Digestive Circulatory Respiratory Excretory Nervous Other features Habitat

PROTOZOA - - - - - Unicellular,
Sexes united plasmolemma cell
membrane
PARAZOA - - - - - Skeleton system is Marine/ freshwater
(P. Porifera) spicules
Sexes united
METAZOA (P. Incomplete Gastro - - Nerve net Diploblastic (two body Mostly marine (w/
Cnidaria) vascular layers; mesoglea); freshwater hydrozoans)
Sexes separated cavity dimorphic; radially
(GVC) symmetrical,
nematocysts
P. Incomplete/ - - Proto Ladder type Triploblastic (endo,
Platyhelminthes absent nephrida meso, ecto), flattened,
Sexes united (cestoda) bilaterally, symmetrical,
except C. Vermiform, acoelomate
Trematoda
P. Rotifera Complete - - - Ganglionic Parthenogenesis; Aquatic, soil
Sexes separated pseudocoelemate
P. Annelida Complete Closed Meta Ganglionic Coelomate Marine, freshwater,
Sexes united or nephridia (protostomate); terrestrial
separated segmented (metameric);
w/ cuticle and setae;
Vermiform
P. Mollusca Complete Open/ Gills, Meta Ganglionic Mantle as integument, Aquatic, terrestrial
Sexes united or Closed(cepha ctenedia/ nephridia coelomate;
separated lopods), has specialized unsegmented
hemocoel lungs
(cavity for
circulation)
P. Nematoda Complete - Renette cells Ganglionic Pseudocoelomate;
Sexes separated (osmoregula unsegmented; whip-like
tion) manner; segmented,
vermiform;
chemosensory organs:
amphids and phasmids
P. Arthropoda Complete Closed Varied Malphigian Ganglionic Coelomate; segmented; Diverse
Sexes separated tubules chitinous exoskeleton
P. Echinodermata Complete Water - Nerve ring Coelomate, Marine
Sexes separated vascular unsegmented,
system deuterostomate;
(WVS) endoskeleton-
calcareous plates/
ossicles with spines
P. Chordata Complete Ganglionic Bilaterally symmetry
coelomate
(deuterostomate)
PROTOZOA
Proboscis- penetration of host
Macronucleus- house-keeping mechanisms (i.e. water regulation), asexual reproduction (fission)
Micronucleus- sexual reproduction (conjugation)
Spasmoneme- attachment to host cell

Euglena chloroplast, flagella, nucleus

Note: Photosynthetic when light is available, phagocytic if not
P. Ciliophora : cilia, fission and conjugation
Paramecium cilia, micro/macronucleus
Didinium Proboscis, micro/macronucleus
Vorticella Spasmoneme, micro/macronucleus

P. Apicomplexa : no locomotory organelle; both sexual and asexual

Gregarina epi/proto/deutomerite; motile but no locomotory organelle, apical complex

P. Foraminifera : granular reticulopodia, secretes tests, monomorphic and dimorphic

Forams calciferous (CaCO2), dimorphic nucleus

P. Radiolaria : axopodia, secretes tests

Radiolarian siliceous (silica)

P. Tubilinea :lobopodia, phagocytosis and pinocytosis

Amoeba lobopodia (locomotory; feeding)

KINGDOM ANIMALIA
PARAZOA has rudimentary tissue (cells capable of multipotency)
P. Porifera
C. Hexactinellida: hexactine spicules, siliceous spicules, syncytial tissues >C. Calcarea: monoaxon
spicules, calcareous spicules, cellular tissues >C. Demospongiae: monoaxon spicules, siliceous tests,
cellular tissues, leuconoid canal system
Spongocoel- cavity for water
Sieve plate/ oscula- exit for water
Note: Grantia and Euplectella are both syconoids
Parts: osculum, ostium, flagellated chambers
Canal systems: osculum, choanocytes, ostium, spongocoel, incurrent canals, radal canals

METAZOA - true tissue; mesoglea- found between tissue layers

P. Cnidaria (Jellyfish and sea anemone) true tissue, once cut dead; made up of calcium carbonate
Medusa stage reproductive; polyp stage non reproductive
C. Hydrozoa: acellular mesoglea > C. Anthozoa: exclusively polyp stage > C. Cubozoa: dominant
medusa- four-sided cube-shaped medusa> C. Scyphozoa: dominant medusa- disc-shaped medusa
C. Anthozoa: some with CaCo3 skeleton: polyp stage only
Acropora (branching, colonial) & Fungia (solitary)- Corallite- skeleton; scleroseptum ridges
Note: Soft corals- 8 tentacles, hard corals- multiples of 6
Metridium pedal disc- attachment to substrate (oral disc, mouth, tentacles)
Additional for anthozoa: Tubipora, Lobophytum

C. Cubozoa
Chiropsalmus- pedalium- arrangement of tentacles into four clusters; cant strobilate (tentacles, padalium,
bell, gonads)

C. Scyphozoa
Aurelia- schypha polyp stage that can strobilate (oral arms, bell, gonads, tentacles)

C. Hydrozoa
Obelia: hydroid (pedicel, gastrozooid [for feeding], tentacles, mouth, ganozooid) medusa (bell, gonads,
tentacles, w/ medusa buds [aka scypha]) w/ theca
Hydra: tentacle, mouth, budding polyp; no medusa stage
Physalia: tentacles, pneumatophore (for floatation)
Aglaophenia:
Tubipora vs hard corals
tubipora- exoskeleton
- hard corals- endoskeleton Ex. Fungia (parts of collarite: sclerosepta)
fungia vs acropora
- colonial (fungia)
- solitary (acropora)

LOPHOTROCOZOA
P. PLATYHELMINTHES
C. Turbellaria: free living, no attachment organ > C. Trematoda: endoparastic, incomplete digestive> C.
Cestoda : endoparastic, no digestive
C. Turbellaria:
Dugesia- auricle [chemoreceptors for food], eye spots, pharynx
C. Trematoda
Clonorchis oral sucker, pharynx, esophagus, intestine, vitelleria/ yolk gland (nutrition for growing
embryo), ovary, seminal vesicle, ant&post testis
Schistosoma - male: oral sucker, gynecophoric canal (where female inserts), ventral sucker, cercariae
(baby schistosome; infective stage, assists snail for vegetation)
C. Cestoda
Taenia rostellum (attachment), scolex, acetabulum (attachment), strobili, proglottid (contains
reproductive organs yolk gland, ovary, genital pore, uterus, testis)
P. ROTIFERA: Philodina corona (crown of cilia which draws water in, food organ), foot (attachment)

P. ANNELIDA
C. Polychaetes: no clitellum, with setae > Earthworms: with clitellum, with setae >Leeches: with
clitellum, no setae
Clade Errantia- quick moving, predatory
C. Polychaetes
Eunice: parapodia (respiration), setae (locomotion)
Perinereis

Clade Sedenteria non-moving, hermaphroditic

S.C. Oligochaeta Earthworms Pheretima: clitellum (secretion of mucus, exchange of sperm,
reproduction) cross section (setae, cuticle, COELOM, intestine, circular and longitudinal muscles,
chloragogen tissue)

Chloragogen tissue neutralize toxins

S.C. Hirudinea Leeches Limnotes: posterior sucker (larger; attachment), anterior sucker (blood sucking)
P. MOLLUSCA
C. Bivalvia no radula > C. Cephalopoda with cephalization > C. Polyplacophora 8 dorsal plates > C.
Gastropoda- undergoes coiling and torsion > C. Scaphopoda

C. Polyplacophora dorsoventrally flattened, 8 dorsal plates

Acanthopleura girdle, dorsal plates, mouth, foot

C. Scaphopoda- dorsoventrally elongated

Dentalium dorsal aperture (above sand; circulates water), ventral aperture (larger, below sand; eating)

C. Gastropoda only one with apex; univalved or no shell

Achatina, Conus, Cypraea, Phyllidia, Haliotis (butas- release of sand)
Parts: Apex (tip), Spire, Body whorl, Aperture (where snail comes out)

C. Bivalvia- has ADDUCTOR muscles (closes shell), laterally flattened, foot is hatchet shaped, NO
RADULA
Placuna, Perna (w/ byssal threads for attachemtent), Crassostrea, Tridacna
To open: adductor muscles relax
Parts: umbo, adductor muscles, hinge teeth
C. Cephalopoda- foot is modified into arms
Loligo (Squid) 8 arms, 2 tentacles, lateral fins, siphon (propulsion)
Octopus
Sepia (Cuttlefish) CaCo3 internal shell, entire mantle has fin
Nautilus- Siphuncle hole (buoyancy), Chambers (support, protection), Septa (external shell)

ECDYSOZOA produces exoskeleton, undergoes ecdysis (shedding of old exoskeleton)

P. NEMATODA females larger than males, cuticle (collagenous exoskeleton)
Trichuris trichiura
Trichinella spiralis posterior end (larger), anterior end (longer w/ esophagus)
Ascaris male with hook, w/ asphids (chemosensory organs) and phasmids

P. ARTHROPODA chitinous exoskeleton

SP. Chelicerata cephalothorax (head and thorax is fused) and abdomen, 6 appendages (1 st- pincers/
chelicerae, 2nd- pedipalps), no antennae
C. Xiphosura book gills, 3 walking appendages
Tachypleus prosoma (cephalothorax), ophisthosoma (abdomen), telson
C. Arachnida book lungs, 4 walking appendages
Daddy long legs, spider, scorpions

Rhipicephalus (dog tick)

SP. Myriapoda 1 pair of antennae, mandible (handling food), and uniramous (unbranched) legs
Parts: head, antennae, legs
C. Chilopoda carnivores
Scolopendra (centipede)
C. Diplopoda- detrivores
Spirobulus (millipede)

SP. Crustacea 2 pairs of antennae, respiratory organs = gills, biramous (branched) legs
C. Malacostraca fixed number of segments (19), has segments in abdomen
Portunus (alimasag)
Scylla (alimango) no lateral spine

Peneaus

Pagurus (hermit crab)

C. Cirripedia imperfectly segmented (6 pairs of cirri in thorax), no segments in abdomen
Balunus, Lepas

SP. Hexapoda clear divide to head, thorax, abdomen, 2 pairs of antennae, uniramous, respiration =
tracheal system/ cutaneous
C. Insecta
Order:
Blattodea - cockroachers
Lepidoptera butterflies, moths
Orthoptera- grasshoppers
Odonata dragonflies, damselflies
Phthiraptera lice
Diptera- mosquitos
Isoptera termites
Coleoptera beetles
Hymenoptera ants, bees, wasps

DEUTEROSTOMIA intermediate cleavage (vs. protosome-flatworms that are determinate)

P. Echinodermata sister to chordates, radial symmetry, sessile suspension feeding habit, thin
endoskeleton integument
C. Echinoidea, C. Holothuroidea no arms (Echoinoidea- has spines, Holothuroidea- no spines)> C.
Cronoidea- no madreporite> C. Asteroidea arms not sharply demarcated > C. Ophiuroidea arms
distinct from central disc
Lunnules for burrowing in the sand
Ambulacral groove- contains tube feet
Tube feet- movement
Madreoporite (sieve plate) water flow in WVS
C. Astoroidea -5 arms not sharply demarcated, madreporite on aboral side
Acanthaster (toxic, eats coral polyps)
Protoeaster
Culcita
Linckia
C. Ophiuroidea 5 arms distinct from central disc, madreporite on oral side
Ophiocoma

Ophiarachna

C. Echinoidea arms lacking, body covered with spines, internal skeleton, madreporite on aboral
Echinometra
Echinodiscus spines (hair), petalloid (ambulacral groove)
Diadema

C. Crinoidea arms with branches or pinnules, no madreporite

Comaster- Arms w/ pinnules
C. Holothuroidea- arms lacking, has ossicles, madreporite internal
Holothuria tentacles on anterior end, anus (tubes of cuvier) on anterior end

P. Chordata has notochord, dorsual tubular hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, pos-anal tail,
endostyle/ thyroid gland
SP Tunicata asymmetrical body > SP Cephalochordata- head indistinct > SP Veterbrata head distinct
SP. Tunicata- asymmetrical, outer covering tunic, w/ large incurrent siphon and smaller excurrent
siphon, notochord only on tail region of larva, marine
Pandocia
SP. Cephalochordata- notochord persists in adults, marine, head indistinct
Amphioxus

SP. Vertebrata- notochord disappears in adults, head distinct from rest of body,
marine/freshwater/terrestrial

PROTOZOA unicellular > P. PORIFERA no true tissues > P. CNIDARIA, P. PLATYHELMINTHES

incomplete digestive system (CNIDARIA diploblastic, PLAYTHELMINTES triploblastic) > P.
ROTIFERA parthenogenesis > P. ANNELIDA, P. NEMATODA vermiform (ANNELIDA- no ecdysis,
NEMATODE undergoes ecdysis) > P. MOLLUSCA presence of mantle > P. ECHINODERMATA
nerve ring nervous system> P. CHORDATA anus develops first > P. ARTHROPODA- mouth develops
first
PORIFERA:
C. Hexactinellida: hexactine spicules, siliceous spicules, syncytial tissues >C. Calcarea: monoaxon
spicules, calcareous spicules, cellular tissues >C. Demospongiae: monoaxon spicules, siliceous tests,
cellular tissues, leuconoid canal system
CNIDARIA
C. Hydrozoa: acellular mesoglea > C. Anthozoa: exclusively polyp stage > C. Cubozoa: dominant
medusa- four-sided cube-shaped medusa> C. Scyphozoa: dominant medusa- disc-shaped medusa
PLATYHELMINTHES
C. Turbellaria: free living, no attachment organ > C. Trematoda: endoparastic, incomplete digestive> C.
Cestoda : endoparastic, no digestive
ROTIFERA
ANNELIDA
C. Polychaetes: no clitellum, with setae > Earthworms: with clitellum, with setae >Leeches: with
clitellum, no setae
MOLLUSCA
C. Bivalvia no radula > C. Cephalopoda with cephalization > C. Polyplacophora 8 dorsal plates > C.
Gastropoda- undergoes coiling and torsion > C. Scaphopoda
NEMATODA
ARTHROPODA
SP Chelicerata- chelicerae present> SP Crustacea 2 pairs of antennae > SP Myriapoda eyes simple >
SP Hexapoda eyes compound
ECHINODERMATA
C. Echinoidea, C. Holothuroidea no arms (Echoinoidea- has spines, Holothuroidea- no spines)> C.
Cronoidea- no madreporite> C. Asteroidea arms not sharply demarcated > C. Ophiuroidea arms
distinct from central disc
CHORDATA
SP Tunicata asymmetrical body > SP Cephalochordata- head indistinct > SP Veterbrata head distinct
1)notochord restricted to tail: Tunicata
head to tail: (2)
2) vertebral column present: Vertebrata
vertebral column absent: Cephalochordata