The Current Trends in Transformer Protection

A Seminar Report

Submitted by

Kinzang Wangmo

EDE2009044

Electronics and Communication Engineering

College of Science and Technology

Rinchending :: Phuentsholing

October 2012

ABSTRACT
Transformer protection is very important and essential in the

electrical power system to ensure a reliable power supply. In the

recent years, rapid changes and developments are being

witness in the transformer protection. This report presents the

current trends in transformer protection. The report also

presents there various transformer protective devices such as

thermal relay, Buchholz protection, differential protection, over-

current and distance protection, artificial intelligence, fuzzy

logic and artificial neural network. This study is particular aimed

to investigate the evolution of transformer protection and

forecast of future transformer protection.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With immense pleasure, I take this opportunity to thank Royal University of

Bhutan (RUB) and the management, College of Science and Technology for

taking such initiative and for giving us an opportunity to present a report which

helped me to broaden the knowledge.

I wish to express my deep sense of gratitude to the Head of Institute Industrial

Relationship (IIR), Mr. Sonam Norbu for recommending the topic practically

applicable to our daily life.

I am highly indebted to Mr. Tashi, lecturer (Electronics and communication),

who had been the source of inspiration and for his timely guidance in the

conduct of the report presentation. I am extremely grateful for giving your time

in advising me and making this paper a wonderful accomplishment. Once more,

I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to each and every one for your help

and wishes for successful completion of the report.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract........................................................................................................................................i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..........................................................................................................ii

Table of Contents.......................................................................................................................iii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS............................................................................................................iv

List of Figures.............................................................................................................................v

1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................1

2 Current Trends in Transformer Protection....................................................................2

2.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................2

2.2 First Protection Device.................................................................................................2

2.3 Thermal Relay..............................................................................................................3

2.4 Buchholz Protection.....................................................................................................7

2.5 Differential Protection................................................................................................11

2.6 Over-Current and Distance Protection.......................................................................14

2.7 Artificial Intelligence methods...................................................................................14

2.8 Fuzzy Logic approach................................................................................................15

2.9 Artificial Neural Network approach...........................................................................16

2.10 Summary.................................................................................................................17

3 Critical Analysis and Discussion....................................................................................18

4 Conclusion and Fucture Works.....................................................................................19

4.1 Future Works..............................................................................................................19

4.2 Conclusion..................................................................................................................19

References.................................................................................................................................21

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 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Sl. No. Terms Descriptions

1 ANN Artificial Neural Network
2 REF Restricted Earth fault
3 CT Current transformer
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2. 1 First protection devices for transformer...................................................................3

Figure 2. 2. Bimetal relay, SSW, 1932........................................................................................4

Figure 2. 3Limiitherm-relays, BIT, OERLIKON, 1950.............................................................5

Figure 2. 4Thermal models with thermostat or quicksilver remote thermometer (left) or

platinum resistance thermometer (right), alongside protective pipe...........................................6

Figure 2. 5Transformer protection RN1-CIT, Sprecher Energie, 1992......................................7

Figure 2. 6A Buchholz relays in a separated expansion tank.....................................................8

Figure 2. 7Buchholz relay, 1925...............................................................................................10

Figure 2. 8Buchholz relay, SSW, 1927.....................................................................................11

Figure 2. 9Buchholz relay, AEG, 1927.....................................................................................12

Figure 2. 10Tauber protection principle, 1934..........................................................................13

Figure 2. 11"Electronics Buchholz relay" University Hannover, Messko and SIEMENS, 1998
...................................................................................................................................................14

Figure2.12 ALSTOMtransformer, with Buchholz main tank, diverter switch and bushings.. .14

Figure 2. 13 Double pole differential protection with Petersen coil.........................................15

Figure 2. 14Differential protection with Scott-circuit..............................................................16

Figure 2. 15Zero sequence differential protection (REF), OERLIKON, 1954........................16

Figure 2. 16Differential relays RN1-DT, Sprecher Energie, 1992...........................................17

Figure 2. 17Simplified flow chart of the Fuzzy Logic protective relay....................................19

Figure 2. 18Application of the ANN technique to protective relaying.....................................20

1 INTRODUCTION

The increased growth of power systems both in size and complexity has brought about the
need for the fast and reliable relays to protect major equipments and to maintain system
stability. The power transformer is major and very important equipment in a power system. It
requires highly reliable protective devices to ensure a reliable power supply.

In the last few decades, there are tremendous evolutions are being witness in the transformer
protection device design and implementation. The technological leap is likely to continue for
the fourth coming years with simultaneous increase in the power rating and size of the
transformers. This leads to further revolution of the trends in transformer protection design
and analysis in the future.

Any failure of a transformer or its protective device will not only impair the system
performance but it also has a serious social impact. The reliability of transforms is major
concern to users and the manufactures for ensuring a trouble-free performance during the
service. One approach to improve the reliability of transformer for certain degree may be
improved by improving the quality and reliable transformer protective devices.

This study is aim to investigate the current trends in the transformer protection. The study also
focused on the investigation of merit and demerit of the different transformer protective
devices such as thermal relay, Buchholz projection, differential protection, over-current and
distance protection, artificial intelligence, fuzzy logic and artificial neural network.

The rest of the paper is organised as follows. Section 2 presents the current trends in
transformer protection. Section 3 discusses the critical analysis of this study. Finally, section 4
draws the conclusion and future works.

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2 TheCurrent Trends in Transformer Protection

1 Introduction

According to the patents of Karoly Zipernowski, Miksa Deri and Otto Blathy, the first
transformers were produced in 1885 by the company Ganz & Co. They were small alternating
current ring-transformers or shell-form transformers. The magnetic circuit was closed joint
less. The patentees in [1] used the word "transformer" for the first time [1].

Five years later Dolivo-Dobrowolsky invented the 3-phase-transformer. A new, improved

A.C. -system for "3-times diametric voltage" was his intention. A paper published in the
German ETZ in 1891 on "Transmission of force with alternating currents in different phases
[rotating current]" includes the first usage of the German word "Drehstrom" for "rotating
current". This paper has been translated into different languages and since then the term
rotary currents has been accepted. To use oil for isolation purposes was proposed by
Schwinburne in 1889 [1].

With the new century several companies started to produce high power and high voltage
transformers. Siemens - Schuckertwerke transformers with 12500 kVA (shell-form) and
Westinghouse's 100 kV are examples of leading edge transformers at this that time. With the
invention of transformers, the development of transmission grids could start. Rapidly
increasing demand for power forced this development in the 1920's. Huge transmission grids
have been connected, the amplitudes of short-circuit current reached substantial values,
several failures in windings occurred. Due to the dynamic impact of the initial symmetrical
short-circuit currents windings, arresters and bushing broke down.

The following sections will present trends in the transformer protection and its protective
devices or equipments used.

2 First Protection Device

The lack of protection devices resulted in fires and blackouts. The fuse, invented by Blathy,
O.T. (Germany) and the American Wurts in 1890 ("cell fuse") allowed fast interruption of the
short circuit. At first the fusible link was sufficient for the protection of lines, generators and
transformers. It starts operating if the current at the location of a fault was higher than the
nominal values. This works fine in case of small nominal values. With the increasing nominal

2
values of power this was not sufficient anymore, leading to the development of tripping
devices and relays.

The first switchgears have been "air-arm-"; mercury and tube-breakers. First oil circuit
breakers with fuses have been proposed in 1895. Brown, C.E.L., BBC, proposed in the
companys headquarters "Porta Volta" in Milan in 1897 to put the 5kV circuit breaker directly
into an oil drum. This test was performed successfully, and so a new 16 kV breaker was built
for Paderno in the same year [1].

Kalamazoo's survey in 1901 showed the predominance of oil breakers. The first 2 kV oil-
circuit breakers (50 A) with direct release was produced in 1902 by S & H. Brown, C.E.L.,
BBC, applied in 1902 for a patent on current-dependent timing relay. The heating of the
transformer was supervised with thermal relays [6]. The first protective device for the
transformer is shown in Figure 2.1below.

Figure 2.1: First protection devices for transformer

3 Thermal Relay

To utilize transformers efficiently, short overloads have to be accepted (up to a multiple of

nominal values). To achieve this permanent supervision of the heating of the transformer is

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necessary in order to avoid aging of the windings and their isolation. The German utility
OstpreuBenwerk tested thermal relays (v. Wiarda) with transformers in 1928.

In 1930 V.M.Montsinger investigated the behaviour of isolating material at higher

temperatures. He demonstrated the coherence of the aging of paper-oil isolation systems. The
rating life will be cut in half if the temperature of the asset increases with an amount of 8
Kelvin above the maximum operating temperature ("8-K-formula"). To avoid exceeding the
temperature of 115 C in supervised substations, these devices are set up with a value of 80
C (warning) and 90 (trip) [6].

Due to difficulties in measuring the temperature of the windings directly, a thermal model
emulates the winding temperature. This thermal relay is outside the transformer and closes a
contact at a certain level of temperature. Bimetals are used for thermal replicas of motors,
generators and transformer windings. An example is a bimetal relay produced by SSW in
1932 [1]. Figure 2.2 shows the bimetal relay.

Figure 2.2: Bimetal relay, SSW, 1932

Another example is OERLIKON's Limitherm- Relays (Type BIT, 1950) which is equipped
with a bimetal tripping device in a "thermal block". [6]. This device allows delay times
between 15 and 80 minutes. Due to safety reasons the delay time was selected smaller to
ensure that the temperature of the winding is not going to reach a critical value. The
calculated temperature was higher than the real one. A compensating winding considers
ambient temperature. The photographic image of the Limitherm-relay is shown in Figure 2.3.

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 Figure 2.3: Limiitherm-relays, BIT, OERLIKON, 1950

The thermal models could be used to protect against overload. Thermal relays are dipped into
the isolation oil and the functionality depends on the temperature of the oil. The higher the
temperature, the earlier the device will trip. Of course this takes into account the changes of
temperature of oil - at lower temperatures a higher load is possible. An advantage of these
thermal models was that it only considers the difference of temperature between winding and
oil, but not between oil and air. The thermal replica of the winding was mounted on protective
pipes that have been dipped into the oil. The thermal models are shown in the Figure 2.4.

Figure 2.4: Thermal models with thermostat or quicksilver remote thermometer (left) or
platinum resistance thermometer (right), alongside protective pipe

Measurement and supervision was the task of a thermostat, a resistive element with measuring
instrument for measurement of temperature or the quicksilver remote thermometer. The
thermostat was used for annunciation of an increased winding temperature. Well known are
"stick thermometers", system "Horn".

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Oil-air cooling systems have been equipped with oil flow controllers that immediately detect
the failure of an oil pump. This was necessary because the rough walls of the tank do not get
even the capability to purge no-load losses for a longer time. Without a circulating pump,
these transformers had to be switched off as fast as possible. Very important stations have
been equipped with two circulating pumps for safety reasons. They have been connected in
parallel with stop valves.

A typical example for overload protection for oil transformers is the thermal relay RN1-CIT
by SPRECHER ENERGIE (1992) is shown in Figure 2.5.

Figure 2.5: Transformer protection RN1-CIT, Sprecher Energie, 1992

This device was a combination of staticalstatically over current protection with immediate
tripping and thermal overload. The part "T" contains a special circuit that models warming
and cooling of the transformer using the voltage proportional to the current. It contains two
delay times which could be set up in such a manner that the behaviour of the transformer
could be modelled. Now the transformer was safely protected against overheating. The short
time delay (5 min) was for high over currents; the longer one for small over currents
(temperature of oil). The nominal currents of the current transformers had to be adapted to the
nominal current of the transformer. This device could be used in small stations without
batteries as well. It could be supplied by AC with its tripping capacitor and trip with the
measurement transformer current. Mechanical bi-stable indicators showed the indication even
in the case of loss of power supply.

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4 Buchholz Protection

Using oil for transformer isolation was an important milestone in the development of
transformers. Implementing expansion tanks (1910) decreases the aging of transformer oil.
These devices were at first mounted on the walls and later above the tank. Changes of volume
in case of change of load or change of temperature could be adjusted.

Since it was possible to adapt the over current protection to local needs, there still remains the
disadvantage that at the fault location the current has to be bigger than the nominal current of
the apparatus. Additionally, for selectivity reasons, the time delay was very long near the
source and in some complicated cases the system was not usable. Over-current protection was
only used for assets, where the impact of electric arcs was limited, for instance at transmission
lines. This is different for transformers. The material selected is not robust and the value of
the asset is very high. If a transformer is separated from the grid in case of a thunderstorm, it
does not show on the outside if it is damaged or not. Until the 1920's it was the decision of the
operator whether to switch the asset on after a failure. This was more a decision depending on
the character of the operator and less on his knowledge. If he was a careful guy, he would take
the transformer out of service and start opening and disassembling it. After two or three days
he would learn that the transformer is OK or damaged. This wastes a lot of time if the
transformer was without damage. Some brave engineers decided to switch on the transformer
without approval - it could happen that the transformer explodes. A typical installation of
Buchholz relay in a separate expansion tank is shown in Figure 2.6.

Figure 2.6: A Buchholz relays in a separated expansion tank.

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Max Buchholz, while working in the Elektrizitatsamt Kassel (Germany) later, Preussische
Kraftwerke AG examined transformer damages. He figured out that the big heat of the arc
destroys insulation material and delivers gas. What to do with this important, but rudimental
awareness was probably unclear to Buchholz at this time. Some say that an experience in the
bath tub was helpful for him. He performed the first experiments in his son's aquarium.

The idea was to lead the gas bubbles under the transformer cover to an appropriate place.
There the quality and quantity of the gas can be estimated. After a lot of trials he found the
solution. The gas could be collected with a light inclination of the cover. A disposed pipe
should lead the gas to the expansion tank. Here its colour could be observed. In case of an
explosion the huge amount of gas produces a blast wave. Colour and Quantity of the gas
could be estimated outside the expansion tank, it could be checked if it is flammable or not.
This was sufficient to decide what happened in the transformer. Buchholz received his first
patent in 1921(DRP 386629) and his name is the name of the device until today. [1].

The Buchholz protection is the first device that does not detect the difference of a current,
voltage or power from a certain level - this device uses mechanical action. Now the changes
in the quality of oil could be detected easily and very early. The Buchholz relay was produced
in 3 varieties (1, 2 and 3 inches). This was a possibility to diversify the price according to the
size of the transformer. Following figures are Buchholz relays made in the 1920's. The
different types of the Buchholz relays used in 1920s are shown in Figure 2.7, Figure 2.8, and
Figure 2.9.

Figure 2.7: Buchholz relay, 1925.

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 Figure 2.8: Buchholz relay, SSW, 1927.

Figure 2.9: Buchholz relay, AEG, 1927.

In the mid 20's the lower floater was realized in such a manner that even in case of strong
flow the floater moves the connected contact. Experience had shown that in case of serious
failures, the time from creation of the gas bubbles until reaching the relay was too long to
limit the danger of destroying the transformer. In the mid 30's the lower floater was connected
to a flow flap to achieve a higher sensitivity on flow. Tests performed by AEG with the
BEWAG (Berlin) showed that the start-up speed was 100 cm/s. After 1945 Buchholz relays
with small height have been developed and standardized in DIN 42566 in 1961 [2].

In 1934 Konrad Tauber proposed to implement a throttle control in the pipe between the tank
and the expansion tank. If the temperature of the gas increases, the increase of pressure could
be measured and a warning or tripping provided. A simple principle of the Tauber protection
is shown in Figure 2.10Fig. below. This differential pressure measuring device measured the

9
dynamic pressure (due to flow of oil) and the static pressure (due to oil on the installation
location).

Figure 2.10: Tauber protection principle, 1934.

This differential pressure measuring device measured the dynamic pressure (due to flow of
oil) and the static pressure (due to oil on the installation location).

1. 1 .Measuring Orifice

2. 2. Pressure Chamber
3. 3. Differential Pressure

After false tripping of the Buchholz relay during earth tremors or start of oil circulating
pumps, several further developments started. Aigner (Germany) reported a new development
in 1960s- a shock-proof Buchholz device (up to 1 g). Reliability discussions in the 1960's
proposed redundant Buchholz relays (in series). Failures above the transformer cap should be
detected by fast differential protection. At the Hannover Fair 1998 an "electronic Buchholz
protection" was presented by the University of Hannover, Messko and SIEMENS which is
shown in Figure 2.11. Huge transformers are equipped with further Buchholz relays, e.g. for
bushings. [3] which is shown in Figure 2.12.

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Figure 2.11: "Electronics Buchholz relay" University Hannover, Messko and SIEMENS, 1998

Figure 2.12: ALSTOM transformer, with Buchholz main tank, diverter switch and bushings.

11
5 Differential Protection

Petersen coils have been used for zero sequence current compensation since 1930. The double
pole differential protection with the Petersen coil is shown in Figure 2.13.

Figure 2.13: Double pole differential protection with Petersen coil.

The special case of a differential protection of a Scott-circuit transformer is shown in Figure

2.14.Figure below

Figure 2.14: Differential protection with Scott-circuit.

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Residual current elimination during the grounding of the transformer's star point was realized
with interposing transformers with delta windings or with a filter in numerical relays. The
disadvantage of this solution was a reduced sensitivity for single phase short circuit current by
a value of 2/3. Transformer failures are more critical because the start up value decrease is not
linear as shown in Figure 2.15the figure below.

Figure 2.15: Zero sequence differential protection (REF), OERLIKON, 1954.

A solution for this issue was the Restricted Earth fault Protection (REF) that allows a more
sensitive setup. In English speaking countries the high-impedance principle for measurement
is quite popular. This is not valid for the German speaking countries where REF and low-
impedance principle do not play a major role. One of the reasons is the use of Petersen coils
in the neutral-point connection in the grids with voltages less than 110 kV. Due to this, the
unbalanced residual current is quite small. In 1992 SPRECHER Energie developed a static
differential relay RN1-DT shown in Figure 2.16 (Fig. 16) that allows usage without
interposing transformers for adaptation of transformers ratio and vector group (except for
YNyn0 and YNyn6 solid earthed). [6].

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 Figure 2.16: Differential relays RN1-DT, Sprecher Energie, 1992.

6 Over-Current and Distance Protection

Over current and later more and more distance protection is used as a backup protection for
the Buchholz and the differential protection, as a bus-bar protection or as a backup protection
of a line protection on the lower and higher voltage winding. In 1934 Walter, M., AEG,
proposed to extend the over current protection with a high-current stage and created a fast
backup protection for a big part of the transformer. This is also possible with a distance
protection on the higher-voltage winding.

In several countries distance protection with raised tripping time is also used to utilize a
busbar protection in transformer feeders. This is a fast backup protection for faults on the line
as well. Magyar Troszt Budapest (Hungary) developed in 1974 a stand-alone backup
protection AZT. This over current protection was located directly on the transformer that is
why the connecting wires are very short. Redundancy was guaranteed as far as possible by
connecting to the measuring core of the current transformer and to a second coil of the circuit
breaker. The power supply of the relay and the tripping was realized with the higher-voltage
current transformer using energy stored in a capacitor. The operating time was dependent on
the pre-load and the type of failure. [6].

7 Artificial Intelligence methods

Regardless of their digital implementation, numerical relays basically emulate their analog
predecessors: they extract specified features of the signals such as magnitudes, active/reactive
powers, impedance components, and compare the signals with appropriate pre-set or

14
adaptable thresholds. Based on such comparisons they generate the tripping signal. The task
of protective relaying is, however, to distinguish between internal faults and other conditions
(pattern recognition), and consequently, to initiate or deny tripping (decision making). This
brings the application of Artificial Intelligence methods as an alternative or improvement to
the existing protective relaying functions.

8 Fuzzy Logic approach

The multi-criteria differential relay is a good example of the fuzzy logic approach to
protective relaying which is shown in Figure 2.17.

Figure 2.17: Simplified flow chart of the Fuzzy Logic protective relay.

In this technique, Criteria signals such as amplitudes, harmonic contents, etc. are fuzzified in
order to account for dynamic errors of the measuring algorithms. Thus, instead of real
numbers, the signals are represented by fuzzy numbers. Since the fuzzification process
provides a special kind of flexible filtering, faster measuring algorithms that speed up the
operation of protective relays may be used.

15
The thresholds for the criteria signals are also represented by fuzzy numbers to account for
the lack of precision in dividing the space of the criteria signal between the tripping and
blocking regions.

The fuzzy signals are compared with the fuzzy settings. The comparison result is a fuzzy
logic variable between the Boolean absolute levels of truth and false.

Several relaying criteria are used in parallel. The criteria are aggregated by means of formal
multi-criteria decision-making algorithms that allow the criteria to be assigned a weight
according to the reasoning ability.

The tripping decision depends on the multi-criteria evaluation of the status of a protected
element (sound vs. faulty). Additional decision factors may include the amount of available
information, or the expected costs of relay mis-operation.

This relaying frame may be self-organizing, i.e. it may be automatically tuned prior to its
installation using a large number of training cases, therefore resembling the Artificial Neural
Network (ANN) based approach. The prior tuning results in an algorithm that is simple and
traceable [4].

9 Artificial Neural Network approach

Since ANNs can provide excellent pattern recognition, they are proposed by many researchers
for implementation of power transformer relaying. The common application of the ANN
technique to power transformer protection is shown in Figure 2.18.

Figure 2.18: Application of the ANN technique to protective relaying.

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The ANN is fed by all the currents either in the phase, or in the differential-restraining
coordinates. The sliding data widow, consisting of the recent and a few historical samples of
the signals, is fed to the ANN.
The output from the ANN encodes the tripping decision.
The training patterns exposed to the ANN cover usually inrush conditions, internal
and external faults. Only the selected data window positions are typically used for
training.
Additional pre- and post-processing may be applied. The ANN approach can also be
of either a global type or phenomena specific type. In the first case, the net is trained
to differentiate internal faults from all the other phenomena. In the second case, it is
trained to distinguish between internal faults and a specific non-internal fault pattern
(inrush, for example). Also, the ANNs are proposed for certain auxiliary functions
such as reconstruction of the secondary current waveforms distorted by saturation of
the CTs. The ANN based relays for power transformer show promising security and
dependability. [5].
10 Summary

The first transformer was produced in 1885 by the company Ganz and co. With the new
century several companies started to produce high power and high voltage transformers. With
the invention of transformers, the development of transmission grids could start. The huge
transmission grids have been connected; the amplitude of the short circuit current reached
substantial value, several failures in the winding occurred. These leads to the development of
transformer protection, and the first transformer protection device was a fuse invented by
Blathy in 1890. The fuse was able to protect only up to certain rated voltage and to overcome
the drawbacks of the fuse thermal, Buchholz relay, differential and over-current protection
relays were developed. Till now we have been using this relays for the protection of
transformers but due to advance in science and technology there is also a relay called
Artificial Neural Network which is more advance than the existing relays. Many researchers
are doing research on this relay.
The section will discuss the critical analysis and evaluation of this study and present depth
discussion and analysis.

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3 CRITICAL ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

The power transformer is an essential component in the electrical power system. It is very
expensive and critical too. To have a reliable power supply for the customers one important
component is to have a better transformer protection system. There are different kinds of
transformer protections used nowadays.

By writing seminar on this topic Current Trends in Transformer Protection, I came to know
how the transformer protection came to exist. Till now I learned only the circuit diagrams and
the operations of the different types of transformer protections. But, I never realized that who
had invented the first transformer protection device. After writing this report, I came to know
the persons; they were Karoly Zipernowski, Miksa Deri and Otto Blath in the year 1885.

With the advance of science and technology the protection equipments keep on changed. The
first equipment to protect the transformer protection for the low rating was a fuse but fuse
didnt work with the high ratings and to protect the high rating another protection schemes
like differential relays and Buchholzs relays were introduced.

In Bhutan most of the protection scheme used is the Buchholz protection and of course fuse
for the low ratings. While writing this report, I also learned the history of Buchholzs relay
and why it is known as Buchholzs relay. Max Buchholz was the first person to introduce the
Buchholz relay and the protection relay was named as Buchholzs relay. For future protective
scheme researchers are doing search on Artificial Neural Network approach which is far
better than the present protective schemes.

By doing seminar this, I could able to trace the current trends in the transformer protection.
There are lots of research project and works are undergoing on same topic. One day I also
would like to take opportunity to do research studies under same topic and will explore more
on software base transformer protection.

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4 CONCLUSION AND FUCTURE WORKS

In 1885 the first transformer was developed. After development of transformer many
companies started to produce high power grids. While transmitting the power they faced lots
of problems like broken of arrester and bushings of the transformer. So to protect the
transformer for the reliable supply of power, protective devices were developed. Fuse was a
first protective device invented by Blathy. It couldnt apply to a high rated power, so other
protective devices like thermal relay, Buchholzs relay, differential relay and overcurrent and
distance relays were developed. It took so many years to develop a better transformer
protective device. With advance in technology now there is better relay than the existing ones.
Artificial Neural Network is one of the relay which is better and more sensitive than the other
relays. Many researchers are doing research on this relay and I hope after few years we would
able to see and learn more on this relay.

Future works related to these topics are as follows.

1. Optical CTs and other sensors

2. Intelligent transformer substation
3. To investigate software base transformer protection.

REFERENCES

19
[1] G. Walter Schossig, "Buchholz protection and relays for supervision oil," PAC World , 14
March 2009. [Online]. Available: http://www.pacw.org/no-
cache/.../history/protection_history/.../print.html.

[2] B. k. a. M. kezunovic, "Improved power transformer protection using numerical relays," Texas
A&M University, USA, [Online]. Available: http://www.elistas.net/cgi-
bin/eGruposDMime.cgi?...qjd.

[3] B. a. D. N. Vishwakarma, Power system protection and switchgear, 7 West patel Nagar,New
Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill, 2005.

[4] s. E. S. IEEE, "Intelligent Transformer substation in Modern Medium voltage," Siemens AG,
Germany, 2011. [Online]. Available:
http://www.ieeetmc.net/r9/el_salvador/concapan/descargas/memoria...11/.../P92.p....

[5] "Smart Grid," Siemens internet Website, 10 June 2010. [Online]. Available:
http://www.energy.siemens.com/hq/en/energy-topics/smard-grid/,.

[6] W. schossi, "12"Electronic Buchholz relay"-PAC world magazine," PAC, 2009. [Online].
Available: http://www.pacw.org/fileadmin/doc/WinterIssue09/history_winter09.pdf.

[7] Edison, "The History of the transformer, the Edison Tech centre," [Online]. Available:
http://www.edisontechcentre.

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