Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials xx (xxxx) xxxxxxxx

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Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jmmm

The friction control of magnetic uid in the Couette ow

O.N. Labkovich , A.G. Reks, V.A. Chernobai
Belarusian National Technical University, Nezavisimosty Ave., 65, Minsk 220013, Belarus

A R T I C L E I N F O A BS T RAC T

Keywords: In the work characteristic areas of magnetic uid ow are experimentally determined in the gap between the
Dipole-dipole interaction between magnetite cylinders: the area of strong dipole-dipole interaction between magnetite particles 0 < Ta < 8, the laminar ow 8
particles < Ta < 41,2, the area of Taylor vortex ow Ta > 41,2. For areas with high ow losses in viscous friction is shown
Vortex ow the possibility of reducing the introduction of magnetic uid of carbon nanotubes and creating a rotating
Viscous friction
magnetic eld.
Magnetic uid
Carbon nanotubes
Rotating magnetic eld

1. Introduction Character of uid ow in the gap between cylinders is dened by

The viscous friction in magnetic uids is dened by following
mechanisms: Einschteins mechanism of dissipation, viscous friction,
dened by the dipole-dipole interaction between magnetite parti-
cles [15,7,8] and the magnetic moment of the particles and the
external magnetic eld [9,10].
The experimental research of the mechanisms dening a viscous
friction at the ow of the magnetic uid in a wide range of speeds and
possibilities of its decrease is of interest.
2. Experiment
Researches were carried out on the modied viscosimeter HAAKE
Viscotester VT 550. The magnetic uid lled a radial gap between
coaxial cylinders, the internal cylinder in radius R rotated.
The radial gap changed from 0,31 mm. The axial size of the
magnetic uid layer l =20 mm. The temperature of the magnetic uid
changed from 20 to 60 by the thermostat and was measured by
means of thermocouples. The magnetic uid on the mineral oil and
magnetite with magnetization of saturation of 70 kA/m (MO - 70)
was used. The curve of magnetization of the uid was of Langevenovs
character, diameters of magnetite particles did not exceed 15 nan-
ometers (nm). In the gap r the radial magnetic eld was created by
means of the constant ring magnet, two magnetic lines and the
magnetic internal cylinder.
The radial magnetic eld on the circle was homogeneous (H
=400 kA/m), in the axial direction its change did not exceed 4%.
In experiments the rotating magnetic eld which was created.
the dependence of the measured friction moment on the rotation speed
V of the cylinder (Fig. 1).
On Fig. 1 typical dependence of the friction moment fr on
dimensionless speed of rotation - Taylor's Ta number is given at the
r
ow of the magnetic uid MO 70. Here, Ta = Re( R )0,5, where
rV
Re = , coecient of the kinematic viscosity. Character of change
of the friction moment from the dimensionless speed Ta allowed
assuming an existence of three areas of ow: the area of strong
inuence of processes of structurization on viscous friction Ta < 8, a
laminar ow - 8 < Ta < 41, 2 and a vortex ow at which a sharp growth
of the friction moment - Ta > 41, 2 (curve 1) was observed. And,
transition of the laminar ow of the magnetic uid to the Taylor vortex
one was observed at the critical value of Taylors number 41,2, what is
typical for usual uids - mineral oil and water. In the absence of the
magnetic eld the magnetic uid MO - 70 behaves as Newtons uid
with transition of the laminar ow to Taylor vortex one at Tacr = 41, 2
(curve 2).
In the radial magnetic eld (H =400 kA/m) time dependences of
structurization in the magnetic uid and their inuence on the viscous
friction were studied. The magnetic uid held in the radial gap at rest
from 0 till 140 h, then the moment of start o 0 was measured, by
which pressures 0 (Fig. 2) were dened. Growth of pressures 0 was
observed till 120 h, and then the tendency to saturation (curve 1) was
visible. The long characteristic times of structurization are connected
with high viscosity of the uid-carrier (mineral oil).
Besides, as shown in work [3], structurization in the magnetic uid
has a complex character: at rst chains are formed, then at their
approach granules, and the further hold leads to transformation of

Corresponding author.
E-mail address: olji@tut.by (O.N. Labkovich).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2016.11.072
Received 13 September 2016; Received in revised form 15 November 2016; Accepted 16 November 2016
Available online xxxx
0304-8853/ 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Please cite this article as: Labkovich, O.N., Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials (2016),
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2016.11.072
O.N. Labkovich et al.
Fig. 1. Character of the magnetic uid ow.
Fig. 2. The dependence of shift pressures on curing time.
Fig. 3. The hysteresis of the friction moment.
granules into spatial structures. This structurization, as seen in Fig. 2,
leads to increase of friction force. Degree of magnetic interaction of
magnetite particles is characterized by dimensionless parameter:
m = m 2 /(a3kT )
where m 2 / a3 - energy of dipole-dipole interaction of particles, kT -
thermal energy of Brownian motion of the particles, preventing
formation of structures. Here m - the magnetic moment of the particle,
a the distance between the centers of the nearby particles, k
Boltzmanns constant, T - absolute temperature.
As follows from quoted above works, structurization processes were
observed at m 1. In our case for magnetic uid MMO - 70 with the
magnetite particles size d ~ 15 nm and its concentration of 15% -
m 1.
At heating the magnetic uid in gap from 20 to 60 the time of
reaching curve 2 (Fig. 2) the saturation was reduced in connection with
Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials xx (xxxx) xxxxxxxx
the sharp decrease in viscosity of the uid-carrier (mineral oil), and the
contribution of dipole-dipole structurization in the viscous friction
decreased because of the destructive inuence of Brownian motion.
Measurements of the friction moment at the constant increase of
velocity of rotation to Ta =20 and then its decrease found out its
hysteresis - the friction moment had lower values at the velocity
decrease (Fig. 3).
This result conrms a destroying inuence of hydrodynamic forces
on the structures of magnetite and denes an area of essential inuence
of dipole-dipole interaction of magnetite particles on the viscous
friction - Ta 8. In the eld of laminar ow of the magnetic uid
(8 < Ta < 41, 2) with magnetic eld increase in the gap the pressures of
the shift increased and at the maximum value of the magnetic eld H
=400 kA/m its contribution to viscous friction did not exceed 15%
(Fig. 1).
In work [9] it is shown that in this case the viscous friction can
dene a rise in the ow of structures from several particles which
besides a rotary motion make uctuations relative to a circular
trajectory, and, oscillatory dissipation makes more than a half of all
dissipated energy.
For the area of expected Taylor vortex ow Ta > 41, 2 a strong
inuence of the magnetic eld on viscous friction is typical. So, the
increase of the radial magnetic eld from 0 to 400 kA/m leads to
growth of the friction moment for 30% (Fig. 1).
The possibility of control - friction decrease in these areas of the
ow was studied experimentally. Small additives of single-layer carbon
nanotubes (CNT) were brought into the magnetic uid. Nanotubes are
hollow nonmagnetic cylinders in diameter ~ 5 nm and length to
10000 nm. In this case the solution of nanotubes in the magnetic uid
is not colloid one and nanotubes do not participate in Brownian
motion. A dening role in the structure formation here plays forces
of electrostatic interaction (Van-der-Vaals forces) of nanotubes which
are characterized by parameter :
= U / kT ,
where U = A /6(2/(S 2 4) + 2/ S 2 + ln[(S 2 4)/ S 2] - energy of forces of
electrostatic attraction [6]. Here S = (2r l )r , l distance between
nanotubes.
In this case the condition of structure formation of magnetite
particles will look like:
= 1
Thus, introduction of nanotubes into the magnetic uid leads to the
occurrence of electrostatic forces of Van-der-Vaals in the suspension,
these forces of order of are superior to magnetic forces of the
interaction between the magnetite particles, which prevents structure
formation of magnetite and reduces a viscous friction.
At the laminar ow (8 < Ta < 41,2 ) nanotubes do not inuence the
friction moment as structures from magnetite particles are absent, and
nanotubes are easily deformed in the ow (Fig. 1, curve 3).
In the eld of vortex ow Ta > 41,2 an eect of decrease of friction
by additives of carbon nanotubes ~ 25% is found out, and optimum
concentration of nanotubes was 0,01%. This eect, probably, is
connected with elastic properties of nanotubes which damped pulsa-
tions of speeds and pressure of vortex ow.
Use of this eect is of interest for friction decrease at a ow of the
magnetic uid in the gap between cylinders. The magnetic eld was
created by constant magnets, it periodically changed on a circle from
120 to 90 kA/m and rotated in step with the internal cylinder on which
magnets were xed. As it seen in Fig. 1 (curve 3) creation of the
magnetic eld rotating in step with the internal cylinder, allows to
lower a viscous friction in all studied interval of speeds essentially.
Thus, typical areas of the ow of magnetic uid in the gap between
cylinders are researched, possibilities of decrease in the viscous friction
that can have applied value, are shown in the work.
2
O.N. Labkovich et al.
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