TUBERCULOSIS

(MYOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS)

Kristine Suguitan

Individual Disease: Tuberculosis

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Name of the Disease: Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Common Name:

Tuberculosis or TB

Etiology:

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

Mode of transmission:

Person to person through the air by a person with active TB disease of the lungs.

Droplet and inhalation such as coughing sneezing or talking.

Incubation period

2-12 weeks

Pathogenesis

Pathophysiology
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Manifestations

Coughing that lasts three or more weeks

Coughing up blood

Chest pain, or pain with breathing or coughing

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 Unintentional weight loss

Fatigue

Fever

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 Night sweats

Chills

Loss of appetite

Pathognomonic Sign not present

Diagnostic test-

Sputum culture

Ziehl-Neelsen (acid-fast stain applied to a smear of body fluid):

CT Scan

The Mantoux tuberculin skin test (TST) or the TB blood test

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 Chest Radiograph

sputum smear

Drug Resistance

Biopsy

Treatment:

Drug therapy

TB disease can be treated by taking several drugs for 6 to 9 months

Always treat with multiple drugs. Never add a single drug to a failing regimen

Treatment course depends on the categories of the patient Usually for 6 to 9 months

Four drugs for 2 months Isoniazid Rifampicin Ethambutol - Pyrazinamide

Two drugs for four- seven months Isoniazid-Rifampicin

Isoniazid is preferred drug for treating latent infection

Supportive care:

Patients were kept in isolation, encouraged to rest, and fed well.

Nursing Management

Isolate patients with possible tuberculosis (TB) infection in a private room with negative

pressure (air exhausted to outside or through a high-efficiency particulate air filter).

Medical staff must wear high-efficiency disposable masks sufficient to filter the tubercle

bacillus

TB education is necessary for people with TB. They need to know how to take their TB

drugs properly.
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Prevention

BGC vaccine must be given at birth of a child.

Anyone who coughs should be educated on cough etiquette and respiratory hygiene

Houses should be adequately ventilated

Avoidance of overcrowded and unsanitary conditions

1) Agent

Virulence

Attachment: M. Tuberculosis

Toxins: Does not secrete toxins that negatively affect the host

Enzymes: no enzymes

Amount of pathogen to cause disease - Infectious dose of less than 10 microorganisms

Portal of entry- via mouth and nose

2. Host

Gender- At all risk

Health status-

people with weak immune system

those that are infected with HIV

people with diabetes and chronic renal failure

Nutritional status-

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 malnourished children

Age: The elderly and young children

Behavior Lifestyle/Occupation-

tobacco or cigarette users are greatly increase the risk

occupations that are in the outside field and having contact with many

people.

Socioeconomic status: marginalized community

Travel (place where endemic)

the largest number of incident cases in 2014 were India, Indonesia, Nigeria,

Pakistan, Peoples Republic of China and South Africa

Hygiene:

People who do not observe proper hand washing and irresponsible

coughing and sneezing

Immunity: BGC vaccine

Substance abuse

Tobacco, cigarette, or electronic pipe

3). Environment

Physical factors like geographic location, climate, temperature, humidity

crowded, unventilated housing, and with little access to health service

cold environment

air pollution

Availability of reservoir

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 Animals can also be a treat for acquiring tuberculosis such as cow.

If there are patients infected with tuberculosis and had in contact with.

Sanitation

surrounding with poor sanitation

Availability of potable water:

sterilized potable water

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Cohe, J. (2014). Tuberculosis and other Mycobacterial infections. Infectious Diseases.

(3rd edition). Philadelphia: Mosey.

Dan, R (2011). Tuberculosis. Retrived from

http://www.slideshare.net/reynel89/tuberculosismedical-and-nursing-managements on

September 25,2016

Gallup, J. (2016). Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Retrieved from

https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Tuberculosis_disease on September 25, 2016

Pelletier, Kenneth R., MD. The Best Alternative Medicine, Part II, "CAM Therapies for Specific

Conditions: Tuberculosis." New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002.

No author (2005). Exposure to Tuberculosis. Retrieved from

http://www.vanderbilt.edu/HRS/wellness/OHC/ohctb.pdf

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Senthilingam, M. (2015). How animals can give you tuberculosis. Retrieved from

http://edition.cnn.com/2015/12/23/health/tuberculosis-from-animals/

No author. (2016). Key Facts: Tuberculosis. Retrieved from

https://www.healthpovertyaction.org/info-and-resources/the-cycle-of-poverty-and-poor-

health/infectious-diseases/tuberculosis/key-facts/

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