All about Stainless and Heat-resistant steel

The Alloyed steels are the product of the 20th century. The industrial development had major
impact on the qualitative development and broad diffusion of the high alloyed steel. The
corrosion resistance of steel was already a central element of the research at the end of the
1800's. However, the breakthrough occurred in 1912 when the engineers of the Germany
company Krupp invented and patented the austenitic stainless steel. In the same year an engineer
from the USA wanted to have the martensitic steel patented that occurred finally in 1919.

To the Alloyed steels belong all kind of steel that contains alloy elements (e.g. Si, Mn, Ni) exept
from Fe and C. The purpose of alloying is to change the steel properties and to improve strength,
heat-resistance, service life, corrosion resistance, wear resistance, chemical resistance, etc. i.e. to
correct physical, chemical, electrical, magnetic, etc. attributes relevant to the application.

STAINLESS STEEL AND CORROSION RESISTANT STEEL

Classification by composition:

The stainless steel grades can be classified on the basis of microstructure: ferritic, martensitic,
austenitic and ferritic-austenitic (duplex). The structure of a particular steel grade is determined
by its chemical composition.

Classificatio
Steel
n of stainless Properties Fields of application
grades
steel

Ferritic
stainless Wnr.1.400 Ferritic grades are plain Soap industry
steel 0 chromium grades (chromium
Wnr.1.400 content: 11-17%). Automotive
3 application
Wnr.1.401 They are ferromagnetic.
6 Cutlery
Wnr.1.410 Welding is only under certain
5 conditions. Household
Wnr.1.451
2 utensils
They are easily forged, cold
Wnr.1.411
3 worked and hot worked. They Manufacture of
Wnr.1.450 have good machinability. machines and
9 instruments that
Wnr.1.451 The ferritic stainless steels are exposed to
0 cannot be used for any water and water
reducing or organic acids such vapor in the long
Classificatio
Steel
n of stainless Properties Fields of application
grades
steel

as oxalic, formic and lactic,

however, it is used where
conditions are less agressive,
for handling nitric acid and
many organic chemicals in
moderately corrosive media.

Good resistance to dynamic

loading.
term
The grades Wnr. 1.4000 and
Wnr. 1.4113 are have good Food industry
polishing ability and good
machinability. Manufacture of
surgical
Wnr. 1.4016 has good instruments
corrosion resistance in the
standard environment and at Agriculture
low chloride concentration,
e.g. households and natural Construction
water. This steel grade is not industry
sea water resistant! It is
resistant to intergranular
corrosion. In general, Wnr.
1.4016 is poorly suited to
welding processes. The
material has a good cold
formability. For temperatures
over 400 C not
recommended.

Martensitic
stainless Wnr.1.400 Martensitic steel contain Manufacture of
steel 5 mosty 12 to 18% chromium. components,
Wnr.1.400 devices and
6 Carbon contet: 0,10-0,44 % instruments that
Wnr.1.402 are exposed to
1 These materials are large mechanical
Wnr.1.402 stresses (e.g.
Classificatio
Steel
n of stainless Properties Fields of application
grades
steel

8 ferromagnetic. knife)
Wnr.1.405
7 Martensitic steel can be Turned parts
Wnr.1.403 tempered and hardened by
4 heat-treating. Manufacture of
Wnr.1.412 surgical
2 Welding: not suitable or only instruments and
Wnr.1.410 under specific conditions. gauges
4
Wnr.1.431 o The welding of Wnr. Wear resistant
3 1.4057, 1.4021 and tools for the
1.4028 is only chemical and
permitted if certain food industry.
precautions were
made.

o For welded structures

they are not
recommended. Wnr.
1.4034 is not suitable
for welding.

These steel grades have good

ductility and good polishing
ability.

The martensitic grades are

mainly used where hardness,
strength and wear-resistance
is required.

Martensitic grades are not

corrosion resistant. However,
molybdenum can improve
their corrosion resistance.

Wnr. 1.4006 is suitable for

welding. A subsequent heat
treatment is generally
required. If it is not performed
Classificatio
Steel
n of stainless Properties Fields of application
grades
steel

the corrosion resistance of the

steel will be reduced.

Wnr. 1.4021 and Wnr. 1.4057

are good for bending,
however, Wnr. 1.4028 and
Wnr. 1.4034 are not suitable
for it.

Austenitic Wnr.1.430
stainless 1 Austenitic steels are the most Construction
steel Wnr.1.430 widely used sort of stainless industry (e.g.
5 steel. stainless
Wnr.1.430 reinforcing steel)
6 They have excellent
Wnr.1.430 machinability. Paper and
7 cellulose
Wnr.1.454 Welding ability is dependent industry
1
on the chemical composition
Wnr.1.455 Wnr. 1.4301:
of the steel grades, e.g. Wnr.
0
1.4301, Wnr. 1.4541 and Wnr. household
Wnr.1.456
1.4571 are excellently equipments,
7
suitable for welding. Wnr. tanks, piping,
Wnr.1.457
1.4305 is not recommended equipments for
1
for welding, however, this the dairy
Wnr.1.440
steel grade provides the best industry, bottles
1
machinability.
Wnr.1.440
Wnr. 1.4571:
4
Good ductility for cold and chemical and
Wnr.1.443
6 hot forming. textile industry,
Wnr.1.453 suitable for high
9 Austenitic steel offers corrosive media
excellent corrosion resistance.
Wnr. 1.4541:
Under certain conditions these application is
steel grades are non- identical to Wnr.
magnetized. 1.4301, however,
it is better suited
They have a low thermal for application
Classificatio
Steel
n of stainless Properties Fields of application
grades
steel

conductivity.

Generally they are resistant to

intergranular corrosion.
with mechanical
Wnr. 1.4301 and Wnr. 1.4404 stress.
have good polishing ability,
however, Wnr. 1.4541 and
Wnr. 1.4571 are less suitable
for polishing.

Austenitic- Wnr.1.406
ferritic 2 "Duplex" has a double Deepwater
(duplex) Wnr.1.416 meaning. Duplex steels have a pipelines
stainless 2 mixed microstructure of
steel Wnr.1.436 austenite and ferritic stainless Constructions
2 steel. The ferrite improves the that are exposed
Wnr.1.446 corrosion resistance. The to the impact of
2 austenite ensures the sea water e.g.
Wnr.1.466 toughness, ductility and bridges, offshore
2 weldability. applications
Wnr.1.441
0 In comparison to the Pharmaceutical
Wnr.1.450 austenitic steel duplex steels equipments
1 are better to stretch.
Wnr.1.450
Plants in the
7 They exhibit excellent chemical
corrosion resistance. industry

As a result of the industrial Cellulose and

development several types of paper industry
duplex stainless steel have
been developed: Pressure vessels
and tanks.
o "normal duplex",

o "lean duplex",
 Classificatio
Steel
n of stainless Properties Fields of application
grades
steel

o "super duplex",

o "hyperduplex".

HEAT-RESISTANT STEEL

Heat resistance means that the steel is resistant to scaling at temperatures above 500 C. These
steels are not exposed to significant mechanical stress.

The significant feature of all heat resistant steels is the oxide layer which is formed during the
manufacturing process when the steel is exposed to mildly and strongly oxidising conditions at
elevated temperatures. Heat resisting steels provide formtight, adherent and dense oxide layers
that provide the heat resistance of the material. The oxide layers are composed of chromium,
silicon or aluminium oxides or some combination of these. The heat resistance of the steel
depends very much of its chromium, silicon and aluminium content. The more oxides of these
the steel contains the better is its heat resistance and the higher can be the authorized operating
temperature.

Heat resistant steels can be classified on the basis of their microstructure as follows:

The most
Classification of
important
heat resistant Properties Fields of application
steel
steel
grades

Ferritic, Wnr. These steel grades Wnr. 1.4724 (H-

ferritic- 1.4724 display relatively low 12): industrial
martensitic, Wnr. toughness under furnaces, steam
marensitic heat- 1.4742 impact loading. boilers, boxes,
resistant steel Wnr. tubes, hangers,
1.4762 Wnr. 1.4724 (H-12): recuperators, etc.
heat resistant up to 950
C. Wnr. 1.4762 (H-
14): production of
industrial furnaces,
 The most
Classification of
important
heat resistant Properties Fields of application
steel
steel
grades

Wnr. 1.4762 (H-14): parts of steam

heat resistant up to boilers, pyrometer
1200 C. protection tubes.

Wnr. 1.4828:
Austenitic heat- exhaust systems,
resistant steels have etc.
much higher elevated
temperature and creep Wnr. 1.4845:
strength than ferritic manufacture of
steels. components for
chemical and
Wnr. 1.4828 (H-8): not petroleum
susceptible to industries, gas
intergranular lines, fuel lines, fire
corrosion, offers a low boxes, heater
resistance to corrosion resistors.
Wnr. to oxidising and
1.4828 reducing sulphur
Austenitic heat- Wnr. Wnr. 1.4841:
bearing gases. Heat components that are
resistant steel 1.4841 resistant up to 1000 C
Wnr. exposed to high
1.4845 mechanical
Wnr. 1.4845 (H-9): strength, industrial
heat resistant up to furnaces, waste
1050C incineration plants,
thermal treatment
Wnr. 1.4841 (H-10): plants,
heat resistant up to petrochemical
1150 C industry, etc.

Wnr. 1.4878: has good Wnr. 1.4878: heat

mechanical properties, exchangers, boilers
heat resistant up to 850 in chemical and
C. petrochemical
plant, etc.
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