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Summary. The condylar cartilage was taken from intact 15-day-old male rats or from rats
with lateral pterygoid muscles resected 10 days previously. The condylar cartilage was put into
organ culture either whole or after partial or complete resection of the chondroblastic zone;
in addition the mitotic compartment of the condylar cartilage taken from intact rats was
associated in organ culture (a) with chondroblastic zones from condylar or angular cartilages
and from the spheno-occipital synchondrosis, (b) with some other tissues.
Our previous experiments strongly suggest feed-back signal, being part of a regulatory
that the growth rate of the condylar cartilage system (Stutzmann and Petrovic, 1975a).
is controlled, not only by general, regional Furthermore, the resection of the lateral
and local extrinsic factors (Charlier and pterygoid muscle results, a few days after the
Petrovic, 1967; Charlier, Petrovic and Herr- operation, in a significant decrease in the pre-
mann, 1968; Petrovic and Stutzmann, 1972; chondroblastic multiplication rate and then in
Stutzmann and Petrovic, 1974; Petrovic, a reduction in thickness of both the mitotic
Stutzmann and Oudet, 1975) but also by and the chondroblastic compartments of the
intrinsic mechanisms governing the cell condylar cartilage (Charlier, Petrovic and
multiplication rate (Stutzmann and Petrovic, Herrmann, 1968; Petrovic and Stutzmann,
1975a; Stutzmann, 1976). Indeed, according 1972; Stutzmann and Petrovic, 1974). But
to our findings in organ culture, the presence the basic finding is that chondroblastic
of chondroblasts, especially so-called 'func- hypertrophy starts later and is less pro-
tional' chondroblasts, which synthesize carti- nounced than is usual. Thus we came to
laginous matrix but have not yet undergone investigate, in organ culture, the growth rate
hypertrophy, has a restraining effect on the of condylar cartilage taken from rats where
multiplication of prechondroblasts. Such a the lateral pterygoid muscle had been
restraining effect is a cybernetic negative resected 10 days previously.
The question arises: what could be the
This paper is supported by CRLINSERM no. 761354. nature of the 'negative feed-back signal ?' Is
42 CONDYLAR CARTILAGE GROWTH RATE
taken from intact rats taken from rats with lateral pterygoid musdts rastctid 10 days prtviousti.
E
functional
proximal zone
chondroblists functional
of chondroblasts
CP
hu,pertrophic chondroblasK
distal zone
of chondroblasts hypertrophic
chondroblasts
CD chondroblasts
zone of endochondral
ossification
0
O
m
Figure 2 Association between the mitotic compartment of the condylar cartilage and various chondroblastic zones or some other tissues. O
i
CONDYLAR CARTILAGE GROWTH RATE 45
Comparison between 'growth rate of condylar cartilage taken from intact rats' and 'growth rate of condylar
cartilage taken from iats with lateral pterygoid muscle resected 10 days previously'
~~ m.pt.l.o
m.pt.l. ^~^~^^^ In situ In organ culture
M+CP+CD+O M+CP+CD M + C P M
In situ 11.89"*
In organ culture
M + CP + CD + O 11.69***
M + CP + CD 12.43***
M + CP 0.49 NS
M 1.06 NS
M = mitotic compartment: CP = proximal part of the chondroblastic zone: CD = distal part of the chondro-
blastic zone: O = zone of endochondral ossification: NS = difference not significant: *** = difference significant
at 0.001.
46 CONDYLAR CARTILAGE GROWTH RATE
tissue composition of the explants. Indeed, the condylar cartilage or of the angular
when the complete condyle explant is cartilage, spheno-occipital synchondrosis,
cultured, the number of dividing cells, as tendon and muscle or thyroid) brings about a
compared with the condylar cartilage in situ, decrease in the number of dividing cells.
is markedly decreased: when only the bone However, there are differences in the magnitude
zone was resected, the number of dividing of this decrease:
cells remains markedly decreased: when the when the mitotic compartment is associated
distal part of the chondroblastic zone was with the chondroblastic zone taken from
also resected (this part contains plain hyper- the same condylar cartilage (Figs. 2.1 and
trophic chondroblasts) the decrease in the 3.1) or from another condylar cartilage
number of dividing cells was a little less (Figs. 2.2 and 3.2) the number of dividing
pronounced; when the chondroblastic zone cells is very markedly decreased; but it
was resected almost entirely, the number of should be emphasized that this is not
dividing cells decreased still less. That is to significantly different from that observed
say, compared with that of the complete when the complete condylar cartilage is
condylar explant, the number of thymidine cultured;
labelled cells is greatly increased. when the mitotic compartment is associated
Analysis of the results of any organ with the chondroblastic zone of another
culture experimental design in which the secondary cartilage (the angular cartilage,
donor rats were intact compared with those Figs. 2.3 and 3.3), the number of dividing
in which they had undergone resection of the cells is also decreased, but to a lesser
M M M
CP CP CP
CD CD CD
condijlar cartilage as a whole or after partial or complete resection of the chondroblastic zone
association between the mitotic compartment of the condijlar cartilage and various
chondroblastic zones or some other tissues
Condylar cartilage as a whole or after partial or complete resection of the chondroblastic zone.
M 15 576 39.53 2.86" 0.39 NS 2.70* 2.29* 2.16*
M+CP 15 76 5.46
M+CP+
CD 15 40 1.26 3.63" 12.62*** 23.26*** 33.34*** 31.34*** 35.55***
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Association between the mitotic compartment of the condylar cartilage and various chondroblastic zones or some other tissues.
M-(CP+
CD)cc 15 48 1.88 11.96*** 22.84*** 32.50*** 30.61*** 34.69***
M-(CP+
CD) cc' 15 51 2.83 0.78 NS
M-(CP+
CD)ac 15 189 14.62 9.58*** 1.17 NS 10.19*** 13.86*** 14.22*** 14.39*** 15.46***
M-(CD +
CP) 15 213 13.64 13.25*** 13.52*** 13.70*** 14.81***
M-CD
upside
down 15 449 20.86 9.48*** 3.60** 0.64 NS 1.26 NS 1.56 NS
M upside 8
down- z
(CP+
CD) 15 559 22.28 3.68* 2.97** 2.82**
M-S.O.S. 15 465 12.68 0.85 NS 1.25 NS >g
M-Tendon- 9
Muscle 15 481 14.01 0.33 NS
M-Thyroid 15 487 12.51 r
M, mitotic compartment; CP, proximal part of the chondroblastic zone; CD distal part of the chondroblastic zone; cc, autoplastic association;
o
ra
cc', homoplastic association; ac, chondroblastic zone of the angular cartilage; S.O.S., chondroblastic zone of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis.
a
CONDYLAR CARTILAGE GROWTH RATE 49
Figure 4 Intrinsic regulation of the condylar cartilage growth rate variations of the chondroblastic hypertrophy rate
and subsequent variations of the 'prechondroblastic multiplication restraining signal' (the feedback signal).
1. Controls. Negative feedback signal of usual intensity; usual condylar cartilage growth rate.
2. Thyroxine low doses (2 to 3 week experiments). Chondroblastic hypertrophy, i.e. maturation rates, accelerated; con-
sequent decrease in the number of 'functional'chondroblasts. Negative feedback signal decreased. Increase in the condylar
cartilage growth rate.
3. Postural hyperpropulsor (2 to 4 week experiments). Chondroblastic hypertrophy starts earlier; consequent decrease
in the number of 'functional' chondroblasts. Negative feedback signal decreased. Increase in the condylar cartilage growth
rate.
4. Unilateral increase in the occlusal vertical dimension (a cast gold overlay cemented on the maxillary molar group).
Opposite side: no change in the chondroblastic maturation and hypertrophy rates. Negative feedback signal of usual
intensity. Usual condylar cartilage growth rate. Same side: chondroblastic hypertrophy starts earlier; consequent
decrease in the number of 'functional' chondroblasts. Negative feedback signal decreased. Increase in the condylar
cartilage growth rate.
CONDYLAR CARTILAGE GROWTH RATE 51
dividinq
cells
functional
chondroblasts
hupertrophic I
chondroblasts
dividing
cells
functional \ (V5 _ ^ .
chondroblastsj
hypertrophic
chondroblasts
condylar cartilage could be due, pro parte, to accepted that thyroxine does not stimulate the
the decrease in the magnitude of the 'feed- cell division rate in primary cartilages but
back signal'. only the chondroblastic maturation rate. Our
According to our recent investigations histological investigations have shown that
(Petrovic and Stutzmann, 1977; Petrovic, thyroxine also stimulates the maturation rate
1977), the earlier commencement ofchondro- of the chondroblasts in the condylar cartilage
blast hypertrophy as produced in the young with the result that the chondroblastic zone
rat by the mandibular postural hyperpro- becomes much narrower. But what is peculiar
pulsor seems to result from the increased in the condylar cartilage is that, when given
postural activity of the lateral pterygoid in low doses, thyroxine also stimulates the cell
muscle and from the simultaneously increased division rate (Stutzmann, Petrovic and Oudet,
iterative activity of the menisco-temporal 1975; Stutzmann, 1976). The concept of an
fraenum and of the menisco-condylar liga- intrinsic regulation of the condylar cartilage
ment with its condylar branch. growth rate can explain this peculiarity of the
Unilateral increase in the occlusal vertical thyroxine action: the acceleration of the
dimension which can be effected by cementing chondroblastic maturation rate results in a
a cast gold overlay on the maxillary molar decrease in the number of functional chon-
group in rats produces, on the homolateral droblasts. Thus, the magnitude of the 'negative
condylar cartilage, effects very similar to feedback signal' will be decreased and, con-
those obtained with the postural hyper- sequently, the prechondroblastic multiplica-
propulsor (Schlienger, 1978). It should also tion will be less restrained and the number of