Sterile tape
Cough syrup
Cream

DIALOGUE

Joan: Whats the matter with you?

Ralph: I feel awful. I have a headache and a sore throat.
Joan: Why dont you go to see a Doctor?
Ralph: Because I have no money.
Joan: Ah! Well, dont worry. There are a lot of colds and coughs going around just now.
Take an aspirin.
Ralph: O.K. Thank you!

4
 ACTIVITY 1

Answer the following question.

1. What does Ralph feel? __________________________________________________

2. Does Ralph have chicken pox? ___________________________________________
3. Why doesnt he go to see a doctor? __________________________________________
4. What does Joan say to Ralph? _________________________________________
5. What is the First Aid Kit? ___________________________________________________
6. Did you get some First Aid course? __________________________________________
7. Do you have a First Aid Kit at home? _________________________________________
8. What is the most important thing to do in an emergency situation?
___________________________________________________________________________

Complete the following sentences using: Aspirin, influenza, band aid,

fever, doctor, wheel chair.

1. I didnt sleep well last night because my husband got __________________________

2. My doctor said, Go home and take an _____________________ you will feel better.
3. Lisa was cutting tomatoes when she cut herself she needs a ____________________
4. Robert brock his leg in a cars accident. He is in a______________________________
5. My head feels hot I got high ____________________ I need to see a _______________

5
 Lesson
2

6
 Lesson 2

VOCABULARY

JOBS

ARCHITECT DOORMAN NURSE

ACCOUNTANT DELIVERY BOY PHARMACIST
ADMINISTRATOR ENGINEER POLITICIAN
ACTOR ELECTRICIAN RECEPTIONIST
ACTRESS FARMER SINGER
ARTIST FIREFIGHTER SECURITY GUARD
BUTCHER GARMET WORKER POLICE OFFICER
BAKER GRAPHIC DESIGNER SHOEMAKER
BANKER HAIRDRESSER VET
BUSINESS MAN HOUSEWIFE WAITER
BUS DRIVER JANITOR WAITRESS
CARPENTER JOURNALIST WORKER
CASHIER LAWYER
CLERK HOUSEKEEPER
COACH MANAGER
COOK MODEL
DENTIST MUSICIAN
MECHANIC

PUBLIC BUILDINGS, PLACES AND SHOPS

AIRPORT GAS STATION SHOPPING CENTER

BAKERY GROCERY STORE SHOE SHOP
BANK GARAGE SUPERMARKET
BOOK STORE LIBRARY RECORD SHOP
BUS STATION NEWS STAND POLICE STATION
MEAT MARKET NIGHT CLUB THEATER
DRUGSTORE PUB TOY STORE
FACTORY SNACK BAR MALL
7
 Washington English College

What do you do? What does she/he do?

I am a Dentist. She/He is a Cashier.
an Engineer. a Lawyer.
a Farmer. an Accountant.

What do you want to be? What does she/he want to be?

I want to be a Doctor. She/He wants to be a Singer.
a Mechanic. a Lawyer.
a nurse. an Accountant.

How do you like your job?

Its O.K.
I like it.
Its wonderful.
Its interesting.
Oh, its boring, but I have to do it.
I dont like it
Its interesting but dangerous.

Complete the following sentences with the right public building, shop or place
1) If you want to buy bread, you have to go to the _______________.
2) If you need medicines, you have to go to the ___________________.
3) If you want to buy books, you have to go the ___________________.
4) If you need to take a bus ,you have to go to the __________________.
5) If you want to buy shoes, you have to go to the ___________________.
6) If you want to buy meat, you have to go to the ___________________.
7) If you want to buy clothes, you have to go to to the ______________.

8
 ACTIVITY 2

Read the following dialogue and answer the questions below.

Paul and Caroline are friends. Caroline is walking at the mall when she meet Paul
Paul: Hi Caroline, How are you?
Caroline: Hello Paul! I am Fine, thanks. How you doing?
Paul: I am ok, but I am looking for a new job because, my boss makes to me work over
time and I am getting tired. I dont have time to go out with friends.
Caroline: Paul, you are a good worker and I know you will find something else much
better.
Paul: I am thinking to go back to school as a par time student I want to be a lawyer.
Caroline: Oh! That will be great! You know what Paul, I have been thinking the same.
I want to go back to school to get a degree to open my own business.
Paul: What are you doing this Friday evening?
Caroline: I am off, why?
Paul: Lets go out together to have some coffee somewhere.
Caroline: Sounds great!
Paul: Ill pick you up at 7:00 p.m.
Caroline: Ok!
Paul: Bye Caroline. I had a nice talk. Ill see you on Friday
Caroline: Bye, Paul. See you soon.

9
 Washington English College

Answer the following questions.

1. How is Paul? ____________________________________________________________

2. Does Paul have any trouble at work? _________________________________________
3. What does Paul want to do in his life? ________________________________________
4. What does Paul want to be?_________________________________________________
5. How is Caroline? _________________________________________________________
6. Is Caroline a Manager? ____________________________________________________
7. What does Paul ask to Caroline? ____________________________________________
8. At what time he will pick her up? ____________________________________________
9. Where are they going to go? ________________________________________________
10. What are they going to do? ________________________________________________
11. Does Paul have a car? ____________________________________________________
12. Are Paul and Caroline friends? _____________________________________________
13. Where did Caroline and Paul meet each other? _______________________________
14. What do you think about why Paul wants to go out with Caroline? _______________
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

Read the following sentences and choose true or false.

1. Caroline is at work.
2. Paul is a lawyer.
3. Caroline wants to open her own business
4. Paul wants to go back to school.
5. Paul is looking for a new job.
6. Paul and Caroline are friends.
7. Paul has a car.

10
Lesson
3

11
 Lesson 3

VOCABULARY

PARTS OF THE HOUSE AND VOCABULARY

LIVING ROOM REFRIGERATOR PILLOW SINK

SOFA MICROWAVE SHEET TOWEL

PICTURES OVEN BLANKET TOILET

DINING ROOM SPOON BATHROOM GARAGE

KITCHEN FORK CURTAIN GARDEN

DISHWASHER KNIFE SOAP HOSE

CAN OPENER DISH TOOTHPASTE BACKYARD

FRYING PAN NAPKIN TOOTHBRUSH ROOM

SAUCEPAN BEDROOM MIRROR

BLENDER BED TOILET PAPER

12
Washington English College

EXERCISES:

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS ACCORDING TO THE REALITY:

1. How is your house?

2. How many bedrooms are there in your house?

3. How many bathrooms are there in your house?

4. Is there a backyard in your house?

5) How many pillows do you have in your bedroom?

6) How many rooms are there in your house?

7) Is there a garage in your house?

8) How many mirrors are there in your bedroom?

9) How many pictures are there in your living room?

13
 Lesson
4

14
 Lesson 4

VOCABULARY

FOOD
SALAD CHICKEN CHEESE HAM
SOUP FRIED CHICKEN PASTA CHOPS
MEAT ROAST CHICKEN CEREAL ORANGE JUICE
BEEF PORK BLACK BEANS KETCHUP
LAMB EGG RICE BUTTER
TURKEY MILK LENTIL FRENCH FRIES
FISH BREAD BACON MASHED POTATO

VEGETABLES

CAULIFLOWER CELERY EGG PLANT PEPPER

BROCCOLI ARTICHOKE CARROT POTATO
CABBAGE PEA ONION PUMPKIN
LETTUCE TOMATO GARLIC BEET
SPINACH CUCUMBER MUSHROOM

FRUITS
AVOCADO STRAWBERRY COCONUT GRAPE
PEACH LEMON PINEAPPLE WATERMELON
PASSION FRUIT GRAPEFRUIT MANGO
PEANUT APPLE PAPAYA
ORANGE PEAR BANANA
15
 Washington English College

VERBS

Peel Put Open Cut

Add Bake Beat Spread
Pour Broil Chop
Cook Fry Slice
Boil Break Mix

READ THE FOLLOWING MAGAZINE ARTICLE:

The four basic food groups are the Fruit and Vegetable Group; the Meat, Fish,
and Egg Group; the Milk Group; and the Grain Group.

The Fruit and Vegetable Group includes bananas, grapes, apples, oranges, melons,
spinach, potatoes, tomatoes, carrots, lettuce, and many more. The Meat, Fish, and Egg
Group contains fish, eggs, and meats such as beef, lamb, chicken, and turkey. The Milk
Group includes foods like milk, cheese, and yogurt. Finally, the food in the Grain Group
are bread, pastas (like spaghetti), and cereals.

16
 ACTIVITY 4

Read the following dialogue and answer the questions below.

Michael and Susan are roommates. They are going to have a special dinner with
friends at home. They are at the Grocery Store to get some food.
Michael: Do you have your list?
Susan: yes, I do.
Michael: What do we need at home?
Susan: We need tomatoes, lettuces, onions, garlic, olive oil, salt and peper.
Michael: What will we have for dinner tonight?
Susan: We will have Pasta and Cesar Salad with Roast Chicken.
Michael: So, hurry up! we are late.
Its 4:00 p.m. after two hours at the grocery store Michael and Susan are back at home.
Michael: What are you doing?
Susan: I am making a Cesar salad and the chicken is already in the oven.
Michael: Do you need some help?
Susan: yes I do. Can you wash some lettuces for me please?
Michael: Sure!. Anything else?
Susan: No, I am fine thanks.
Michael: I rented a good movie to enjoy it after dinner
Susan: Thank you Michael, you are a nice roommate.
Michael: You are well come!

17
 Answer the following questions.

1. Where are Michael and Susan before 4:00 p.m.?

_________________________________________________________________________
2. What are they doing at the grocery store?
_________________________________________________________________________
3. Why is Susan in the kitchen?
__________________________________________________________________________
4. What are they going to eat?
_________________________________________________________________________
5. Does Susan need help in the kitchen?
_________________________________________________________________________
6. Is Michael a good rommmate?
_________________________________________________________________________
7. Who comes to visit them?
_________________________________________________________________________
8. What are they going to do after dinner?
_________________________________________________________________________
9. Are Michael and Susan roommates?
_________________________________________________________________________
10. Does Susan have her list ?
_________________________________________________________________________
11. What kind of fruits do you like?
_________________________________________________________________________
12. What kind of food do you prefer?
_________________________________________________________________________
13. What kind of vegetables dont you like?
_________________________________________________________________________
14. Do you like pineapples?
_________________________________________________________________________
15. What kind of fruits dont you like?
_________________________________________________________________________
16. Do you like onions?
_________________________________________________________________________
17. Do you like black beans?
_________________________________________________________________________

18
Lesson
5

19
 Lesson 5

VOCABULARY

ANIMALS

DOG ROOSTER ZEBRA BEAR

CAT COW RABBIT WHALE
TIGER PIGEON GOAT FOX
LION SNAKE MOUSE SHARK
BIRD TURTLE RAT SPIDER
ELEPHANT FROG GIRAFFE BUTTERFLY
MONKEY TOAD CAMEL ANT
DONKEY EAGLE BULL FLY
HEN PARROT DOLPHIN BAT
COCRODILE PENGUIN DUCK HORSE
SHEEP KITTEN PUPPY SQUIRREL
HIPPOPOTAMUS KANGAROO

EXERCISES:

1. Do you have a pet?

2. Do you like snakes? Why?

3. What kind of animals do you like? Why?

4. What kind of animals dont you like? Why?

20
 SPORTS

Baseball Athletics Horse racing Swimming

Football Tennis Gymnastic Basketball
Soccer Golf Bowling Scuba diving
Volleyball Boxing Ice skating Cycling
Surfing Archery Fencing Martial Arts

EXERCISES:

1. Do you practice any sport?

2. What kind of sports do you prefer?

3. What kind of sports dont you like?

4. Whats your favorite baseball player?

5. Whats your favorite baseball team?

6. Write you own opinion about the importance of sports.

21
 Lesson
6

22
 Lesson 6

EXPRESSING NECESSITY
(MUST HAVE TO)

MUST: Is used befor the verb for expressing a necessity or obligation.

It is determinated by the person who talks. Its negative form is mustnt.

Examples:
All the students must take the exam before entering to the university.
He mustnt arrive late to class.

HAVE TO: Goes befote the verb and is used for expressing an obligation or necessity.
Its negative form is, dont have to. The affirmatve form for the 3rd persons in singular
is has to, and the negative form is doesnt have to.

Examples:
You have to stop at red lights.
He has to wear a uniform.
Gladys has to study for the test tomorrow.

Affirmative Sentences

Subject+ Have/has to + Verb+ Comp

You have to stop at red lights

He has to wear a uniform.
Gladys has to study for the test tomorrow.

Negative Sentences

Subject + Do/Does+ not + Have to + Verb + Comp

You dont have to stop at red lights

He doesn`t have to wear a uniform
Gladys doesnt have to study for the test tomorrow.
23
 Washington English College
Interrogative Sentences

Do/Does + Subject + Have to + Verb + Comp + ?

Do you have to stop at red lights?

Does he have to wear a uniform?
Does Gladys have to study for the test tomorrow?
Had to: It is the past form of have to and its negative form is didnt have
to

Examples:

Affirmative Sentences

Subject + Had to + Verb (present) + Comp

You had to stop at red lights.

He had to wear a uniform.

Negative Sentences

Subject + did + not + have to + Verb (present) + Comp

You didnt have to stop at red lights.

He didnt have to wear a uniform.

Interrogative Sentences

Did + Subject + Have to + Verb (present) + Comp + ?

Did you have to stop at red lights?

Did he have to wear a uniform?

NOTICE:
Must and have to express necessity in a strong way.
Have to is more commonly used than must in everyday speech and writing..
Have to is used both formal and informal English.
Must is usually stronger that have to.
Have to - has to can be used to express both present and future.
Had to is used to express past.
There is no other past form of Must.
24
 INSTRUCTIONS AND PROHIBITIONS

INSTRUCTIONS: They are used for the 2nd person (You), both, singular and plural.
Examples:

Come back.
Read your English lessons.
Speak aloud.
Close the door.

PROHIBITIONS: They are used for the 2nd person (You), both, singular and plural,
preceding the negative structure, DONT.
Examples:

Dont be late.
Dont smoke.

PRACTICE:
Write a short paragraph, in which you explain a daily rutine, use,
at least 5 INSTRUCTIONS, and, 5 PROHIBITIONS.

25
 ACTIVITY 6

Fill the blanks with MUST and HAVE TO

1. I ____________ go to see my grandmother today because it is her birthday.

2. Frank needs a new car. He __________ to get it as soon as possible.
3. Lisa is a good student. She __________to continue with her education.
4. Laurie ___________ work until 7:00 p.m. tonight.
5. To get your driver licence you __________ to take your written and road tests.
6. If you dont have cash, you _____________use your credit card.
7. I __________ leave.
8. The children ______________ go to school.
9. Mary ____________write a letter.
10. Ann ____________ get some vegetables for dinner.
11. I ____________ clean my garage.
12. Peter _________ to see his doctor because he doesnt feel very well.
13. She doesnt __________ cook today we are going out for dinner.
14. Alice is off . She doesnt ____________ work today.
15. Elizabeth ______________ go to see her mother.
16. You and I are short of money. We _________to get a new Mortgage.
17. George ___________ pick up the newspaper every morning.
18. I ____________ rent a new apartment.
19. Louise __________go to the Pharmacy.

26
Change the following sentences into negative and interrogative form.

1) I have to do my homework.
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
2) She has to go home
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
3) Carlos had to pass the exam.
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
4) Sara has to go to the dentist.
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
5) We had to clean the bedroom
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________

27
 Lesson
7

28
 Lesson 7

OBJECT PRONOUNS AND REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

OBJECT PRONOUNS: they are used as complement and are written after the
verb or preposition
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS: Refer back to a noun within the same sentence,
often functions as an object

PERSONAL PRONOUNS OBJECT PRONOUNS REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

I Me Myself
YOU You Yourself
HE Him Himself
SHE Her Herself
IT It Itself
WE Us Ourselves
YOU You Yourselves
THEY Them Themselves

EXAMPLES:

OBJECT PRONOUNS REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

Could you give them the book? She made the dress by herself.
Come with me. I explained the lesson by myself.
I am waiting for you. They solved the problem by themselves.
Listen to her.

29
 OBJECT PRONOUNS AND REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

PRACTICE 1

SELECT THE CORRECT WORD:

1. I made the blouse by ( myself, herself, himself )

2. You did the homework by (ourselves themselves yourselves)

3. He planted those trees by (herself himself myself)

4. We painted the house by ( yourselves, ourselves, themselves )

5. Armando painted the house by (herself itself himself)

30
Lesson
8

31
 Lesson 8

CONJUNCTIONS

A conjunction is a word that joins two parts of the sentences

Conjunctions have two basic functions:

Coordinating conjunctions: are used to join two parts of a sentence that are
grammatically equal. for example:
Mary and Paul went to the beach last weekend.
I was taking a shower while you called me.
I went to see you but you didnt want to see me.

Subordinating conjunctions: are used to join a subordinate sentence to a main

sentence, for example:
I like to go to the Gym because it is healthy.
I am trying to protect him wheather he likes it or not.

Coordinating conjunctions
And, but, still, yet,while, then, so, so then, for, either, neither, however,
therefore, nevertheless, or, nor..

Subordinating conjunctions
That, because, since, as, as soon as, so that, if, unless, although, while, until, as if,
as though, when, why, in order that, therefore, whether..

32
Coordinating conjunctions
Examples:
- And: Mary and Paul went to the beach last weekend.
- But: I went to see you but you didnt want to see me.
- Still: she has already seen the film, still she is coming with us.
- Yet: I explained her the lesson three times, yet she didnt understand.
- While: I was taking a shower while you called me.
- Then: You can take the lessons, then you can take the oral test.
- So: I didnt study for my exam, so I failed it.
- So then: We work, so then we ca get paid.
- For: I go to park every Sunday, for I love to see the ducks on the lake.
- However: You are not in this class; however, you can sit down and listen it.
- Therefore: She didnt sign it, therefore she is not in the competition.
- Nevertheless: I studied so hard for my exam; nevertheless, I didnt pass it.
- Or: I will go to the cinema or to the opera.
- Nor: I wont eat onions nor cabbages.

Subordinating conjunctions

Examples:
- That: She spoke so fast that I could not understand her.
- Because: He was angry because we had lost our keys.
- Since: I have been working here since 2002.
- As: he hasnt called me as he promised.
- As soon as: Please, call me as soon as posible.
- If: If you call your brother, I will call mine.
- Unless: You will fail your exam unless you start studying.
- Although: Although Peter smiled, he was upset.
- While: She`s got a lot of friends, while her brother doesnt.
- Until: I will wait until you help me.
- As if: She looks as if she has had an argument.
- As though: He was tired as though he hadnt gone on holiday.
- When: She left the room when I entered.
- Why: I didnt study for my exam, thats the reason why I didnt pass it.
- In order that: I left the note on the pillow in order that he could find it.
- Whether: I am trying to protect him whether he likes it or not.

33
 ACTIVITY 8

a. Complete the following sentences with the correct conjunction

.
1. I will tell him ______he comes
2. Laura is going to Disney World ____she helps her mother at home.
3. I need the paper work ready ___________possible.
4. Michael eats only vegetables ___________ he is on diet.
5. Paul will wait for you _______ 6:00 p.m.
6. John ____ Ricky are cleaning their house.
7. I think ______ you will be a good doctor.
8. Mrs. Johnsons children are going to a Summer Camp _________
they prefer to go to visit their grandparents in California.
9. He can _______ read ______ write.
10. I dont know _______ is his birthday.
11. Tell me; _____ you have done this to me?
12. Michael is coming today __________he wants it or not.

b.Write some sentences about yourself using conjuctions.

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

34
Lesson
9

35
 Lesson 9

EITHER ... OR

Expresses two possibilities

It works as connectors among sentenes.

EITHER. OR: use it for positive options: Juan likes either brownies or lemon pie.

Examples:
Juan likes either brownies or lemon pie.
I like to eat either apples or watermelons.
He writes either with a pen or a pencil.

NEITHER NOR: use it for negative opitions: Juan likes neither fish nor French fries.

Examples:
Juan likes neither fish nor French fries.
I have neither brothers nor sisters.
They want to buy neither sweaters nor jackets.

EITHER OR: use it for negative options with the verb in the negative form:
Morella doesnt like either apple or pineapple.

. Examples:
Morella doesnt like either apple or pineapple.
I dont like either apples or watermelons.
He doesnt write either with a pen or a pencil.

36
Washington English College

PRACTICE 1

WRITE SENTENCES USING THE STRUCTURES GIVEN:

1. They drink coffee with cream.

They drink coffee without cream.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

2. Lucy will buy pineapples.

Lucy will buy strawberries.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

3. I go to the cafeteria.
I go to the restaurant.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

37
 Lesson
10

38
 Lesson 10

EXPRESSING OPINIONS:

VOCABULARY:

WONDERFUL BORING ELEGANT

INTERESTING ROMANTIC EXPENSIVE
IMPORTANT FANTASTIC SELFISH
BEAUTIFUL HORRIBLE SOFT
EASY GREAT DIRTY
DIFFICULT TERRIFIC SHY

HOW TO ASK AND EXPRESS OPINIONS:

{ ?
about this Story
What do you think Program
of that Film

{
its wonderful.
terrific.
I think
horrible.
its not boring.

39
 Washington English College

DIALOGUE:

James: What do you think about Soup Operas?

Sandra: Some of them are interesting.
James: What kind of movies do you like?
Sandra: I like science fiction movies.
James: I think theyre so boring.
Sandra: So, what kind of movies do you prefer?
James: Horror movies.
Sandra: I hate them.
James: Well, I must go home. Bye!
Sandra: Bye!

PRACTICE 1

ANSWER ACCORDING TO THE REALITY:

1. Do you think Venezuela is the best country of the world? Why?

2. What do you think about your English course?

3. What do you think about your teacher?

4. Do you think Valencia is a wonderful city? Why?

40
Lesson
11

41
 Lesson 11

TAG QUESTIONS
A tag question is a special construction in English. It is a statement followed by a
mini-question. The whole sentence is a "tag question", and the mini-question at the
end is called a "question tag".

We use tag questions at the end of statements to ask for confirmation.

OBSERVE THE FOLLOWING FACTS ABOUT TAG QUESTIONS:

1. When the statement is affirmative, the question is negative;

when the statement is negative, the tag question is affirmative.

2. When the verb in the statement is in a single form of to be,

the verb in the tag questions is the same but in the opposite way.

VERB TENSE SENTENCE TAG ENDING

Armando is intelligent, isnt he?
I am late arent I?
SIMPLE PRESENT They are good teachers, arent they?
Carlos eats pizza, doesnt he?
We dont know English, do we?
Rogert wasnt a good boy, was he?
SIMPLE PAST Eyin worked hard yesterday, didnt she?
You didnt travel by car, did you?
Youll be here early, wont you?
SIMPLE FUTURE
Our friends wont forget us, will they?

42
Auxiliary verbs Sentence Tag ending

You can play the violin Cant you?

Can
She cant play soccer Can she?

He could find a job Couldnt he?

Could
They couldnt speak English. Could they?

Tom should pass his exam Shouldnt he?

Should
I shouldnt take notes about
the lesson. Should I?

43
 Washington English College

PRACTICE 1

ADD THE CORRESPONDING QUESTION TAG TO EACH SENTENCE:

1. Tim was writing on the board, _______________?

2. There is a mirror in the box, _______________?
3. Those children are playing tennis, _______________?
4. These boys arent swimming, _______________?
5. Freddy will come late, _______________?
6. Nancy doesnt swim well, _______________?
7. You didnt take it, _______________?
8. Ms. Espinoza explains it very clearly, _______________?
9. I dont get up early, _______________?
10. I could understand the homework, _______________?

PRACTICE 2

Talk to your partner. Confirm the information in the following sentences:

1. A: The baseball game wasnt very interesting, _________?

B: _____________ (disagree)

2. A:Pel was an excellent soccer player, ______________?

B: ____________________. (Agree)

3. A: Pel was an excellent football player, ___________?

B: _______________ (Agree)

44
Lesson
12

45
 Lesson 12

USED TO
Used to, expresses the idea that something was an old habit that stopped in the past.
It says that something was often repeated in the past, but it is not usually done now.
Used to can also be used to talk about past facts or generalizations which are no
longer true

Examples:

I used to live in Paris

Sara used to be fat, but now, shes thin.
Harry used to be the best student in the class, but, now Jenny is the best.
I used to smoke.
They didnt use to prepare lunch.
He used to play football every Saturday.

Affirmative Sentences:
Subject + used to+ verb (present) + Comp
I used to live in Paris
He used to play football every Saturday.
I used to smoke.

Negative sentences:
Subject+ did + not + use to + verb ( present) + Comp
I didnt use to live in Paris.
He didnt use to play football every Saturday.
I didnt use to smoke.

Interrogative sentences:
Did + subject + use to + verb (present) + comp + ?
Did you use to live in Paris?
Did he use to play football every Saturday?
Did you use to smoke?

46
 TO BE ABLE TO
Can and could are used to express ability. In this sense they are usually equivalent to
the forms of be able to. This structure is more formal than the others.

Examples:

I am able to get new credit cards

Are you able to come tonight?
He is able to translate documents from English to Spanish
She is able to dance at the theatre
You are able to speak English very well

Affirmative sentences:
Subject + Verb to be + able to + verb (present) + Comp
I am able to get new credit cards.
She is able to dance at the theatre.

Negative sentences:
Subject + verb to be + not + able to + verb (present) + comp
I am not able to get new credit cards.
She is not able to dance at the theatre.

Interrogative sentences:
Verb to be + subject + able to + verb ( present) + comp + ?
Are you able to get new credit cards?
Is she able to dance at the theatre?

47
 Washington English College

PRACTICE 1

FILL IN THE BLANKS USING USED TO:

1. He ____________________ amazing stories.

2. The grandson ____________________ presents to his grandfather.

3. My mother ____________________ pizzas to her daughter.

PRACTICE 2

ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS:

1. Did the boys use to take the school bus?

__________________________________________________________________________

2. Did grandchildren use to visit their grandparents?

__________________________________________________________________________

3. Are you able to translate a paragraph into English?

__________________________________________________________________________

4. Is Ashley able to speak German?

__________________________________________________________________________

48
Lesson
13

49
 Lesson 13

PRESENT PERFECT
We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time
before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with
time expressions such as "yesterday," "one year ago," "last week," "when I was a
child," "when I lived in Japan," "at that moment," "that day" or "one day." We CAN use
the Present Perfect with expressions like "ever," "never," "once," "many times,"
"several times," "before," "so far," "already" and "yet."

When you are using a verb tense with more than one part such as Present Perfect
(have seen), adverbs usually come between the first part and the second part
(have never seen).

AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES NEGATIVE SENTENCES

Sujeto + have/has + P. Participio Sujeto + have/has + not + P. Participio
I have done my homework. I havent completed the exercises.
She has worked in New York. He hasnt gone to Europe.

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES ANSWERS

Have/has + Sujeto + P. Participio? Have you done your homework?
Have you done your homework? Yes, I have.
Has he gone to Europe? Yes, I have done my homework
No, I havent done my homework.

50
PAST PERFECT
The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in
the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past.
When you are using a verb tense with more than one part such as Past Perfect (had met),
adverbs often come between the first part and the second part (had never met).

AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES NEGATIVE SENTENCES

Sujeto + had + P. Participio Sujeto + had + not + P. Participio
I had learned English. I hadnt learned English.
She had worked there. She hadnt worked there.

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES ANSWERS

Had + Sujeto + P. Participio? Had you learned English?
Had you learned English? Had she worked there?
Yes, I had learned English.
No, I hadnt learned English.

PRACTICE 1

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

1. Have you played soccer?

2. Has your mother cooked Chinese rice?

3. Have you studied in another country?

4. Has your brother gone to Italy?

5. Have the students learned the lesson?

51
 Lesson
14

52
 Lesson 14

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

We use the Present Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and
has continued up until now. "For five minutes", "for two weeks", and "since Tuesday"
are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect Continuous.

AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES NEGATIVE SENTENCES

Sujeto + have/has + been + verb(ing) Sujeto + have/has + not + been + verb(ing)
I have been working here since 1988. I havent been working here.
He has been playing hockey for years. He hasnt been playing hockey.

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES ANSWERS

Have/has + Sujeto + been + verb(ing)?
Have you been working here?
Has he been playing hockey?
Have you been working here?
Yes, I have.
Yes, I have been working here
No, I have not been working here
No, I havent.

53
 PRACTICE 1

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

1. Have you been eating here?

2. What have you been doing here?

3. Has the teacher been explaining this lesson for two hours?

4. Have you been learning English?

5. Has your father been working in Mrida?

PRACTICE 2

MAKE A DIALOGUE USING PRESENT PERFECT.

54
Lesson
15

55
 Lesson 15

FIRST CONDITIONAL

1. Nature: Open condition, what is said in the condition is possible.

2. Time: This condition refers either to present or to future time.
e.g. If he is late, we will have to go without him.
If my mother knows about this, we are in serious trouble

1. If + Present Tense will + inf / present tense / imperative

a. If you help me with the dishes (if + pres),
I will help you with your homework. (will + inf)
b. If the sum of the digits of a number is divisible by three,
the number is divisible by three (Pres. tense)
c. If you see Mr Fox tonight, tell him I am ill. (imperative).

SECOND CONDITIONAL
2. If + Past Tense would + inf

1. Nature: unreal (impossible) or improbable situations.

2. Time: present; the TENSE is past, but we are talking about the present, now.
E.g. If I knew her name, I would tell you.

If I were you, I would tell my father.

Compare: If I become president, I will change the social security system.
(Said by a presidential candidate)
If I became president, I would change the social security system.
(Said by a schoolboy: improbable)
If we win this match, we are qualified for the semifinals.
If I won a million pounds, I would stop teaching. (improbable)
56
 THIRD CONDITIONAL
1. Nature: unreal
2. Time: Past (so we are talking about a situation that was not so in the past.)
e.g. If you had warned me, I would not have told your father about that party.
(But you didn't, and I have).

3. If + Past Perfect Tense would have + past participle

REMEMBER!

1. The conditional construction does not normally use will or would in if-clauses.
EXCEPTION: If will or would express willingness, as in requests,
they can be used in if-clauses.
E.g. If you will come this way, the manager will see you now.
I would be grateful if you would give me a little help.
(Please, come this way; please, give me...)
2. For the second conditional, were replaces was:
If I were a rich man...
3. After if, we can either use some (-one, -where...) or any (-one, -where...).
If I have some spare time next weekend....or:
If I have any spare time...
4. Instead of if not, we can use unless.
E.g. I'll be back tomorrow unless there is a plane strike.
He'll accept the job unless the salary is too low.
5. There is a "mixed type" as well, for the present results of an unreal condition
in the past:
If + Past Perfect - would + inf.
If you had warned me (then), I would not be in prison (now).

57
 PRACTICE 1

COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES:

1. If I have nothing to do tonight, _______________________________________
2. If my neighbors make a lot of noise, ________________________________
3. If I won a lot of money, _____________________________________________
4. If I were the President of Venezuela, __________________________________
5. If I study English, __________________________________________________

PRACTICE 2

1. What would you do if you won the Kino?

_____________________________________________________________________

2. What would you do if your sister were Shakira?

______________________________________________________________________

58
Lesson
16

59
 Lesson 16

REPORTED SPEECH (Part I)

El Reported Speech es la emisin de un mensaje que luego de ser recibido por una
persona es comunicado a otros.

Receptor1
Emisor Receptor2
Mensaje recibido Emisor2 Mensaje comunicado
Oracin directa Oracin indirecta

Cambios que se producen con el Reported Speech

TIEMPOS VERBALES

Presente Simple _________________ Pasado Simple

Presente Progresivo______________ Pasado Progresivo
Pasado Simple __________________ Pasado Perfecto
Futuro _________________________ Condicional (Would)

Pron. Personales Pron. Objetivos Pron. Posesivos

He him his
I She me her mine hers
I me mine
You We you us yours ours
We They us them ours theirs

Adjetivos Posesivos Pron. Demostrativos

his This That
my her
my
your our These Those
our their

60
PRACTICE 1 : Change the following sentences into reported speech.

1. Carlos: Mary is my friend.

____________________________________________________________________
2. Armando: I have a new job.

____________________________________________________________________
3. Sandra: They are my students.

____________________________________________________________________
4. Mileidy: This car was mine.

____________________________________________________________________
5. Julio: I go to the beach every month.

____________________________________________________________________
6. Eyin: We will travel to Europe.

____________________________________________________________________

61
 Lesson
17

62
 Lesson 17

REPORTED SPEECH (Part II)

Pron. Reflexivos Verbos Modales

himself
myself herself Can Could
yourself myself May Might
yourselves ourselves Must Had to
ourselves themselves

Auxiliares
Will Would
Do
Does Did
Did Had + V. Part.
Have
Has Had
Shall Should
Ought to

Adverbios

Today That day Los advervios que llevan next

Here There cambian por:
Now Then following o after
At the moment Los advervios que llevan last
Tonight That night cambian por:
Yesterday The day before previous o before
The previous day
Tomorrow The following day
The day after

63
 PRACTICE 1 Change the following sentences into reported speech.

1. Tony: Mary must go with me now.

____________________________________________________________________

2. Kelly: I live here.

____________________________________________________________________

3. The boy: I need your car tonight.

____________________________________________________________________

4. Lisbeth: She is waiting for you here.

____________________________________________________________________

5. Rebeca: My father worked in Florida last year.

____________________________________________________________________

6. Naudy: Im going to paint the institute next week.

____________________________________________________________________

64
Lesson
18

65
 Lesson 18

REPORTED SPEECH (Para preguntas)

Caso N 1:

Para hacer el cambio de una oracin interrogativa que comienza con un auxiliar
(Do Does Did Will) o (Has Have Had) se emplea la palabra if delante del
sujeto de la oracin reportada y se realizan todos los dems cambios estudiados
anteriormente.

Example:
The boy asked, Will you go to the concert?
Aux. S V

The boy asked if I would go to the concert.

Caso N 2:

Si la oracin interrogativa comienza con un pronombre interrogativo

(Why How Where What) seguido por el verbo to be, el verbo se coloca
despus del sujeto.

Example:
Margot asked, Where is the library?
V S

Margot asked where the library was.

S V

66
Caso N 3:

Si la oracin interrogativa comienza con una palabra interrogativa

(Why How Where When Which What)
seguido de un auxiliar (do does did will have has had),
se elimina el auxiliar y se realizan los cambios anteriormente estudiados.

Example:

Peter asked, Where do you go?

Peter asked where I went.

PRACTICE 1
CHANGE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO REPORTED SPEECH:

1. The teacher asked the students, Do you like to study hard?

____________________________________________________________________

2. The Doctor asked the lady, Have you taken your medicines?

____________________________________________________________________

3. Stephanie asked her mother, Where are my shoes?

____________________________________________________________________

4. John asked me, Where does that girl live?

____________________________________________________________________

5. The child asked, What time is it?

____________________________________________________________________

67
 Lesson
19

68
 Lesson 19

PASSIVE VOICE (I Part)

La voz pasiva se forma con el verbo to be en el tiempo correspondiente y el pasado

participio del verbo principal.

La oracin pasiva comienza con el objeto directo o indirecto de la oracin activa.

Example:

ACTIVE: I write many letters.

S V O.D. (Qu?)

PASSIVE: Many letters are written by me.

Sujeto pasivo To Be + verbo part.

NOTAS:
Para conseguir el objeto de la oracin activa preguntamos qu? o a quin?
El sujeto de la oracin activa pasa a la oracin pasiva como pronombre objetivo
anteponindole la palabra by.

Examples:
ACTIVE: I take Mary to the hospital.
S V O.D.(a quin?) Adv.

PASSIVE: Mary is taken to the hospital by me.

69
 PASSIVE FORMS
Simple present:
Am
Is + Verbo participio
Are
ACTIVE : Mary helps John.
PASSIVE: John is helped by Mary.
ACTIVE : Mirla writes letters.
PASSIVE: Letters are written by her.
Simple past:
Was
Were + Verbo participio
ACTIVE : Mary helped John.
PASSIVE: John was helped by Mary/her.
ACTIVE : Mirla wrote letters.
PASSIVE: The letters were written by Mirla

PRACTICE 1
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING THE CORRECT FORM
OF THE PASSIVE VOICE:

1. She makes a good cake. A good cake _____ __________ by _______

2. Joe paints houses. Houses ________ __________ by _______
3. Charlie closed the window. The window ______ __________ by _______
4. The architect designed that building. That building _____ _________ by _____

A. CHANGE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE:

1. Rmulo Gallegos wrote Doa Brbara.

_________________________________________________________________
2. Mary cuts a flower.
_________________________________________________________________
3. They buy some computers.
_________________________________________________________________
4. We build a house.
_________________________________________________________________

70
Lesson
20

71
 Lesson 20

PASSIVE VOICE (II Part)

Present progressive:

Am
Is + Being + Verbo participio
Are
ACTIVE : Mary is helping John.
PASSIVE: John is being helped by Mary.
ACTIVE : Alex is explaining the lessons.
PASSIVE: The lessons are being explained by him.
* Past Progressive:
Was
Were + Being + Verbo participio
ACTIVE : Mary was helping John.
PASSIVE: John was being helped by her.
ACTIVE : I was writing poems.
PASSIVE: Poems were being written by me.

PRACTICE 1
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING THE CORRECT FORM
OF THE PASSIVE VOICE:

1. Melissa is buying many gifts.

Many gifts ________ ________ __________ by ____________

2. The police is capturing the thief.

The thief ________ ________ ____________ by ____________

72
3. The girls are observing the insects.
The insects _________ __________ _______________ by ___________

4. Marcos was singing a song.

A song ________ _________ ____________ by ___________

PRACTICE 2
CHANGE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE:

1. Tom is using this red pen.

_________________________________________________________________

2. Julio and Alex are doing some exams.

_________________________________________________________________

3. The teachers were teaching English.

_________________________________________________________________

4. Carlos was driving a car.

_________________________________________________________________

5. We were organizing a party.

_________________________________________________________________

73
 Lesson
21

74
 Lesson 21

PASSIVE VOICE (III Part)

Present Perfect:
Have
Has + Been + Verbo participio

ACTIVE : Mary has helped John.

PASSIVE: John has been helped by Mary.
ACTIVE : He has brought the letters.
PASSIVE: The letters have been brought by him.

Past Perfect:
Had + Been + Verbo participio
ACTIVE : Mary had helped John.
PASSIVE: John had been helped by her.
ACTIVE : I had paid him for his work.
PASSIVE: He had been paid for his work by me.

PRACTICE 1:
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING THE CORRECT FORM
OF THE PASSIVE VOICE:

1. Katiuska has closed the window.

The window ________ _________ __________ by ____________

2. The scientists have found a new type of amoeba.

A new type of amoeba ________ __________ ____________ by ____________

75
 3. We had read some novels.
Some novels __________ ___________ _______________ by ___________

4. Charles had finished the work on time.

The work on time ________ _________ ____________ by ___________

PRACTICE 2
CHANGE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE:

1. The students have organized the party.

_________________________________________________________________

2. Mary has bought a new dress.

_________________________________________________________________

3. Julia had written many poems.

_________________________________________________________________

4. I have studied French.

_________________________________________________________________

5. We had sent her some magazines.

_________________________________________________________________

6. Pablo has brought the coffee.

_________________________________________________________________

76
Lesson
22

77
 Lesson 22

PASSIVE VOICE (IV Part)

Future:

Will + be + Verbo participio

ACTIVE : Mary will help John.

PASSIVE: John will be helped by Mary.
ACTIVE : Mr. Brown will teach that course.
PASSIVE: That course will be taught by him.

PRACTICE 1 :
A. COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING THE CORRECT
FORM OF THE PASSIVE VOICE:

1. Peter will check the merchandise.

The merchandise ________ _________ __________ by ____________

2. Rogert will invite his friends.

His friends ________ __________ ______________ by ____________

3. We will use butter in these cakes.

Butter ________ ________ _________ in these cakes by ___________

4. They will educate her in Europe.

She ________ _________ _______________ in Europe by __________

78
PRACTICE 2
CHANGE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE VOICE:

1. Margaret will dance in a very important place.

_________________________________________________________________

2. They will publish the book in December.

_________________________________________________________________

3. Paul will delivery the mail.

_________________________________________________________________

4. Cardenales will win the games.

_________________________________________________________________

5. Freddy will fix the phone.

_________________________________________________________________

6. Armando will find the lessons.

_________________________________________________________________

79
 Lesson
23

80
 Lesson 23

PHRASAL VERBS
Los verbos frasales son aquellos que estn formados por dos (2) o a veces tres
(3) palabras.
La primera palabra es siempre un verbo que va seguido, ya sea de un adverbio
(to turn down) o por una preposicin (to eat into), o bien por ambos (to put up with).

Verb Meaning I will pick up the children tomorrow.

Get up Levantarse I am looking at you.
Wake up Despertarse Write down the answers.
Find out Averiguar Look out! Sorry!
Call on Visitar
I hope you keep on working.
Lie down Acostarse
Write down Tomar nota
Burn down Quemarse
Break in Entrar sin permiso
Pick up Recoger
Talk over Discutir
Let in Permitir
Keep on Continuar
Look out Cuidado
Look at Mirar
Mix up Mezclar
Stand for Representar
Take Look out Cuidado
Hand out Repartir
Into Dentro
Account Tomar en cuenta
Look out Cuidado
Put off Postponer
Go on Continuar
Work on Trabajar sin parar
Come in Entrar
81
 ACTIVITY 23

Read the story and answer the questions below.

The Clintonschildren are very special. Mary is 12 years old, Paul is 14 years old and
Laura is 16 years old and they are going to school at the Lincoln Center in New York City.
Every morning they should get up at 6:00 a.m. to take a shower, get dress, have breakfast
and be ready to go to school. Mrs. Clinton drives her kids to school and Mr. Clinton
picks up the children every afternoon.

Laura is a good daugther she makes dinner for all family every evening because she likes
to help her mom. Mary cleans their house and Paul takes the garbage out and he cuts
the grass at home. After they have done the work, they are going to their rooms to study
and to get their homework done for the next day.
Mr. And Mrs. Clinton are very lucky!. They can lie down on the sofa and relax themselves
while their children are helping them at home.

Answer the followin questions.

1. Where are the Clintons children go to school? _________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________
2. What are they doing from Monday to Friday ? _____________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. Who drives the children to school? ___________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4. When are they going to school? _____________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5. How do they get home every afternoon ? ______________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
6.What are The Clintons children doing after they have done their work at home?
__ _________________________________________________________________________
7. What do you think about The Clintons children? _______________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

82
Lesson
24

83
 Lesson 24

MY NEW ADDRESS AND PHONE NUMBER ARE...

1. Read the letter. What do

March 7, 1993
Dear Charles, you think Carolyn is talking
I moved into my new apartment this week and Im very about?
happy. The neighborhood is interesting. Its only ten
minutes by train to the World Trade Center, but its quiet
and relaxing. There are even trees and flowers. 1. Whos the woman upstairs?
I have friendly neighbors. The woman upstairs seems 2. Who are the people next door?
really nice. I think shes a lab technician. The people next
door have their own a coffee shop. Its right down the
street, so I go there a lot for breakfast.
2. True or False?
I really like it here, but I miss all my friends in Vermont. 1. Carolyns neighborhood is quiet
I hope everything is O.K. back there. Please write soon.
and relaxing.
Love, 2. The World Trade Center is in her
Carolyn
neighborhood.
3. Theres a coffee shop down the
P.S. My new address and phone number are:
3 Willow Street, Apt. 2B street from Carolyns apartment.
Brooklyn, NY 11201
(718) 555-3714 4. Charles is a friend from Vermont.

Taken from Spectrum, page 30.

84
3. Look at the envelope. What do these abbreviations stand for?

1. NY New York 3. Apt.

2. VT 4. S.

4. Compare the envelope to a properly addressed envelope in your country.

Include the Is it Street, Avenue, Drive,

apartment number. Road, Place, or Boulevard?

Carolyn Duval
3 Willow Street, Apt. 2B
Brooklyn, NY 11201

Charles Wong
9 S. Oak Street
Burlington, VT 05432

Always use your

return address. Is it North, South, Use the Zip Code.
East, or West?

85
 ACTIVITY 24

1. Write a letter to a friend and tell him/her how are you doing.

You can use the following questions to help you written sheet.
a. Where are you living?
b. What are you doing for living?
c. How do you feel?
d. What is new?
e. If you have a family talk about them
f. How is your job?
g. What are you doing on weekends?
h. Etc...
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

2. Write your address and your friends address on the envelope.

86
Practica de conversacion 1

AFFIXES

Paticles added to a word in order to form a new Word.

PREFIXES: THE AFFIX THAT PRECEDES A WORD
EX: IN-, RE-, POST-, etc.
SUFFIXES: THE AFFIX ADDED TO A WORD.
EX: -ER, -IST, -AL, ect.
Generally when you add a prefix to a root word the spelling of the prefix and the root
words stays the same.

Prefix Meaning Example Root

A- Opposition-not Asexual, Sexual, symmetric
asymmetric
IN- Not Incomplete Complete
IL- (befote I) Illogical
IM (befote m, p, b) Imperfect
IR- (before r) Irregular
NON- Not Non technical
UN- Unfair
DE- Not (it is used Degenerate
DIS- before vowels) Disorder
MAL- Wrong- not normal Malfunction
MIS- Misunderstand
BI -(O) Life Biology, biography

87
 Washington English College

Sufix Meaning Example Root

ER Person who Worker, driver Work, drive
carries out the action
HOOD Status, condition Childhood Child
of life
SHIP Condition/ state Friendship, Complete
relationship
LESS Without Homeless, hairless
FUL Characterized by Useful, helpful
ISM Condition/ state Idealism
IST Follower, practicer Violinist
ABLE Showing qualities Reasonable
OUS Having the quality of Dangerous

NESS A quality, state Hapiness

ADDING AFFIXES TO ROOT WORDS.

Professions
e.g. music + cian = musician
politic + cian = politician
mathematics + cian = mathematician
From verbs to nouns
e.g. relax (verb) + tion = relaxation (noun)
describe (verb) + tion = description (noun)
Adding '-sion'
e.g. confuse (verb) + sion = confusion (noun)
explode (verb) + sion = explosion (noun)
discuss (verb) + sion = discussion (noun)

88