Substation equipment and its function 2

1. 1. Khairpur Mir`s Assignment of Power Distribution & Utilizations System SubmittedTo: Sir Irfan
Ahmed SubmittedBy: Zulfiqar Mangrio (K-13EL-79) Topic:Substation equipments and its Function
Department: Electrical Engineering Date: 28-Jan-2016
2. 2. K-13EL-37 Page 2 Substation equipments and its Function Distribution System The major function
of distribution system is to provide power to individual consumer requirement. Supply of electric
power to different consumers is done at low voltage level. Any Distribution of electric power is done
by distribution networks. Distribution Substations distribute the power. As many equipment`s are
used in substation which can lower the voltage level Control the whole system. Which are given
below; Substation equipments 1. Power Transformer 2. Circuit Breaker 3. Disconnecting Switches &
Isolator 4. Bus Bar 5. Current Transformer 6. Potential Transformer 7. Current Limiting Reactor 8.
Shunt Reactor 9. Series Capacitor 10. Capacitor Voltage Transformer (CVT) 11. Coupling Capacitor
Voltage Transformer (CCVT) 12. Shunt Capacitor 13. Grounding System 14. Lightning Arrester 15.
Line Trap 16. Protective Relays 17. Station Batteries 1. Power Transformer A transformer is an
electric static machine used to change the voltage and current without changing the frequency and
power. The power transformer is different
3. 3. K-13EL-37 Page 3 from the distribution transformer because due to its high rating or it depends on
the ratings. In case of a 220 KV or above KV level auto transformers are used. As in casethe of lower
KV line such as less than 132KV line double winding transformers are used 2. Circuit Breaker The
circuit breakers are used to control (Break) the circuit if any fault occurs in any of the Substation
system. These circuit breaker breaks for a fault which can damage other equipment in the station.
For any fault over the substation station we need to break the circuit it means that line current. This is
done by automatically Circuit breaker by the help of relay. Some of the type of Circuit Breaker Oil
circuit breaker. Air circuit breaker. SF6 circuit breaker. Vacuum circuit breaker
4. 4. K-13EL-37 Page 4 3. Disconnecting Switches & Isolator Isolator is a mechanical switch which can
separate the part from circuit in the system when it is required. Electrical isolators separate a part of
the system from rest for safe maintenance works. This isolator is to protect the transformer and the
other equipment in the system. The isolator isolates or cut the circuit from the high voltage to the
ground. It is protecting device. 4. Bus Bar A bus bars in electrical power distribution are the
conductors which are made up of thick strips of copper or aluminum that conduct electricitywithin a
switchboard, distribution board, substation, or other electrical apparatus. The bus is a line in which
the incoming feeders come into and get into the instruments for further step up or step down. There
may be double line in the bus so that if any fault occurs in the one the other can still have the current
and the supply will not stop.
5. 5. K-13EL-37 Page 5 5. Current Transformer A current transformer is defined as an instrument
transformer in which the secondary current is substantially proportional to the primary
current.Current transformers are used when the magnitude of AC currents exceeds the safe value of
current of measuring instruments. Current transformers are basically used to take the readings of the
currents entering the substation. This transformer steps down the current from 800 amps to 1 amp.
This is done because we have no instrument for measuring of such a large current. The main use of
this transformer is a. Distance Protection b. Backup Protection c. Measurement 6. Potential
transformer The potential transformer usages a bus isolator care for itself. The main use of this
transformer is to measure the voltage through the bus. This is done so as to get the detail
information of the voltage passing through the bus to the apparatus. There are two main parts in it a.
Measurement b. Protection
6. 6. K-13EL-37 Page 6 7. Current Limiting Reactor The Current limiting reactor is an electrical
inductance made up of a number of turns of wire of low ohmic resistance and inserted in series with
a line to limit the current that can flow under short circuit. 8. Shunt Reactor Shunt reactor is the
absorption of reactive power in the case of Ferranti effect, and thus assembling the energy efficiency
of the system. It is the most compact device normally used to compensate for reactive power
transmission lines in high-voltage long and cable systems. Shunt reactor can be connected directly
to the power line or to higher power transformer. It is used to improve and adjust the reactive power
consumed reactor can also be a variable rating.
7. 7. K-13EL-37 Page 7 9. Series Capacitor Increase power Transmission capability Improve
system stability Reduce system losses Improve voltage profile Optimize power flow between
Parallel lines 10. Shunt Capacitor A capacitor bank is very essential equipment of an electrical power
system. The energy required to run all the electrical devices are useful load power is the active
power. It is expressed in active power KW or MW. The maximum load connected to the electric
power system is essentially inductive in nature such as electric transformers, induction motors,
synchronous motor, electric ovens, and fluorescent lighting are all inductive in nature. The current
causes the capacitor to lead the effort; the capacitive reactance can be used to cancel the inductive
reactance of the system.
8. 8. K-13EL-37 Page 8 11. Capacitor Voltage Transformer A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT) is a
transformer used in power systems to stepping down high-voltage signals and providing additional
low voltage signals either to measure or for the operation of the protective relay. In its simplest form,
the device consists of three parts: two capacitors across the divided voltage signal, which is used to
adjust the inductive device on the pace of supply and transformers, used to isolate and further
stepped down the voltage of the devices or relay protective element. The voltage level of this
transformer is measure voltage 200KV same as potential transformer. 12. Capacitance Coupled
Voltage Transformer (CCVT) A capacitance Coupled voltage transformer (CCVT) is a same like CVT
, which is used in power systems to step-down extra high voltage signals and provide low voltage
signals either for measurement or to operate a protective relay. Mostly it is use EXTRA high voltage
500kv to sample the voltage for measurement purpose.
9. 9. K-13EL-37 Page 9 13. Grounding System To provide an earth mat for connecting neutral points,
equipment body, support structures to the ground. For the safety of staff and to enable ground fault
protection to provide a path to empty the land of neutral currents, errors, surge arresters, overhead
shielding wire etc. with a safe step and touch potential possibilities. 14. Lightning Arrester Lightening
arrestors are the instrument that are used in the incoming feeders so that to prevent the high voltage
entering the main station. This high voltage is very unsafe from the equipment`s used in the
substation. Even equipment are very expensive, so as to prevent any damage using lightning
arresters. The lightning arresters do not let the lightning to fall on the substation. In the case of some
lightning and lightning arresters
10. 10. K-13EL-37 Page 10 drag and ground it to the ground. 15. Line Trap A line trap also called wave
trap free parallel resonant circuit, connected series with high voltage transmission power lines to
provide high frequency (40 kHz to 1000 kHz) carrier signals of power line communication purpose.
16. Protective Relays Protectionrelays used to detect defective or device lines and to isolate the
defective equipment. Relays are also used to detect abnormal operating conditions or undesirable
from those caused by damaged equipment and either a warning or isolate the equipment.
Protectionrelays are used in electrical system protection by causing defective device or lines to be
separate or disconnect the equipment and to maintain continuity of service to the rest of the system.
11. 11. K-13EL-37 Page 11 18. Station Batteries Batteries are supply the direct current to the relays for
control purpose, as well as store the energy so use for the when there is no power in the substation it
 means that all the system is open or any fault condition. These are connected in series to increase
the voltage level. Another Apparatus Protection system To provide alarm or automatic tripping of
faulty part from healthy part and also to minimize damage to faulty equipment and associated
system Control cable It provide supply to various auxiliary equipments and machines. Auxiliary
standby power system For supplying starting power, standby power for auxiliaries. Firefighting
system
12. 12. K-13EL-37 Page 12 To sense the occurrence of fire by sensors and to initiate water spray, to
disconnect power supply to affected region to pin point location of fire by indication in control room.
How to Determine the Primary current and secondary current in transformer? As the input voltage is
11kv, output phase voltage is 220v and rated as; 1. TransformerRated At 50 KVA (a) Primary
Current: As we know that Power transformers Primary winding connected in Delta Connection, So,
IL =3 x Ip VL = Vp Now, Apparent power is; S = V.I => I = S/V IPrimary = 5000 11000 IPrimary
=4.545 A (b) Secondary Current:
13. 13. K-13EL-37 Page 13 The Secondaryof the Power transformer winding are connected in Delta or
Wye. So, IL = IP VL =3 x Vp As Output Voltages are 220 V S = V.I => I = S/V ISec = 5000 220 ISec
= 227.27 A 2. Transformerrated At 100KVA (a) .Primary Current: As we know that Power
transformers Primary winding connected in Delta Connection, So, By Using Apparent power
Formula, we get; S = V.I => I = S/V IPrimary = 100 ,000 11000 IPrimary =9.090 A (b) Secondary
Current: So, Using apparent power formula, we get; IL = IP VL =3 x Vp As Output Voltages are 220
V
14. 14. K-13EL-37 Page 14 S = V.I => I = S/V ISec = 100,000 220 ISec = 454.54 A 3. TransformerRated
At 200 KVA (a) Primary Current: As we know that Power transformers Primary winding connected in
Delta Connection, So, By Using Apparent power Formula, we get; S = V.I => I = S/V IPrimary = 200 ,
000 11000 IPrimary = 18.181 A (b) Secondary Current: So, Using apparent power formula, we get;
IL = IP VL =3 x Vp As Output Voltages are 220 V S = V.I=> I = S/V ISec = 200,000 220 ISec =
909.09 A
15. 15. K-13EL-37 Page 15 4. TransformerRated At 400 KVA (a) Primary Current: As we know that
Power transformers Primary winding connected in Delta Connection, So, By Using Apparent power
Formula, we get; S = V.I => I = S/V IPrimary = 400 ,000 11000 IPrimary = 36.36 A (b) Secondary
Current: So, Using apparent power formula, we get; IL = IP VL =3 x Vp As Output Voltages are 220
V S = V.I => I = S/V ISec = 400,000 220 ISec =1818.18 A 5. TransformerRated At 630 KVA (a)
Primary Current:
16. 16. K-13EL-37 Page 16 As we know that Power transformers Primary winding connected in Delta
Connection, So, By Using Apparent power Formula, we get; S = V.I => I = S/V IPrimary = 630 ,000
11000 IPrimary = 57.27 A (b) Secondary Current: So, Using apparent power formula, we get; IL = IP
VL =3 x Vp As Output Voltages are 220 V S = V.I=> I = S/V ISec = 630,000 220 ISec = 2863.63 A
Bus Scheme`s Used in Pakistan
17. 17. K-13EL-37 Page 17 I) breaker and Half scheme: II) Siemens GIS substation with Main & Transfer
bus scheme (2 BB)
18. 18. K-13EL-37 Page 18