01 02RigComponents DesignandCrewsver1.0.11.Image - Marked

Drilling Engineering
Drilling Rigs, Components And Rig Operations

Drilling Rigs
2 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved

Drilling Rigs
Nearly all of todays rigs are of the rotary type (other type is percussion
or cable tool type used only for shallow wells)
Rigs may be marine or land (offshore or onshore)
Marine (swamp)/offshore/deepwater rigs
Bottom supported - for water depth (WD) of ~350 ft
Platform, barge (20 - 40 ft WD), and jackup up to 350 ft WD)
Platform rigs may be self contained or tendered, water depth limited by
platform design, may be >1500 ft WD
Floating - semi-submersible (up to ~6000+ ft WD) and drillship (up to
13,000+ ft WD)
Land rigs - conventional or mobile
Mobile rig may be jacknife (cantilever) or portable mast

Classification of Rigs Based on Location
In general, there are three locations: onshore, swamp

(inland) or offshore
Onshore: mast or mobile (generally of the cantilever type)
Swamp: tender barge or jack-up (they are bottom-supported)
Offshore: tender barge, jack-up, semi-submersible, drill ship

Drilling Rigs Land

Land Rigs (light land rig)
Capable of drilling up to 10,000

Typical derrick load < 750,000
lbf
BOP rating 5,000 psi
Cost around $20,000/day

Land Rig : Mast Type (light land rig)
Description: Used for:

Portable Truck Mounted, Shallower onshore wells
Telescopic Mast. (<3650 m).
Lower Lift Capacity Mobilization time is crucial.
Quick mobilization and rig up/ rig Location or road capacity size is
down limited

Land Rig : Mast Type
Description:
Transported by dismantling /
Reassembling in several parts.
When greater lift capacity is
needed.
Longer moving time.
Used for:
Deeper wells (>2500 m) on land.
Transporting time is not a
concern.

Example rig footprint
240 ft x 145 ft
9
Some Rig Requirements
Determine derrick load from heaviest casing string plus overpull

requirement (with floating rig this may be riser weight)
Determine substructure requirements from drillstring stand back load
plus heaviest casing load
Determine pump requirement from annular velocity requirements (look
at all hole sizes) and horsepower requirements (motors, bit hydraulics,
cuttings removal)
Determine drill string requirements (drill pipe strength, drill collar size)
Determine mud system requirements from hole volume and other
factors (e.g. lost circulation reserves, mud change out, mud cleaning
requirements)
Continued

Some Rig Requirements
Determine total rig power requirements drawworks, pumps, electrical

generation
Power type SCR, direct drive, diesel electric
Determine storage and work area requirements fuel, water, supplies,
pipe storage, well testing, etc.
Determine drilling fluid treatment requirements
Identify well control equipment requirements

Some Rig Requirements Special Requirements
Onland
Road load limits
Noise and illumination pollution
Cuttings and mud disposal requirements
Location size constraints
Rig floor to ground clearance for wellhead and well control equipment

Marine Rigs Selection
Many designs criteria are used in selecting the proper marine rig. Major
criteria are as follows:
Water depth rating (first evaluation tool)
Derrick and substructure capacity
Physical rig size and weight
Deck load capacity
Stability in rough weather (wind)
Duration of drilling program
Rig rating features such as horsepower, pipe handling and mud
mixing capabilities
Exploratory versus development drilling
Availability and cost.
Rig mobilization costs must be considered when selecting marine rigs and
this is a function of number of wells to be drilled.
Offshore/Bottom Supported: Submersible /Barge
Description:
Transported by floating, submerged on location for drilling.
Used for:
Shallow Waters ( < 30 m) rivers, swamps, coastal regions, and inland
bays.

Marine rigs floating drilling barge
Floating rectangular barge with

self contained rig on board
Sheltered inland waters
Can drill to 20,000 +ft

Offshore/Supported : Jack-Ups
Description:
Mobile offshore drilling structure
with tubular or derrick legs that
can be jacked up and positioned
on location to support the deck
and hull.
Used for:
Offshore drilling with water
depths 100-130 mts

Marine rigs bottom supported - jack up
Usually 3 legs which stand on

the seabed
Hull is lowered and legs raised
for rig moves
Can drill in shallow waters (to
~450 ft)
Can cost between $45,000-
90,000+/day
BOPs are below the derrick
cantilever
Accommodation for up to 100
persons
Another Jack-up Cantilever Over Platform.

Offshore/Supported : Platform
Description:
Self-contained rigid, immobile
structure from which
development wells are drilled and
produced.
Used for:
Offshore drilling on existing
platforms essentially unlimited
water depths, limited by platform
design which may be floating and
tethered.

Offshore/Supported : Tender
Description:
Drilling mast and drawworks
and a limited amount of
drilling support equipment is
placed on the platform.
The rest of the drilling
equipment (pumps,
generators, storage, and
living accommodations, etc.)
are on a barge like vessel
moored adjacent to the
platform.
Used for:
Platforms with limited size of
weight bearing capacity or
working area.

Marine Rigs Bottom Supported Other Platform Types
Tension Leg Platform (TLP) Concrete Gravity Platform (CGP) Guyed Tower Platform

Tension Leg Platform (TLP)

Marine rigs (floating semi-submersible)
Rig towed on to location, then

either anchors or uses dynamic
positioning
Can move off location fast if
problems arise.
Usually uses BOPs located at
the seabed.
Accommodation for up to 100+
persons. High cost;
$150,000/day up.

Marine Rigs (Floating Drill Ship)
Ship shaped hull,

usually self-
propelled for rig
moves
Often uses dynamic
positioning but may
be anchored
High storage
capacity; 1 or 2 wells
without re-supply
High cost, can be
well over
$500,000/day

Lets Take a Break
Coming up will be a discussion of selected rig components.

At the end of this module, YOU should be able to;
1. Name or describe the rig components.

2. Explain the functions of the major components of a rig.
3. Understand fundamental rig operations.
4. Understand the well control systems especially BOP functions and
arrangements.
5. Know well monitoring systems.
6. Understand some safety requirements on the rig.

Basic Rig Components and Operations
Whether offshore or land based all rotary rigs have the same
basic drilling equipment, with the following major components
or systems:
Power system
Hoisting system
Fluid-circulating system
Rotary system
Well control system
Well monitoring system

Major Common Rig Components - Overview

Rig Power Systems
Most rig power is consumed by the hoisting and fluid circulation systems.
Usually both systems are not used at the same time
Power requirements: 500 - 3,000+ HP (horse power)
Types of power prime movers
Steam engine (obsolete)
Internal combustion diesel engine
Diesel-electric
Direct-drive (uses gears, chains, belts etc.)
Mechanical HP requirement for prime movers must be modified for harsh
temperature environment & altitude
Power-system performance characterized by output HP, torque, fuel
consumption, and efficiency

Comparison of Rig Power Systems
Comparison is based on transmission methods

Mechanical drive - uses gears, chains, and belts
Direct-current (DC) generators and motors: use power cords
instead of chains; decreased rig noise level; can be positioned
away from the rig, and increase efficiency
Alternating current (AC)-silicon controlled rectifier (SCR)
combined with motors: most widely used; offers longer life,
lighter weight; and less maintenance, and lower cost than DC
systems

Hoisting System
Function: To provide a means of lowering and raising

equipment into or out of the hole
Principal components
Drawworks
Derrick & substructure
Block & tackle pulley arrangements and drill line
Major routine operations
Making connection
Making a trip
Slip and cut program

Major Rig Components - Drawworks
Drawworks unit showing sand line sheave on top,

eddy current brake, main brake, gear handles
Drillers console with weight
indicator and main brake
The drawworks controls the

movement of the travelling
block up and down the derrick.
View across drill floor to the drawworks
Drawworks
The drawworks is the control center of the rig and it houses the drum
which spools the drilling line
Principal parts are: drum, brakes, the transmission, and the catheads
Its design depends on prime mover type and power transmission type
Rated by horse power & depth
Drawworks HP = (W x Vh)/(33000 x E); W is lbf and Vh is in ft/min, E is traveling
assembly (block and tackle) efficiency

Major Rig Components Mast or Derrick
Derrickman on monkey board adding stands to the string
Derrick showing monkey board,

crown block, block guides
The mast provides the range of
movement of the travelling block.
It allows pipe stands to be
racked or stood back during trips.
Crown block at top of mast with fast line sheave to the right
Major Rig Components Drill Line and Travelling Blocks
Deadline anchor with sensator shown
Changing the drill line with a snakeskin
View of the travelling block from above

Rig Fluid Circulating System
Function is to remove rock cuttings out of the hole as drilling

progresses
Principal components are
Pumps
Pits and or tanks
Mixing devices
Contaminants removal equipment, and
Flow conduits

Conventional Fluid Flow Conduits
These are components through which the fluid moves from the pump to
the rig floor
Surge chamber - located in the high pressure discharge line from the
pump to reduce vibration
4 - 6 heavy-walled pipe from pump to base of rig substructure
Stand pipe, attached to one of the legs
Flexible rotary hose
Swivel - rotates and allows fluid circulation under pressure
Kelly or Top drive (connects to drill string)

Rig Fluid Circulating System

Mud Pumps
The function of the mud pump is to circulate fluid at desired

pressures and flow rates.
Mud pumps are generally reciprocating types: two general types -
double-acting (duplex) and single-acting (triplex)
Pumps are denoted by the stroke, bore and rod diameters (for duplex
only)
Commonly rated by horse power (HP), maximum pressure and
maximum stroke rate (which controls the maximum output volume rate)
Two or three pumps are generally installed on a rig
One pump may be used as a standby; two or three may be used when drilling
surface holes; one often is all that is needed at deeper depth
Overall pump efficiency = mechanical efficiency x volumetric efficiency
(Em x Ev)

Major Rig Components Mud Pumps
Mud pumps provide fluids at desired pressures and flow

rates to the drill string for circulation into and out of the well.
3 Triplex mud pumps

Mud Pumps
Well with BOPS

Pressure Relief Valve
Discharge Pulsation Damper
Drilling Rig Substructure
Flexible High Pressure Discharge Hose
Pump Suction Line (from mud tank)
Suction Charging Pump
Fluid End of Pump

Advantages and Disadvantages of Reciprocating Pumps
Advantages
Ability to move fluids with high solids content
Ability to pump large particles, for example, lost circulation materials,
(LCM)
Ability to operate over a wide range of pressures and volumes by
using different liners and pistons
Ease of operations and maintenance; and very reliable
Disadvantages
Discharge flow is pulsating and hence causes vibration on discharge
lines

Mud Pump Exercises:
Use the formula:

HHP= DF x [(P)(Q)/1714]/efficiency
To calculate the horsepower needed for the following
situations:
Surface hole drilling: 1200 gpm at 2500 psi

Intermediate hole drilling: 400 gpm at 3000 psi
Deep hole drilling: 275 gpm at 3700 psi
Use an efficiency factor of 0.9 and a design factor (DF) of 1.1

Single-Acting Triplex Pump
Has three pistons and it sucks and
discharges on every two strokes
Pump factor, Fp = pump
displacement per complete cycle (or
stroke)
Fp = (/4)(3)(Ls)(DL2)Ev
DL = liner diameter
Ls = stroke length
Ev = pump volumetric efficiency
Note: there is no Dr = rod
diameter
This pump is light, more compact,
cheaper to operate and very useful
offshore where space is limited
Parts are smaller and easier to
maintain

Mud Pits or Mud Tanks
Mud pits may be pits in the ground lined with an impermeable liner or
may be steel tanks. Offshore they of course are steel tanks.
Three basic types of mud tanks: settling, suction, and reserve
Settling: allows time for setting of cuttings and release of entrained gas
Suction: the pump sucks cleaned fluid from it
Reserve: to contain contaminated fluid, cuttings, and any sometimes
produced formation fluid
Tanks are usually equipped with motor-driven agitators (mixers)

Contaminants (Solids) Removal Equipment
Shale shaker - a vibrating screen that removes coarse rock

cuttings/caving such as shales
Desander - removes sand or larger particles not caught by the shale
shaker screen
Desilter - removes very fine particles and silt
Hydrocyclone/decanting centrifuge - removes finely grounded solids
Mud cleaner - a combination of a hydrocyclone and a shaker screen,
and use only for moderately high-density fluid
Degasser - removes entrained gas from the fluid
Except for the shale shaker all devices separate fluids by density
differences or settling

Solids Control
Solids control equipment will be covered in detail when we

discuss drilling fluids.

Conventional Rig Rotary System
Rig rotary system includes all

the equipment used to
achieve bit rotation. Can be
conventional or top drive type
Conventional rotary system is
made up of - swivel, kelly,
kelly bushing, rotary drive,
rotary table, and the drill string
(i.e. drill pipe and drill collars)
More common offshore and on
large land rigs is a top drive
system, which may also be
called a power swivel
The kelly and swivel may be replaced with a top drive
Swivel
First connection to the hoisting system

Mud entry point under high pressure
2000 7500 psi
Top does not rotate
Bottom free to rotate
Top connects to a flexible hose which
in turn connects to a fixed steel high
pressure standpipe
Bottom connects to Kelly or Top Drive

Kelly, Rotary Kelly Bushing and Rotary Table
Square or Hexagonal drive

shaft
Passes through Kelly
Bushings
Bushings have drive pins to
locate into the master
bushings of the rotary table.

Top Drive
Top drive, also may be

called a power swivel.
In this system the
regular swivel, kelly, and
kelly bushing are
eliminated.
51 Image from
Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Tesco
Rig Rotary System Top Drive
Top drive
Has built-in tongs to make and
breakout pipes.
Uses a hydraulic or electric motor to
achieve rotation.
Safer and easier for crew members to
handle the drill pipe.
Saves time as connections are made
very fast and safer. The crew uses
the units built-in tongs.
Connections only need to be made
every ~90 feet or every 3 joints of
pipe improving drilling efficiency.
Provides other operational
advantages.
52 Images
Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved from Tesco
Well Control System
One of the most important systems on the rig. Its functions are:
To detect a kick and to close the well on surface
To circulate well under pressure and permit increasing the fluid density at the
same time
To move pipe under pressure
To divert flow from the rig
Kick is the uncontrolled flow of formation fluid into the well and occurs
when hydrostatic pressure (Ph) is less than the formation pressure (Pf)
If the well control system fails, a BLOWOUT occurs - this is perhaps the
worst disaster while drilling.
A blowout is an uncontrolled flow of fluid from a well
Effects of blowouts may cause: loss of life, loss of equipment, loss of
the well, loss of natural resources, and damage to the environment.

Kick Detection During Drilling Operation
Kick detection while drilling

usually achieved by use of a pit
volume indicator or mud flow
indicator.
Both devices can detect an
increase in the flow of mud
returning from the well over that
which is being circulated by the
pump.
Mud flow indicator can detect a
kick more quickly. Used in
conjunction with pump strokes.

Blowout Preventer Accessories
These are accumulators, casing head, control panel, kelly cock, inside BOP, and high
pressure circulation device
Accumulator
Used to close hydraulically the BOP and located away from the rig
Its characteristics: most be able to close all the BOP units at least once; has
its own power source; its oil must be compatible with elastomers used in the
BOP.
Casing head - connects BOP stack to top of casing.
Control panel - on the rig floor and easily accessible to the driller.
Kelly cock/inside BOP - stop flows from inside the drill pipe.
High pressure circulating device (pump) - used to circulate the kick out of the hole.
Back pressure device used to maintain additional pressure on the well while
circulating drilling fluid. This is done with an adjustable choke (an adjustable valve or
throttling device suitable for high velocity solids laden fluid).

Blowout Preventers
These are special pack-off devices used to stop fluid flow from a well. A
multiple of the pack-of devices is called BOP stack. Stack arrangement
is dependent on many factors including formation pressure & operator
policies
Purpose of BOP
Stops flow from the annulus with or without the drill string in the hole
To determine if flow from the well may occur
To allow pipe movement under pressure
To allow fluid circulation
To control pressure in the well

Blowout Preventer Stack

Typical Arrangements of Blowout Preventers
The arrangement of the BOP stack

varies considerably. The arrangement
used depends on the magnitude of
formation pressure in a particular area
and on the type of well control
procedures used by the operating
company.
API suggests several arrangements of
BOP stacks. This figure shows typical
arrangements for 10K and 15Kpsi
working pressure service.
A = annular preventer,
R = ram preventer,
S = drilling spool
G = rotating head

Remote Control Panel for Operating Blowout Preventers
The control panel for operating the

BOP stack usually is placed on the
derrick floor for easy access by the
driller.
The controls are marked (and should
be marked) clearly and identifiably
with the BOP stack arrangement
used.
In general, the control panel is located
away from the rotary area.
Another remote panel may be located
on the ground or at a remote location
for use if the primary operating panel
is in a hazardous area.

Well Monitoring Systems
A well must be monitored for safety, operational efficiency, and to detect

drilling problems
Different devices are used to achieve these objectives
Parameter Measured Device Used

Depth Geolograph
Rate of Penetration (ROP) Geolograph (by deduction)
Hook load Weight indicator

Well Monitoring Systems
Parameter Measured Device Used

Rotary speed Tachometer on weight indicator
Torque Torque indicator
Pump pressure Pressure gauge on stand pipe
Flow rate Stroke counter
Fluid density Mud balance
Mud temperature Flow line thermometer
Pit level Pit volume indicator

Major Rig Components Marine BOPs
BOPs allow the top of the well to be sealed

against very high pressures and allow fluid to
be pumped into the well.
Views of a blowout preventer underneath a jackup cantilever

Marine Rigs Specialist Equipment Slip Joint and
Riser Tensioners
Slip joint allows relative movement

between the rig and the well (heave,
tide).
Tensioners supports the weight of
the riser and keep the riser top in
tension.
The hole through the deck

is called the Moonpool.
Marine Rigs Specialist Equipment Riser Joints And
Flex Joint
1. Riser joints contain buoyancy chambers

(reduce load), kill & choke lines and boost
line.
2. Flex joint at seabed allows lateral movement
of rig.

Marine Rigs Specialist Equipment Subsea BOP
Subsea BOP is positioned on

the wellhead at the seabed.
Remote controls from the
surface.
Accumulator bottles on the
stack allow operation, even if
disconnected from the rig, by
sonic signals
Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved

65
Tubular Specifications
All tubular (drill pipe, drill collar, casing,

and tubing) are specified by the
following:
Range (length): 3 ranges - R1 (18 22
ft, uncommon), R2 (27 - 30 ft), R3
(>38-45 ft)
Nominal weight per foot
Outside diameter, OD
Steel grade (drill pipe is E75, X95,
G105, S135, and Z140)
Essentials of drill string design
Tally - each joint must be measured
carefully and recorded
Capacity and displacement volumes
must be known
Pipe capacity = (xdid2)/4
Displacement capacity = ( x(dod2 -
did2)/4
API/ISO documents dictate pipe and
connection specifications

Drill Pipes and Drill Collars
Drill pipes
Transmit rotational power to the bit.
Transmit drilling fluid to the bit.
Drill collars
Provide weight on bit.
Prevent buckling of the drill string.
Provide pendulum effects to cause the
bit to drill a more nearly vertical hole.
Support and stabilize the bit to drill
new hole aligned with the already
drilled hole.
Drill collars can be round (most),
spiral, or square
Spiral used in small diameter holes or
deviated wells to prevent or reduce
differential pipe sticking.
Square used in straight hole (vertical)
drilling.
Drill pipe Drill collar

How About Taking a Break?

Safety Provisions on the Rig
Rig equipment is designed to prevent accidents

Handrails on walkways and stairways
Guards on all moving machinery
Pressure relief devices on mud lines and pumps
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
No loose or floppy clothing
Hard hat must be worn to protect the head
Steel-toe shoes must be worn to protect the feet
Safety goggles to prevent eye injuries
Ear muffs or ear plugs to protect hearing

Safety Provisions on the Rig
Safety meetings
Must be conducted often to discuss procedures
Must provide manuals for new employees
Must conduct regular drills
Special conditions
Drilling in H2S environment needs special precautions

Review
Rig Selection Criteria Review

Rig Selection: Major COMPONENTS to be Selected /
Sized:
Hoisting System
Rotary System
Circulating System
Well Control System
Power Generator System
Tubular Goods
Derrick and Substructure Capacity

Rig Specification: Hoisting System
Specify Hook Load Capacity

Specify Drawworks
Power Delivery (loose guidelines)
Lightweight Rigs : 650 HP
Intermediate Rigs : 1300 HP
Heavyweight Rigs : 2000 HP
Ultraheavy Rigs : 3000 HP or above
Drum Diameter, Groove Sizes etc.
Braking Systems (Operational, Emergency)
Crown Block
Load Cap, Number of Sheaves, Block Type
Drilling Lines
Type, Capacity, Durability

Rig Specification: Rotary System
Specify Type of Rotary System

Rotary Table-Kelly System
Top-Drive System
Specify Max. Working Torque
Specify Max. Working RPM
Length, Diameters and Pressure Rating of Rotary Hose

Rig Specification: Circulating System
Specify The Pumps

Types (Duplex, Triplex; Single Acting, Double Acting etc)
Capacities (HP, Max Pressure, Max SPM, Max GPM etc)
Stroke Lengths, Liner Sizes etc.
Specify Tanks
Numbers, Purposes, Volumes, Number of Tank Agitators.
Specify The Mud Cleaning Equipment
Shale Shakers, Gas Separators, Degasser, Desanders, Desilters,
Centrifuges, Gas Burners, etc.
Specify The Additive Mixing Equipment
Hoppers, pneumatic equipment, etc.

Rig Specification: Well Control System
Specify the BOP stack

Individual Components (pipe rams, pipe rams, shear rams, annular
preventer and their pressure ratings)
Stack Configuration
Other Components
Chokes, Choke Manifolds, Valves
Kill Line, Choke Line, Secondary Lines
Control System
Reaction Time
Capacity (accumulator capacity, number of bottles or pressure tanks, etc.)
Reliability
Redundancy

Rig Specification: Power Generation System
Number of generator sets

Engine specification (fuel used, type of engine, horsepower)
Generator specification (Kilowatts, AC/DC)
SCR specifications
Distribution system
Flexibility to redistribute power
Fuel economy

Rig Specification: Tubular Goods Inventory
Drill Collars, HWDP, Drill-Pipe, Cross-Overs, Various Subs, Mills, Jars,

etc.
Sizes
Thread types
Grades
Quantities
Condition (New, Premium, Class 2, etc.)

Rig Specification: Derrick/Mast Capacity & Sub-Structure
Derrick/Mast Capacities
Load Capacities
Floor Space
Height
V-door clearance, etc
Rig floor auxiliary hoists
Elevating/Assembling/Transportation Mechanism
Sub-Structure
Load Capacities
Dimensions
KB to Ground Clearance
Assembling / Transportation Mechanism

Rig Specification: Miscellaneous
Floor Equipment power tongs, hydraulic slips, etc.

Automation and instrumentation
Communication systems
Operational water depth, riser specification, etc.
Operating conditions (wind, water currents, temperature, altitude etc.)
Mooring system
Stationing/positioning system
Transportation/propulsion system
Cranes
Cementing unit
Logging unit, etc.
Accommodations

Minimum Calculations
1. Derrick Load Calculations

2. Power Requirement Calculations
3. Pump Requirements Calculations

Now, YOU should be able to;
1. Name or describe the rig components

2. Explain the functions of the major components of a rig
3. Understand fundamental rig operations
4. Understand fundamental rig calculations such as rig power, derrick
load, derrick efficiency, mud pump volume, tubular volumes.
5. Understand the well control systems especially BOP functions and
arrangements
6. Know well monitoring systems
7. Understand the safety requirements on the rig

Appendix to Rigs and Rig Operations
The following slides are relevant to
sections covered in this lecture but
are left out for brevity, they may be
used as deemed appropriate by the
instructor

Land Rigs (Heavy Land Rig)
Capable of drilling deeper

than 10,000
Typical derrick load
> 1,000,000 lbs
BOP rating 10,000 psi
Cost around $30,000/day

Land Rigs Helicopter Portable
Breaks down into small packages for moving (~8000 lb for medium lift
choppers to 20,000 lb for military type choppers)
Can deploy in locations not otherwise useable without very high cost
(jungle, mountain tops, inaccessible locations)

Marine Rigs Bottom Supported Platform
Self contained rig installed

on platform
Once drilling is finished, rig
can be removed or
replaced with smaller
completion or workover
rig.

Drilling tender

Marine Rigs (Semi-Submersible)
Another Semi-submersible Drilling Rig

Heating Values of Various Fuels
Fuel Density Heating Value

Type (lbm/gal) (Btu/lbm)
Diesel 7.2 19,000

Gasoline 6.6 20,000
Butane 4.7 21,000

Methane --- 24,000
Example: A diesel engine delivers an output torque of 1,740 ft-lbf at 1,200 rpm. If the fuel
consumption rate is 31.5 gal/hr, what is the output power and overall engine efficiency?
Solution:
The angular velocity, , is given by 2 1,200 7,539.8 rad / min
P T
The power output can be computed using the equation P = T P 7,539.8 1,740 ft lbf / min 397.5 hp
33,000 ft lbf / min/ hp
From the previous table, the density, , for diesel is 7.2 lbm/gal and the heating value, H, is
19,000 Btu/lbm. Thus, the fuel consumption rate wf is:
1hour
w f 31.5 gal / hr 7.2 lbm / gal 3.78 lbm / min
60 minutes
The total heat energy consumed by the engine is given as:
Qi w f H
3.78 lbm / min 19,000 Btu / lbm 779 ft lbf / Btu
Qi
33,000 ft lbf / min/ hp
Qi 1,695.4 hp
Thus, the overall efficiency of the engine at P 397.5

1,200 rpm is calculated as Et 0.234 or 23.4%
Qi 1,695.4
Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved
Rig Power System-Example Problem
Example: A drilling rig is working in an arid climate (85F) at an elevation of 3,600 ft.
During the day, the peak temp. is 105oF. The min. temperature (prior to dawn) is 45F.
The rig has three 1,000 HP prime movers. Determine the min. and max. HP available
during the 24-hr period.
Solution
The total available HP from the prime movers is 3 x 1000 HP = 3,000 HP
The loss in HP due to altitude =3% loss/1000 ft x 3600 ft x3000 HP= 324 HP
Hence, available HP at an altitude of 3,600 ft = 3,000 HP-324 HP = 2676 HP
Minimum HP will occur at the max. temp. = 2676 HP - loss to increase in temp.= 2676
HP - 1% loss/10oF x (105-85) F x 2676
= 2676 HP - 53.5 HP = 2622 HP
Maximum horsepower will occur at the minimum temp.
= 2676 HP + increase due to decrease in temp.
= 2676 HP + 1% gain/10F x (85-45)F x 2676 =2676 HP+107 HP
= 2783 HP
Example: A rig must hoist a load of 300,000 lbf. The drawworks can provide an input power
to the block and tackle system of 500 hp. Eight lines are strung between the crown block
and traveling block. Calculate (1) the static tension in the fast line when upward motion is
impending, (2) the maximum hook horsepower available, (3) the maximum hoisting speed,
(4) the actual derrick load, (5) the maximum equivalent derrick load, and (6) the derrick
efficiency factor. Assume that the rig floor is arranged as shown previously.
(1) The power efficiency for n = 8 is given as 0.841. W 300,000

Ff 44,590 lbf
The tension in the fast line is calculated as follows: E n 0.8418
(2) The maximum hook horsepower available is Ph E pi 0.481500 420.5 hp
33,000 ft lbf / min

420.5 hp
(3) The maximum hoisting speed is given by P hp 46.3 ft / min
h
W 300,000 lbf
90 ft
Time to pull a 90-ft stand would require t 1.9 min
46.3 ft / min
93 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved continued

Example: A rig must hoist a load of 300,000 lbf. The drawworks can provide an input power
to the block and tackle system of 500 hp. Eight lines are strung between the crown block
and traveling block. Calculate (1) the static tension in the fast line when upward motion is
impending, (2) the maximum hook horsepower available, (3) the maximum hoisting speed,
(4) the actual derrick load, (5) the maximum equivalent derrick load, and (6) the derrick
efficiency factor. Assume that the rig floor is arranged as shown previously.
continued
Solution:
(4) The actual derrick load is calculated as follows:
1 E E n 1 0.841 0.8418
Fd W 300,000 382,090 lbf
En 0.8418
(5) The maximum equivalent load is calculated as follows:

n 4 8 4
Fde W 300,000 450,000 lbf
n 8
(6) The derrick efficiency factor is

Fd 382,090
Ed 0.849 or 84.9%
Fde 450,000
Projection of Drilling Lines on Rig Floor
The drilling lines usually

are arranged as in the
plan view of the rig floor
shown.
For this arrangement:
All legs equally support
the load on the traveling
block each having one
fourth of the hook load.
Derrick legs C and D
share the load imposed
by the tension in the fast
line.
Leg A assumes the full
load imposed by the
tension in the dead line.

Double-Acting Duplex Pump
Has two pistons and it both sucks and

discharges on every stroke
Pump factor, Fp = pump displacement
per complete cycle (or stroke)
Fp = (/4)(2)(Ls)[(2(DL2)) - Dr2)]Ev
DL = liner diameter
Dr = rod diameter
Ls = stroke length
Ev = pump volumetric efficiency
Hydraulic pump horse power
HHP= (P)(Q)/1714
P = differential pressure, psi
(Pout - Pinlet)
Q = flow rate, gal/min

The following slides may be used to illustrate drill line
capacity and contains an exercise

Schematic of Block and Tackle
1. Comprised of crown
block, traveling block,
and drilling line.
2. Provides a mechanical
advantage, which
permits easier handling
of large loads.
3. Generally mechanical
advantage is less than
n (i.e. less than 100%)
due to friction.
4. As n increases, the
mechanical advantage
increases.

Drilling Line
The drilling line is subjected to fatigue and wear when in service during
normal tripping operation.
Failure of the line may result in injury to personnel, damage to the rig,
and loss of the drilling string.
Hence, drilling line tension is always maintained less than the yield strength of the
line.
The greatest wear occurs at pickup points on the traveling and crown
blocks and the drawworks.
These wear locations must be changed regularly by following a
preventative maintenance program called a SLIP and CUT Program
(similar to oil change for your car).

Drilling Line
Steel construction 6x19

6 pieces or strands
19 wires in each piece
Rope lays
The lay of a wire rope is the way the
wires and strands are placed during
manufacture.
Right and Left lay refers to the
direction in which the strands of the
rope are wound around the core.
Regular and Langs lay refers to the
way the wires in the strand are wound
in relation to the strands
Refer to API Spec 9A (ISO 10425) for details as well

as API RP9B for recommended practices

Slip and Cut Program
Slip and Cut involve:

Suspend the traveling block.
Loosen the dead line at the wire line anchor.
Slip in a few feet of new line into service from the storage reel.
Disconnect the drill line from the drawworks drum.
Cut off a section of the line from the drawworks end, pull through an amount equal to
the amount cut off and reconnect the drill line to the drawworks spool.
A Slip and cut program is conducted based on a unit of service called the
ton-mile method.
Based on the assumption that a line will safely perform so much work (ton-mile).
A line has rendered 1 ton-mile when the traveling block has moved 2,000 lbf a
distance of 1 mile.
Must keep a record of ton-miles the drill line has experienced.
Ton-miles vary with drilling conditions.

Exercise: Calculate Desired Drawworks Horsepower
Using this equation:

Drawworks HP = (W x Vh)/(33000 x E); W is lbf and Vh is in ft/min, E is traveling assembly
(block and tackle) efficiency
Calculate the needed horsepower to move a drillstring weighing
225,000 pounds at a rate of 150 feet per minute, use an
efficiency factor of 0.85.

Exercise: Calculate wire rope capacity
Using the previous 2 slides and a design factor of 3.5.

Determine the maximum load that may be supported if a 1-1/2
inch EIP wire rope is used as a drilling line. Use load case A
strung up with 10 lines.
Consider that the tension in the fast line is calculated as follows:
FL Tension = Fast Line Factor x Load
The Fast Line Factor for 10 lines is 0.123
What is the maximum load that can be lifted with this drilling
line?

Example: Compute the pump factor in units of barrels per stroke for a duplex pump
having 6.5-in. liners, 2.5-in. rods, 18-in. strokes, and a volumetric efficiency of 90%.
Solution:
The pump factor for a duplex pump can be determined as follows using
the equation for duplex-double-acting pump
Fp

2
2

Ls E 2dl2 d r2 180.9 26.52 2.52
F p 1,991.2 in 3 / stroke
Recall that there are 231 in3 in a U.S. gallon and 42 U.S. gallons in a U.S.
barrel. Thus, converting to the desired field units yields
in 3 gal bbl
1,991.2 0.2052 bbl / stroke
stroke 231 in 3 42 gal

The following slides discuss solids control equipment, this is
covered in detail later in the course, however these slides may
be used to illustrate or respond to questions at this time.
Realize though that these same slides will be shown later in the
course.

Example Solids Processing Layout
Well
Treated Fluid to Well Mud Pump(s)
Choke
Hopper
Returns
from Well
Suction & Testing Section

Gas
Buster
Gumbo Slide (optional)

Degasser
Scalping Shaker (optional)

Centrifuge
From
Trip To Trip Tank
Tank
Main Shaker
Sand Trap
Desilter or
Mud Cleaner Hopper
Desander
Removal Section Additions Section

Shale Shaker

Shale Shaker

Components of a Shale Shaker

Inside a Hydrocyclone

Desander
Inside diameter larger

than six inches.

Desilter
Inside cone diameter less than 6 inches

Centrifuges
In weighted drilling fluid systems,

decanting centrifuges recover as
much as 95% of barite, which is
returned to the active system, while
also discarding finer, lower-gravity
solids. In chemically enhanced
dewatering systems, centrifuges
significantly reduce liquid
discharge volumes and appreciably
enhance total solids control system
efficiency.

Example Solids Processing Layout - Review
Well
Treated Fluid to Well Mud Pump(s)
Choke
Hopper
Returns
from Well
Suction & Testing Section

Gas
Buster
Gumbo Slide (optional)

Degasser
Scalping Shaker (optional)

Centrifuge
From
Trip To Trip Tank
Tank
Main Shaker
Sand Trap
Desilter or
Mud Cleaner Hopper
Desander
Removal Section Additions Section

The following slides may be useful to support your lecture or
respond to questions related to well control topics, well control
is covered in more detail later in this course.

Two alternative trip-tank arrangements for kick detection
during tripping operations
While making a trip, circulation is stopped
and a significant volume of pipe is
removed from the hole. Hence, to keep
the hole full, mud must be pumped into
the hole to replace the volume of pipe
removed.
Hole-fill up indicator is used during trip
operations. Used to measure accurately
the mud volume required to fill hole.
Trip tanks - small tanks holds 10 - 15
gauge makers - provide the best means of
monitoring hole fill - up volume.
Pump stroke counters - use if no trip tanks
on the rig to determine hole fill - up
volume.
Never use active pits as hole fill-up
volume indicators because it is too large
to provide sufficient accuracy.

Components of a Kick Detection System
Mud flow indicator - detects a kick more quickly, sees the kick first
Pit volume indicator - indicates the active pit volume and presets at
high & low levels; an alarm turns a light or a horn on when the levels
are below or above set levels
Gain in pit volume = kick volume !!!
Hole fill-up indicator - used while tripping to measure accurately the
fluid required to fill the hole
Trip tanks - usually very small (10 - 15 bbl capacity) and provide the
best way to monitor hole fill-up volumes
When the trip tanks are not available, use pump strokes
Never use active tanks as hole fill-up volume indicator

Blowout Preventers
Types of BOP - ram and annular preventers

Three types of ram: pipe; blind; and shear
Pipe closes against the drill pipe.
Blind closes the well when there is no drill pipe in hole.
Shear, is a special blind ram as it shears the drill pipe.
Usually only used when all pipe ram and annular preventers have failed.
Annular preventer, also called a bag preventer uses an
elastomer ring to close against the drill string.
BOP working pressures
2,000, 3,000, 5000, 10,000, 15,000 and 20,000 psi.

Annular Blowout Preventer

Choke and Kill lines

Choke Manifold

Typical Arrangements of Blowout Preventers
The arrangement is defined

starting at the casing head and
proceeding up to the bell
nipple.
Thus, arrangement RSRRA
denotes the use of a BOP stack
with a ram preventer, attached
to the casing head, a drilling
spool above the ram preventer,
two ram preventers in series
above the drilling spool and
annular preventer above the
ram preventer

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Drilling Engineering

Drilling Rigs, Components And Rig Operations

2 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved

3 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved

In general, there are three locations: onshore, swamp

4 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved

5 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved

Capable of drilling up to 10,000

6 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved

Description: Used for:

7 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved

8 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved

9 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved

Determine derrick load from heaviest casing string plus overpull

10 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved

Determine total rig power requirements drawworks, pumps, electrical

11 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved

12 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved

14 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved

Floating rectangular barge with

15 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved

16 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved

Usually 3 legs which stand on

18 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved

19 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved

20 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved

21 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved

22 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved

Rig towed on to location, then

23 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved

Ship shaped hull,

24 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved

Coming up will be a discussion of selected rig components.

25 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved

1. Name or describe the rig components.

26 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved

27 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved

28 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved

29 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved

Comparison is based on transmission methods

30 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved

Function: To provide a means of lowering and raising

31 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved

Drawworks unit showing sand line sheave on top,

The drawworks controls the

33 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved

Derrickman on monkey board adding stands to the string

Derrick showing monkey board,

Deadline anchor with sensator shown

Changing the drill line with a snakeskin

View of the travelling block from above

Function is to remove rock cuttings out of the hole as drilling

36 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved

37 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved

38 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved

The function of the mud pump is to circulate fluid at desired

39 Copyright 2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved

Mud pumps provide fluids at desired pressures and flow

3 Triplex mud pumps

Well with BOPS

Flexible High Pressure Discharge Hose

Pump Suction Line (from mud tank)

Suction Charging Pump