UP School of Statistics Student Council

Education and Research

Elementary Analysis II

6. Integration Techniques Integration by Parts of Definite Integrals

6.1. Integration by Parts
The definite integral can be solved with
Suppose we want to evaluate an integral of
integration by parts, provided that the
the form ( ) ( ) , assuming that is
functions satisfy its conditions
differentiable and ( ) is an antiderivative
of ( ) |

o , ( ) ( )- ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
o Deriving the equation, ( ) ( ) 6.2. Trigonometric Integrals
1. Integrating powers of sine and cosine
, ( ) ( )- ( ) ( )

o Integrating both sides,
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )

Theorem:
2. Integrating products of sine and cosine
By letting ( ) ( ) and

( ) ( ), then
o If is odd,
, which is integration by parts
Split off a factor of
Note: Use the Pythagorean identity
Let
As a rule of thumb, the order of choosing the o If is odd,
term is: Logarithmic, Inverse Split off a factor of
trigonometric, Algebraic, Trigonometric, and Use the Pythagorean identity
Exponential Let
o If both and are even,
Use
Tabular Integration by Parts Use

Given ( ) ( ) , tabular integration by ( ) ( )

parts can be used if one of the functions is o and ,
finitely differentiable and the other function Use
is integrable , ( ) ( )-
( ) ( ) o ,
( ) ( ) ( ) | ( ) Use
, ( ) ( )-
The consequence of tabular integration by
parts is that it cannot be used when the first
function is infinitely differentiable
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 UP School of Statistics Student Council
Education and Research

o , o
Use
Steps in Integration using Trigonometric
, ( ) ( )-
Substitution
3. Integrating powers of tangent and secant
1. Substitute the values for and
2. Integrate

3. Return the variables to its original form

4. Integrating products of tangent and secant

6.4. Integration by Partial Fractions
o If is odd, Linear Factor Rule
Split off a factor of o Factors of the form ( ) in the
denominator of a proper rational
Use the Pythagorean identity
functions will contribute to terms
Let
of partial fractions; that is,
o If is even,
Split off a factor of ( )

Use the Pythagorean identity * +

( )
Let Quadratic Factor Rule
o If is even and is odd, o For each factor of the form
Use the Pythagorean identity ( ) , the partial
Use the reduction formula fraction decomposition contributes
for powers of to terms of partial fractions that is,
Note: ( )

(
For powers of sine and cosine, should be a )

positive integer
Note:
For powers of tangent and secant, should
be greater than 1 If the degree of the numerator is greater
To evaluate integrals of cosecant and than or equal to the degree of the
cotangent, use the formulae for tangent and denominator, then long division must first be
secant, and substitute the corresponding carried out before advanced to partial
cofunctions fraction decomposition
Partial fraction decomposition gives way to
the easier use of simple integration
6.3. Trigonometric Substitution
Substitutions are used if the following
expressions are found in the integrand:
o
o
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 UP School of Statistics Student Council
Education and Research

6.5. Improper Integrals Improper Integrals with Infinite Discontinuity

Improper integrals are definite integrals
whose limit of integration reaches infinity, is
a value of which makes the graph of the
function infinitely discontinuous, or a
combination of both
Improper Integrals with Infinite Integration
Intervals
Consider the same function
o It has an infinite discontinuity at
o By first inverting the interval such
that ( -, the new area of the
region bounded by the function and
the interval is

Consider ( ) o

Theorem:

If is continuous on , -, except at and

infinite discontinuity at , then the improper
integral of over , - is ( )
( )
If is continuous on , -, except at and
infinite discontinuity at , then the improper
integral of over , - is ( )
( )
o ( )
If is continuous on , -, except at an
o The area of the region bounded by
infinite discontinuity at ( ), then the
( ) and , - is
improper integral of over , - is
( )
o
( ) ( )

Theorem:
6.6. Review on Separable Differential Equations
( ) ( ) and Applications
A differential equation is an equation
( ) ( )
involving the derivative/s of an unknown
( ) ( ) function
( ) A first order separable differential equation
is an equation of the form ( ) ( )

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 UP School of Statistics Student Council
Education and Research

Some Applications of SODEs member of one family is orthogonal to each

member of the other
Malthusian Population Model
o Let ( ) be time, population Recall:
at given time, birth rate, and death
rate, respectively
o ( )
Integrating both sides,
( ) ( )
*( ) +
o The initial population will be the
population at time zero, that is,
( ) ( ) *(
) +
( )
( )
Verhulstian Population Model
o Let ( ) . / be time,
population at given time, carrying
capacity, and per capita income
increase, respectively
o . /
Integrating both sides,
| | ( )
* +
* +
o The initial population will be
( )
* +
( )( * + )
( )
( )

6.7. Orthogonal Trajectories

Two curves are said to be orthogonal if their
tangent lines are perpendicular at every
point of intersection
Two families of curves are said to be
orthogonal trajectories of each other if each

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This copy is not for sale. Johann Sebastian Claveria

 UP School of Statistics Student Council
Education and Research

This copy is not for sale. Johann Sebastian Claveria

 UP School of Statistics Student Council
Education and Research

This copy is not for sale. Johann Sebastian Claveria

 UP School of Statistics Student Council
Education and Research

Note:

If and , then has a horizontal

tangent line
If and , then has a vertical
tangent line
If , then has a singular point

Higher Derivatives

Let ( ) and ( ) be a pair of Conversion of Polar and Rectangular Coordinates

parametric equations, then Polar to Rectangular -

( ) ( )
The second order derivative, , can be Rectangular to Polar -
( ) . /
expressed as

In general, the nth derivative of is Remarks:

( ) ( )
( ) ( )

7.4. Arc Length of Parametric Curves 7.6. Graphs of Polar Equations

Let be the parametric curve defined by A polar equation is an equation of the form
( ) ( ) ( )
If no segment of is traced more than once
from to , then the arc length of Theorem:
from to is
A polar curve is symmetric about the x-axis if
, - , - , given that the pair ( ) ( )
of parametric equations is differentiable A polar curve is symmetric about the y-axis if
over , - ( ) ( )
A polar curve is symmetric about the origin if
( ) ( ) or if negating the equation
7.5. Polar Coordinates will still produce an equivalent equation
A point ( ) on the polar coordinate system
can be determined by its distance from the
pole , and the angle of the radial line with
respect to the polar axis

38

This copy is not for sale. Johann Sebastian Claveria

 UP School of Statistics Student Council
Education and Research

This copy is not for sale. Johann Sebastian Claveria

 UP School of Statistics Student Council
Education and Research

This copy is not for sale. Johann Sebastian Claveria

 UP School of Statistics Student Council
Education and Research

This copy is not for sale. Johann Sebastian Claveria

 UP School of Statistics Student Council
Education and Research

This copy is not for sale. Johann Sebastian Claveria

 UP School of Statistics Student Council
Education and Research

8. The Real Space Quadric Surfaces

8.1. Three Dimensional Coordinate System
A point in is defined by an ordered Ellipsoid
triple, ( ) o
To locate in , find first the point ( ) Hyperboloid
in the -plane then move the point units o One sheet
up if , or down if

Distance Between Two Points

Let ( ) and ( ) be points

in o Two sheets
In the -plane,

| | | |

( ) ( )
Suppose another plane exists where and
lies, Elliptic Paraboloid
| | o
( ) ( ) ( )
o
Midpoint Formula in o
The midpoint of the points ( ) and Elliptic Cone
( ) is ( )| * + o

o
8.2. Surfaces
Hyperbolic Paraboloid
Cylindrical Surfaces o

An equation that contains only two of the o

variables represents a cylindrical
o
surface in
The system can be obtained by the equation Note:
in the corrdinate plane of the two variables
that appear in the equation and then
translating that graph parallel to the axis of If (if occurs in the quadric), then
the missing variable a circle will occur in at least one cross-
section plane

43

This copy is not for sale. Johann Sebastian Claveria

 UP School of Statistics Student Council
Education and Research

This copy is not for sale. Johann Sebastian Claveria

 UP School of Statistics Student Council
Education and Research

This copy is not for sale. Johann Sebastian Claveria

 UP School of Statistics Student Council
Education and Research

This copy is not for sale. Johann Sebastian Claveria

 UP School of Statistics Student Council
Education and Research

This copy is not for sale. Johann Sebastian Claveria

 UP School of Statistics Student Council
Education and Research

This copy is not for sale. Johann Sebastian Claveria

 UP School of Statistics Student Council
Education and Research

This copy is not for sale. Johann Sebastian Claveria

 UP School of Statistics Student Council
Education and Research

This copy is not for sale. Johann Sebastian Claveria

 UP School of Statistics Student Council
Education and Research

9.5. Unit Tangent, Normal, and Binormal Vectors

Let ( ) be a smooth function
( )
o Define ( ) ( )
, called the unit
tangent vector
( ) ( )
o Define ( ) ,
( ) ( )
called the unit normal vector
o Define ( ) ( ) ( ), called
o From the reference point, define an
the unit binormal vector
arbitrary direction along the curve as
the positive direction; and the Remark:
oppositve direction as the negative
direction The unit tangent, normal, and binormal
o All points in the positive direction vectors make up of what is known as the
are said to have positive arc lengths moving trihedral
o All points in the negative direction Let be an A.L.P.
are said to have negative arc lengths o ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
Define as the arc length o ( )
( ) ( )
parametrization of with reference point
o

Properties: The unit normal vector points to the
concavity of

a.

b.
9.6. Curvature
Note: Let be a smooth curve
o The sharpness of bend of is
If is an A.L.P., then , where is a
measured by its curvature
vector-valued function of o The curvature of a curve is
The A.L.P. is a function dependent on arc
defined by as ( )
length , which finds the vector ( ) that is
units along from the reference point ( )
o Other forms for are ( )
( )
( )
{ ) ( )
(
( )

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 UP School of Statistics Student Council
Education and Research

Radius of Curvature ( )
o ( ) ( ) . / ( )
( )
Let be a circle with radius , then ( ) ( )
o Since ( ) and

is defined to be the radius of curvature
( )
, then ( ), which
Note:
implies ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
o With the above, ( )
. / ( ) ( )

9.7. Curvilinear Motion

Let ( ), a smooth vector-valued function,
be the position function of partical moving in
space
o The unit tangent vector points to
the direction of motion of a particle
o , the rate of change of the arc
length with respect to time, is the
speed of the particle
o The velocity vector is defined as
( ) ( )

Define as the tangential scalar

Distance and Displacement component of acceleration, and
Define as the displacement vector of a . / as the normal scalar component of
particle travelling from to , then acceleration
( ) ( )
Let be the distance travelled of a particle Remarks:
from to

Other formulas for the scalar components
o ( )
include
,
,

Normal and Tangential Componenents of

9.8. Projectile Motion
Acceleration
Let ( ) , where is the
Recall: ( ) ( ) acceleration due to gravity
o ( ) ( )
The acceleration vector may be derived from Let ( ) and be the initial position and
the velocity vector velocity of the particle, respectively

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 UP School of Statistics Student Council
Education and Research

o ( ) , then ( )

o ( ) ( )

o ( ) , then ( )

Parametric Equations of Projectile Motion

Let ; then

( )

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 UP School of Statistics Student Council
Education and Research

10. Multivariate Differential Calculus

10.1. Multivariate Functions
A function of 2 variables, and , is a rule
that assigns a unique real number for each
ordered pair ( )
A function of 3 variables, , , and , is a rule
that assigns a unique real number for each
ordered triple ( )
In general, a function of variables,
, is a rule that assigns a
unique real number for each ordered -tuple
( )
The domain of is defined, and strictly In , if is defined by ( ) and
follwed, as ( ), and if ( ), then
( ) ( ) ( )
* ( )| ( ) +
( ( ) ( ))
o Unlike the limits in , infinitely
many points are being approached
Level Curves and Surfaces to ( ) in infinitely many paths,
in which, the well defined curve C is
Let ( ), then the projection of the
required
trace of on the plane , onto
o To get the limit, the points of are
the -plane is called the level curve of at
projected onto the surface
A function ( ) is said to be continuous at
Let ( ), then the graph of
( ) if and only if
( ) , is called a surface of
o ( )
at
o ( ) ( ) ( )
o ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

10.2. Limits and Continuity Theorem:

Let be a smooth parametric curve defined
If ( ) is continuous at , and if ( ) is
by ( ) ( ) ( ), and
continuous at , then ( ) ( ) ( )
suppose that at ( )
is continuous at ( )
( ) ( )
o Let ( ), then If ( ) is continuous at ( ) and if
( ) ( ) is continuous at ( ), then
( ) ( )
( ( )) is continuous at ( )
( ( ) ( ) ( ))

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 UP School of Statistics Student Council
Education and Research

Remarks: A partial derivative can be interpreted as the

slope of the tangent line at the cross section
If ( ) ( ) ( ) , then of the surface at ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
Notations include for -partial
| |
( ) derivatives, and for -partial
( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( ), then the limit derivatives

does not exist
The sum/difference/product of two
continuous functions is also continuous Higher-Order Partial Derivatives
The quotient of two continuous functions is
continuous, except at those points where Let ( ); then . /,
the denominator is zero . /, . /, and

. /

10.3. Partial Derivatives

Theorem: Clairauts Theorem
Let ( ) be a continuous function
o The partial derivative of with If the partial derivatives and are both
respect to at ( ) is defined as continuous and defined on ( ), then
( ) ( )
( ) ( )

o Similarly, the partial derivative of

with respect to at ( ) is
( ) ( ) 10.4. Implicit Partial Differentiation
defined as
Suppose a function ( ) is expressed
in a general form ( )
o The equation may be solved by
explicitly solving for the partial
derivatives of
o If the equation cannot be expressed
simply as ( ), implicit partial
differentiation is used

Assumptions in Implicit Partial Differentiation

1. Treat the variable as a partially

differentiable function of and
2. Since equal functions have the same
derivative on both sides, partially
differentiate both sides of the equation
3. Solve for the partial derivative

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 UP School of Statistics Student Council
Education and Research

10.5. Local Linear Approximation 10.8. Multivariate Chain Rule

Let ( )( ) Let ( ) ( ) ( )
o Define the local linear approximation o If the end-function of the general
of at point ( ) as function is univariate, then define
( ) ( )
( )
In general, if ( ) ( ),
For those points ( ) that are very close to
( ), then ( ) then define , provided that
In general, if ( ), then the end-function is univariate

Remark:

To aid in MCR, a tree diagram may be used

o The use of the tree diagram exhausts
10.6. Differentiability
all possible paths from the most
A function ( ) is said to be
general function to the most specific
differentiable at ( ) if
( )
function with the variable of interest
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
Note:
In general, a function ( )
( ) is said to be differentiable at ( ) and ( ) can be substituted directly
( )
point if after ( ) and proceed with
( )
univariate differentiation
If at least one of the functions that define
Note:
is multivariate, then MCR produces a partial
( ) is the error in the approximation if derivative
the local linear approximation is used A combination of univariate and multivariate
end-functions is possible
o If such happens, for as long as the
end-function is univariate, a
10.7. Differentials
univariate derivative is multiplied;
Let ( )
else, a partial derivative is multiplied
o Define the total differential of at
( ) as ( )
( )
Define ( ) ( )
o
o If and , then
( ) ( )

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