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All content following this page was uploaded by Mutlu zcan on 15 May 2014.
Received April 23, 2013; Revised May 22, 2013; Accepted May 22, 2013.
The authors report no commercial, proprietary, or financial interest in the products or companies
described in this article.
2013 The Korean Association of Orthodontists.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
186
Foek et al Fatigue and debonding of various retainers
Figure 1. Representative photographs of human mandibular central incisor pairs embedded in polymethylmethacrylate
up to the cementoenamel junction to receive bonded lingual retainers: A, lingual and B, proximal views.
on each tooth surface with an LED polymerization lamp occurred. Only the maximum force causing debonding
(Ortholux LED curing light, light output = 400 mW/ of the retainers was recorded.
cm2; 3M Unitek, Landsberg am Lech, Germany). A thin
layer of flowable composite resin (Tetric Flow, Cavifill Failure analysis
210, shade A3; Ivoclar Vivadent) was applied and the Failure sites were examined under a stereomicroscope
retainer was placed in the composite resin. After initial at varying magnifications (up to 40). After the initial
polymerization, the composite resin was applied to evaluation of the specimens, four types of failure were
cover the retainer surface and photo-polymerized for 40 categorized, as follows: type 1, complete adhesive de
seconds on each tooth surface. The irradiation distance bonding of the retainer from the tooth surface; type 2,
between the light-source tip and the resin surface was partial adhesive detachment of the retainer from one
maintained at 2 mm. of the teeth; type 3, retainer did not debond from the
Retainers fabricated from standard lengths of the FRCs tooth surface but fractured; and type 4, retainer did
and polyethylene ribbon were bonded in exactly the not debond from the tooth surface but the overlying
same manner as described for the stainless steel wire composite detached.
retainers.
The brand names, abbreviations, compositions, manu Statistical analysis
facturer details, and batch numbers of the tested mate Statistical analysis was performed by using Statistix
rials are listed in Table 1. 8.0 for Windows (Analytical Software Inc., Tallahassee,
FL, USA). Means were analyzed by one-way analysis
Cyclic loading and debonding force testing of variance (ANOVA). p -values less than 0.05 were
The specimens were subjected to 10,00,000 cyclic considered significant.
loading. The load was applied at the incisoproximal
contact of the tooth pair from the lingual side to the RESULTS
labial side by using a jig (Figure 2). The force vector
formed an approximately 45o angle with the long axis All the specimens survived the cyclic loading. The
of the tooth pair. The load frequency was 8 Hz and mean debonding forces were 706 312 N, 772 348
alternated from 3 N to 100 N. The specimens were kept N, 830 258 N, 731 329 N, and 670 323 N in the
in 37 3oC water during the procedure.21 Interlig, everStick Ortho, DentaPreg Splint, Ribbond, and
Following fatigue formation, the specimens were tested Quad Cat wire groups, respectively, without significant
for the debonding force by using a universal testing differences (p > 0.05) (Figure 3).
machine (Z2.5MA, 18-1-3/7; Zwick GmbH & Co. KG, According to the failure analysis, the highest incidence
Ulm, Germany) at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. The of type 1 failure occurred in the DentaPreg Splint
debonding force was applied with the same settings and group (eight specimens) followed by the Interlig group
jig as in the cyclic loading experiment until debonding (six specimens). The everStick Ortho group presented
predominantly type 2 failure (eight specimens) and
the Quad Cat wire group showed type 4 failure in five
specimens (Table 2).
Table 2. Frequencies (%) of failure of the bonded lingual retainers subjected to cyclic loading
Retainer Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4 Dislodged*
ANG 60 - 30 0 10
EST 20 80 0 0 -
DTP 80 20 0 0 -
RIB 50 - 40 0 10
QC 20 10 0 50 20
Type 1, Complete adhesive debonding of the retainer from the tooth surface; type 2, partial adhesive detachment of the
retainer from one of the teeth; type 3, retainer did not debond from the tooth surface but fractured; type 4, retainer did not
debond from the tooth surface but the overlying composite detached. See Table 1 for a detailed description of the groups.
*Each specimen consisted of a pair of teeth.
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