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In regions over the surface in which the boundary layer flow is laminar, the
fluid mixing and viscousskin friction are low. However, such laminar flows are
often unstable and devclop into turbulent flows. Turbulent flow involve more
rapid mixing,which produces higher skin friction drag. On occasion,the combined
action of viscous forces and an adverse pressure gradient produces a reversal of
the flow next to the surface which,in turn,causes separation of the om the
surface. adjacent flow from the surface. This situation is exemplified in fig 2,
where the flow on the top surface is separated and the airfoil is said to be
stalled.
The presence of the boundary layer has produced many design problems
in all areas of fluid mechanics. However, the most intensive investigations have
been directed towards its effect upon the lift and drag of wings. The techniques
that have been developed to manipulate the boundary layer, either to increase
the lift or decrease the drag, are classified under the general heading of
boundary layer control.
Two boundary layer phenomena for which controls have been sought are
the transition of a laminar layer to a turbulent flow and the separation of the
entire flow from the surface. By maintaining as possible, one can reduce the skin
friction. By preventing separation, it is possible to increase the lifting
effectiveness and reduce the pressure drag. Sometimes the same control can
serve both functions.
Turbulent boundary layers thicken more rapidly and produce greater skin
friction than laminar layers. Thus, reducing the extent of turbulent flow reduces
the drag of the profile. This can be verified experimentally by measuring the flux
of momentum deficiency in the wake of the airfoil (by means of an array of total
head tubes located far enough behind the profile that the static pressure in the
wake is nearly the same as that in the main flow ). The loss in total head reflects
a change in streamwise momentum flux, which is a measure of the profile drag.
Seen on a bank of manometer tubes fig.7, the momentum defect produced by
the profile with the greater extent of laminar flow is markedly less than that
created by the profile with its maximum thickness at 25 % chord, at the same lift
coefficient.
PENGANTAR
Dua fenomena lapisan batas yang kontrolnya telah dicari adalah transisi lapisan
laminar ke aliran turbulen dan pemisahan keseluruhan aliran dari permukaan.
Dengan menjaga sebaik mungkin, seseorang bisa mengurangi gesekan kulit.
Dengan mencegah pemisahan, adalah mungkin untuk meningkatkan efektifitas
pengangkatan dan mengurangi tekanan. Terkadang kontrol yang sama bisa
melayani kedua fungsi.
MENGENDALIKAN TRANSISI DENGAN MEMBENTUK AIRFOIL
Sebuah airfoil yang berbeda dengan ketebalan maksimum pada 50% chord fig.5,
ketika ditempatkan pada sudut serangan yang menghasilkan jumlah lift yang
sama dengan airfoil fig.4, memiliki titik tekanan minimum lebih jauh, dan tingkat
gradien yang merugikan. Oleh karena itu kurang. Studi aliran menunjukkan
bahwa luas lapisan batas laminar meningkat.
Sebagai sudut serangan airfoil fig.5 berkerut, situasinya berubah secara radikal.
Radius terdepan dari profil "aliran laminar" itu mestinya kecil. Oleh karena itu,
karena titik stagnasi ke depan bergerak ke bawah, aliran yang melewati tepi
terdepan harus cepat berakselerasi, menghasilkan tekanan minimum yang tajam
diikuti oleh gradien tekanan buruk yang kuat. Dalam keadaan seperti ini, titik
transisi tiba-tiba bergerak ke tepi terdepan, menutupi seluruh permukaan
dengan arus turbulen fig.6.
Lapisan batas turbulen menebal lebih cepat dan menghasilkan gesekan kulit
lebih besar daripada lapisan laminar. Dengan demikian, mengurangi tingkat
aliran turbulen mengurangi hambatan profil. Hal ini dapat diverifikasi secara
eksperimental dengan mengukur fluks defisiensi momentum setelah airfoil
(dengan menggunakan susunan tabung kepala total yang terletak cukup jauh di
belakang profil sehingga tekanan statis di bangun hampir sama dengan yang
ada di main Aliran). Hilangnya total kepala mencerminkan
Sumber film
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xjonqFpArKo