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Chapter 12
Educational Goals
1. Be able to classify monosaccharides as either aldoses or ketoses.
2. Be able to classify monosaccharides by the number of carbons they
contain.
3. Given a Fischer projection of a monosaccharide, be able to identify it
as a D-sugar or L-sugar.
4. Given a Fischer projection of a monosaccharide, be able to identify
chiral carbons and determine the number of stereoisomers that are
possible.
5. Identify four common types of monosaccharide derivatives.
6. Predict the products when a monosaccharide reacts with a reducing
agent or with Benedicts reagent.
7. Define the term anomer and explain the difference between and
anomers.
8. Understand and describe mutarotation.
Educational Goals
9. Be able to classify cyclic monosaccharides as either pyranoses or
furanoses.
10. Identify the anomeric carbon in Haworth structures.
11. Compare and contrast monosaccharides, disaccharides,
oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides.
12. Given the structure of an oligosaccharide or polysaccharide, identify
the glycosidic bond(s) and characterize the glycosidic linkage by
the bonding pattern [for example: (14)].
13. Given the Haworth structures of two monosaccharides, be able to
draw the disaccharide that is formed when they are connected by a
glycosidic bond.
14. Understand the difference between homopolysaccharides and
heteropolysaccharides.
15. Compare and contrast the two components of starch.
16. Compare and contrast amylopectin and glycogen.
17. Be able to identify acetal and hemiacetal bonding patterns in
carbohydrates.
Introduction to Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are also known as sugars.
Carbohydrates are an abundant biomolecule.
More than 50% of the carbon in organic
compounds is found in carbohydrates
D: the OH group on the chiral C furthest from the C=O comes out
of the plane of paper and points to the right.
L: the OH group on the chiral C furthest from the C=O comes out
of the plane of paper and points to the left.
Monosaccharides
We will briefly survey some important pentoses and
hexoses, and their derivatives.
[O]
Reactions of Monosaccharides
Reactions of monosaccharides are rxns of
carbonyl and hydroxyl groups (chapter 11).
Aldehyde and ketone groups can be reduced
Aldehyde and alcohol groups can be oxidized
Monosaccharide Derivatives
In alcohol sugars the carbonyl group of a monosaccharide has
been reduced to an alcohol group.
Sorbitol is an example.
[O]
Oxidation of Monosaccharides
Benedicts reagent is a copper compound that
will oxidize only aldehyde groups (aldoses)
and not alcohols.
Benedicts
Reagent
Oxidizable Aldehydes
Monosaccharides: Their Cyclic Form
A hydroxyl group in a monosaccharide can react
with the carbonyl to form a cyclic hemiacetal.
Hemiacetals are made by the reaction of an aldehyde
with an alcohol.
Raffinose Stachyose
Oligosaccharides
Raffinose (trisaccharide)
Stachyose (tetrasaccharide)
Verbascose (pentasaccharide)
1) Amylose
2) Amylopectin
Starch: Amylose
Amylose contains chains of glucose residue
connected by -(14) glycosidic bonds.
Starch: Amylose
Unlike cellulose, amylose chains are not
linear but coil into a helix.
Starch: Amylopectin
Amylopectin is the other component of starch.
Amylopectin is similar to amylose in that it contains glucose
residues linked by -(14) glycosidic bonds, BUT in amylopectin
this chain branches through additional -(16) glycosidic bonds
to residues in other chains.
Starch: Amylopectin
This branched polysaccharide can be pruned
simultaneously at numerous points allowing the glucose
residues (and their energy) to be released more quickly!
Polysaccharides
Glycogen, or animal starch, is very similar to
amylopectin, except that the chains in glycogen
branch more frequently.