3/17/2016

ECE5322
21st CenturyElectromagnetics
Instructor: Dr.Raymond C.Rumpf
Office: A337
Phone: (915)7476958
EMail: rcrumpf@utep.edu

Lecture #13

Lecture 13 1

Lecture Outline
Introduction to Metamaterials
Resonant Metamaterials
Left-handed metamaterials
Refractive index less than one
Biisotropic and bianisotropic metamaterials
Nonresonant Metamaterials
Anisotropic metamaterials
Hyperbolic metamaterials

Lecture13 Slide2

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Introduction to
Metamaterials

What are Metamaterials?

No universally accepted definition
Themes of a definition
Engineered composites
Properties are derived from their physical structure,
not their chemistry
Exhibit properties not observed in nature.
Exhibit properties not observed in their constituent
materials.
A composite material that is purposely
engineered to provide material properties that
are not otherwise attainable with ordinary
materials.

Lecture13 Slide4

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Types of Metamaterials
ElectromagneticMetamaterials

Resonant Nonresonant

Periodis~/5
Periodcanbemuchlessthan
Oscillatingcurrentsemulate
Nothingresonatesorscatters
atomicresonances
fromunitcells

Lecture13 Slide5

General Comments on
Nonresonant Metamaterials
Greatest potential to be broadband
Greatest potential for wide field-of-view
Smallest feature sizes (very subwavelength)
Greatest tolerance to structural deformations
Fewer magical properties than resonant
metamaterials.

Lecture13 6

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Resonant
Metamaterials

Dielectric Response of Ordinary

Materials
LorentzOscillatorModel

MechanismsProducing
ElectricPolarization

C.Balanis,AdvancedEngineeringElectromagnetics,(Wiley,
NewYork,1989).

Lecture13 Slide8

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Magnetic Response of Ordinary

Materials
MagneticDipole

Electron Nucleus

EquilibriumState PolarizedState
B

Lecture13 Slide9

Lorentz Oscillator Model for

Dielectrics
GoverningEquation

2r r
m m m02 r qE
t 2
t
restoringforce
loss
inertia appliedelectricforce

ResultingDielectricFunction

p2
r 1
02 2 j
Nq 2
p2
0m

Lecture13 Slide10

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Drude Model for Metals

GoverningEquation

2r r
m 2 m m02 r qE
t t
Electronsarenotboundso
restoringforceiszero.

ResultingDielectricFunction

p2
r 1
2 j
Nq 2
p2
0m

Lecture13 Slide11

Artificial Permittivity,

Frequency(GHz)

D.Schurig,J.J.Mock,D.R.Smith,"Electricfieldcoupledresonatorsfornegativepermittivitymetamaterials,"Appl.Phys.
Lett.88,041109(2006).

Lecture13 Slide12

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Artificial Permeability,

J.B.Pendry,A.J.Holden,D.J.Robbins,W.J.Stewart,"MagnetismfromConductorsandEnhancedNonlinearPhenomena,"
IEEETrans.MicrowaveTheoryandTechniques47(11),20752084(1999).

Lecture13 Slide13

Artificial Plasma Frequency

r2N
N eff
a2
0 r 2 N eff q 2 a
meff ln
2 2r
2 c 2
p2 ,eff
a 2 ln a 2r

Quantitiespreviouslyrelatedtotheatomsand
moleculescannowbeengineeredthrough
structuraldimensions.

J.B.Pendry,A.J.Holden,W.J.Stewart,IYoungs,ExtremelyLowFrequencyPlasmons inMetallicMesostructures,"Phys.
Rev.Lett.76,47734776(1996).
Lecture13 Slide14

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Categorizing Metamaterials Based

on Sign of Effective Properties
DoublePositive(DP)
, Ordinaryeffectivemedia
Righthandedmedia(RHM)

SingleNegative(SN)
Canbelefthandedorrighthanded
, or , Artificialmetalsandmagneticconductors

DoubleNegative(DN)
Lefthandedmedia(LHM)
, Negativerefractiveindex(NRI)
Negativethicknessdevices

n <1.0
Fasterthanlightpropagation
n 1.0 Invisibilityandcloaking
Angleinsensitivedevices
Lecture13 Slide15

Left-Handed
Metamaterials

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What Happens When Both

and are Negative?
Whathappenswhenboth and arenegative?

E j H E j H

H j E
H j E

Thesystemislefthanded!


k E H k E H

E,H,andk forma
lefthandedsystem

V.G.Veselago,Sov.Phys.Usp.,vol.10,pp.509,1968.
Lecture13 Slide17

LHMs Have a Negative

Refractive Index
1. Waveisincidentfromordinary
y righthandedmaterial.

2. Transversecomponentofk is
continuousacrossinterface.

3. Inthelefthandedmaterial,ky
mustbenegativetobeconsistent
withsignconvention.
x
4. Indexellipsoidforlefthanded
materialmustbenegative,
implyingthattherefractiveindex
isnegative.

5. CausalityrequiresPoynting
vectortocorrespondto
forwardtravellingenergy.

Lecture13 Slide18

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Conditions for Negative

Refractive Index
Im k
Decaying

Evanescent

PropagatingWaves
PropagatingWaves
Re k
Growing

Evanescent

Lecture13 Slide19

How to Realize a Left-Handed

Metamaterial

2.2

Smithetal.,Phys.Rev.Lett.84,41844187(2000).

Lecture13 Slide20

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Low Loss LHMs

Thenegativepermittivityandpermeabilityduetoelectromagneticresonancecan
beprohibitivelylossy.
Approachesforminimizingloss:
1. OptimizingGeometry Limitedsuccesssofar.
2. IncorporateGain canachievezero gainlayer
lossoverbroadfrequencyrange,
butdifficult,complex,andexpensive Optics Express, Vol. 19,
Issue 13, pp. 12688-
torealizeinpractice. 12699 (2011).
3. ElectromagneticallyInduced
Transparency(EIT) Verylowloss,
butdonotmaintainnegativityinthe
realpartof and.Ifrealized,they Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol.
arenarrowbandandinvolveusing 102, 051901, 2009.

twodifferenttypesofmetals.
k
4. Alternatedesigns.
H
E

Ant. Prop. Symp., pp. 1-4, 2010.

Lecture13 PIERS Online, Vol. 3, No. 5, 2007. 21

Doppler Shift in LHMs

Dopplershiftisreversedinalefthandedmetamaterial.

Righthandedmaterial Lefthandedmaterial

Lecture13 Slide22

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Cerenkov Radiation in LHMs

Cerenkovradiationisreversed.

n
e vc

n
e vc

Lecture13 Slide23

Refraction in LHMs
Lefthandedmaterialsproducenegativerefraction.

Lecture13 Slide24

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Evanescent Waves in LHMs

Evanescentfieldsgrowinamplitude.

Evanescentwaveinordinarymaterial

E z E0 e
j k jk nz
E0 e k nz e jk nz
oscillatingcomponent
evanescentcomponent(decays)

Evanescentwaveinnegativeindexmaterial

E z E0 e j k jk n z E0 e k nz e jk nz

oscillatingcomponent
evanescentcomponent(grows)

Lecture13 Slide25

Perfect Imaging and

Super Lenses
W.Park,J.Kim,MRSbulletin
NegativeRefraction Oct2008

GrowingEvanescentFields

N.Fangetal,Science308,534537(2005)
Lecture13 Slide26

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Refractive Index
Less Than One

Cloaking and Invisibility

Lecture13
DukeUniversity Slide28

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Zero-Thickness Devices

Lecture13 Slide29

Bi-Isotropic and
Bi-Anisotroic
Metamaterials

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The Basic Bianisotropic Element

(1 of 4)
Ahelixisoneofthemost
basicandeasiestto
understandelementsthat
producesabianisotropic
response.

Lecture13 31

The Basic Bianisotropic Element

(2 of 4)
Supposeanelectric
fieldisappliedto
thehelix.

Lecture13 32

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The Basic Bianisotropic Element

(3 of 4)
Chargealongthe
+ + ++
wirewillbe +
displacedduetothe
electricfield.

- - --
-

Lecture13 33

The Basic Bianisotropic Element

(4 of 4)
Thedisplaced
+ + ++
chargeinducesan +
electricdipoleD,
whilethecurrent
producedbythe
displacedcharge
inducesamagnetic
dipoleB. - - --
-

Lecture13 34

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Arrangement of Elements

Anarrayofaligned
helicesproducesa
bianisotropic medium.

Anarrayofhelicesinrandom
orientationproducesan
ordinaryisotropicmedium
becausethedipolescancel.
Lecture13 35

Origin of Biisotropy and

Bianisotropy
Biisotropy andbianisotropy occurs
wheneverametamateriallacksa
centerofinversionsymmetryalong
thedirectionofpropagation.

IfthisSRRhadasplitatthebottom
andtop,itwouldexhibitordinary
anisotropy.

Kriegler,ChristineEliane,etal.
"Bianisotropic photonicmetamaterials."
SelectedTopicsinQuantumElectronics,
IEEEJournalof16.2(2010):367375.

Lecture13 36

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Fishnet Metamaterial
NOT BI

Ku,Zahyun,Jingyu Zhang,andS.R.J.
Brueck."Bianisotropyofmultiplelayer
fishnetnegativeindexmetamaterials
BI
duetoangledsidewalls." Optics
express 17.8(2009):67826789.

Lecture13 37

Nonresonant
Anisotropic
Metamaterials

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How to Produce Artificial

Anisotropy in Metamaterials
Recallfromapreviouslecturethatsubwavelength gratingsare
artificiallyanisotropicmedia.
EMode(TE) HMode(TM)

E H

Formetamaterials,wesimplyextendthisconceptto3Dstructures.

Lecture13 Slide39

Positive and Negative

Birefringence
Foruniaxiallattices,wehaveonlyanordinaryandanextraordinary
dielectricconstant,o ande.

Herethebirefringenceisdefinedasthedifferencebetweenthe
extraordinaryandordinarydielectricconstants.
e o
Weseethatitispossibletohavebothapositiveandanegative
birefringence.
e o negative birefringence 0
e o positive birefringence 0

Lecture13 40

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Metamaterials with Positive and

Negative Birefringence
PositiveBirefringence AnisotropyCheatSheet
Theseareequaldueto
Low symmetry.
Therefore,thesearethe
ordinaryaxes.
High Low
k
Low
High

Smaller NegativeBirefringence
e o Theseareequaldueto
High symmetry.
Therefore,thesearethe
ordinaryaxes.
High
Low
Larger

e o

Lecture13 41

Classes of Anisotropic
Metamaterials

Lecture13 42

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Cutoff Frequency
Anisotropicmetamaterialspossessacutofffrequency.Theymustoperatebelowthis
frequencytoensurethestructureisnonresonant.

inhomo

homo

E modecutoff device
nonresonant cutoff
nonresonant region region H modecutoff frequency

1 1 1 1
nhomo
V ndv
V
nhomo

V n dv
V

ArtificialanisotropyrequiresboththeE andH modestobenonresonant.Thecutoff

frequencyistakenasthelowestcutoffbetweenthetwo.Inthiscase,itisheH mode.
Lecture13 43

Design of Negative Uniaxial

Metamaterials by

LimitingValues
min max min
1
f 11 1 f 21
max f 1 1 f 2

StrengthofAnisotropy
1 2
2

max min
1 f 2 1 f
NegativeUniaxialAnisotropy
o 0 0 OptimumFillFractionfor1
0 o 0 o e 1
e f max
0 0 1 2 1
o max e min max 1 2 2 1 2
Lecture13 44

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Design of Negative Uniaxial

Metamaterials by TO

CoordinateTransform NegativeUniaxialMedium TOParameters

x x a 0 0 o a e a
y y a 1 0 a 0

o e a o e
z z a 0 0 a

Lecture13 45

Optimization of in a Positive
Uniaxial Metamaterial
C.R.Garcia,J.Correa,D.Espalin,J.H.Barton,R.
C.Rumpf,R.Wicker,V.Gonzalez,"3DPrintingof
AnisotropicMetamaterials,"PIERLett,Vol.34,
pp.7582,2012.

Fractalunitcellsmayprovide
slightlyhigheranisotropy,butwill
bemoredifficulttomanufacture.

Aclosesecondisahexagonal
arrayofcircularrods.
Mucheasiertomanufacture.
Lecture13
Bestgeometryisahexagonal
arrayofhexagonalshapedrods
withhighr surroundedbylowr.
Hexagonalshapedrodsismore
difficulttomanufacture.
Slide46

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Optimization of of a Positive
Uniaxial Metamaterial

Supportrodsdecreasetheanisotropy,butmaybeneededforsupport.
Radiusofcylindersshouldbe42%oflatticeconstant.
Thisseemstobeconsistentregardlessofdielectricconstantused.
Itmaybetruethatuniaxialsymmetryprovidesthestrongestanisotropy.
C. R. Garcia, J. Correa, D. Espalin, J. H. Barton, R. C. Rumpf, R. Wicker, V. Gonzalez, "3D Printing of Anisotropic
Metamaterials," PIER Lett, Vol. 34, pp. 75-82, 2012.
Lecture13 Slide47

Study of Strength of Anisotropy

in Uniaxial Structures
Lower Dielectric Contrast Higher Dielectric Contrast
o o
r ,eff e r ,eff

f max
e f max

Fill Factor, f Fill Factor, f

Lower Dielectric Contrast Higher Dielectric Contrast

e
e
r ,eff o r ,eff

f max
o f max

Fill Factor, f Fill Factor, f

Lecture13 48

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Optimizing a in Negative
Uniaxial Metamaterials
ApplyingEffectiveMediumTheory
1 f 1 f
o f 1 1 f 2
e 1 2
TOParameters

f 1 1 f 2

f 11 1 f 21

1 2
2

a 1 f 1 f
1 2
Maximizinga
f opt 0.5 f opt 1 2 a

Thismeansthat
a f opt 1 2
2 1 2
optimizedSVAMs
canbedesignedwithoutknowing1 and2.
Lecture13 49

Nonmagnetic SVAMs
ResultProvidedbyTO

x x a 0 0 Notethattorealizeastretching
y y 0 a 0

factorofa,permeabilityand
z z a 0 0 a permittivitymustbeequal.

NonmagneticResult?

1 0 0 a 0 0
0 1 0 0 a 0
0 0 1 0 0 a

Maybe a a ???

Lecture13 50

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Anisotropic Metamaterials
Manufactured by 3D Printing

C. R. Garcia, J. Correa, D. Espalin, J. H. Barton, R. C. Rumpf, R. Wicker, V. Gonzalez, "3D Printing of Anisotropic
Lecture13 Metamaterials," PIER Lett, Vol. 34, pp. 75-82, 2012. Slide51

Anisotropic Metamaterials
Fabricated by Autocloning

Lecture13 Slide52

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Some Applications
Dyakonov SurfaceWaves NearFieldSculpting

O. Takayama, et al, Dyakonov Surface Waves: A Reivew,

Electromagnetics 28, 126-145 (2008).

Lecture13 53

Hyperbolic
Metamaterials

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Recall the Dispersion Surfaces

of Uniaxial Crystals
DielectricTensor DispersionRelation(Ellipsoids)
o 0 0
k x2 k y2
2
0 k z2
o 0
e o c0
0 0 e

Theseellipsoidsare
closedsurfaces.
Possiblevaluesofk are
constrained.

Lecture13 55

Hyperbolic Tensors
Supposethetensorelementso ande hadoppositesign.

o e 0
Thedispersionrelationnowdescribesopensurfacesthatextendto
infinity.
2
k x2 k y2 k z2

e o c0

Thesehyperbolasare
opensurfaces.Possible
valuesofk extendto
infinity.
o 0, e 0 o 0, e 0
Lecture13 56

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What is New and Magical?

Valuesofk inhyperbolicmaterialscangotoinfinity.

Thismeanstherecanexistpropagatingwavesinhyperbolicmaterials
withextremelylargevaluesofk.Foragivenfrequency,thesewill
haveextremelysmallwavelength.

2
k k means 0

Thesewaveswouldbecutoff,orevanescent,inordinarymaterials.

Thesehighkwavesenablemanythings.

Lecture13 57

Types of Hyperbolic
Metamaterials
EffectiveMetals
a 0 0
0 b 0 Allwavesevanescent.

0 0 c Notreallyhyperbolic.

TypeI
a 0 0 a 0 0 a 0 0 Lowloss,goodimpedance
0 b 0 or 0 b 0 or 0 b 0
matchtoairbecausetheyare
0 0 c 0 0 c 0 0 c predominantlydielectriclike.

TypeII
a 0 0 a 0 0 a 0 0
0 b 0 or 0
b 0 or 0
b 0
Highloss,highimpedance
0 0 c 0 0 c 0 0 c mismatchbecausetheyare
predominantlymetallike.

Lecture13 58

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How to Make Hyperbolic

Metamaterials
Weknowthatinmetalsthedielectricconstantisnegativebelowtheplasmafrequency.

Thismeansthatanegativedielectricconstantimpliesthemovementofelectronsis
constrainedinthatdirection.

Inhyperbolicmaterials,notallofthetensorelementsarenegative.Thismeanswehaveto
breakthecontinuityofthemetalinthedirectionofpositivetensorelements.

So,anystructurewheremetaliscontinuousonsomedirectionsbutnototherswillbe
hyperbolic.

Layersofmetal Hyperlens Multilayer Arrayof Arrayofmetal Graphene

dielectric fishnet nanorods dielectric metamaterial
nanopyramids

A.Poddubny,I.Iorsh,P.Belov,Y.Kivshar,Hyperbolicmetamaterials,NaturePhotonics,vol.7,pp.958967,2013.
Lecture13 59

Phenomena and Applications

Negative Refraction (dispersion effect, not NRI)
Lensing
Spontaneous emission engineering (Purcell-factor
enhancement)
Nanophotonics
Minaturization
Tunable active devices
Heat transfer engineering
Efficiency can exceed the Stefan-Boltazmann law
Broadband emission can exceed the Planck law.

Lecture13 60

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Future Steps
Wide spectral and wave vector ranges.
Losses must be mitigated.
Performance should be maintained for different
orientations and polarizations.
Improved methods for coupling from air into the
hyperbolic metamaterials

Lecture13 61

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