Dozers

19 April 2017
Dozers
DOZERS
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
General Introduction
How it is made up?
Where it is used ?
Typical applications
Productivity Calculation
19 April 2017 Management of Construction Plant and Equipment: By Ashok K. Shrestha Slide No. 2
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19 April 2017
DOZERS: General Introduction

A tractor equipped with a front-mounted
earthmoving blade is known as a Dozer or
Bulldozer.
Earlier, the Dozers were built based on farm
tractors by an American company (Holt
Manufacturing Company) around in 1904 which is
later became Caterpillar Inc.
Today, a Dozer is known as one of the most
representative strong construction machine.
Dozer is a self-propelled unit that are designed to
provide high TRACTIVE power for drawbar work.
They are low cg machine that gives better stability
for work.
How a Bulldozer got its name ?
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19 April 2017
Dozers: Main Parts / Location

TRACTOR (Track Dozer)
Upper Parts Cabin
Engine Power
Train
Transmission Power train
Engine
Cabin / Control Panel
Undercarriage Body Frame
Track Frame
Sprocket/ Idler
Track Chain
Track Roller Undercarriage
Carrier Roller
Hull / Body Frame Blade
Work Equipment/ Blade
Dozers: Main Parts / Systems (Track Dozer)

WORK EQUIPMENT
Blade / Implement Unit
Attachments
Front mounted (Blades, etc.)
Rear mounted (Ripper, Winch etc.)
SYSTEMS
Hydraulic System
(Pump/Lift & Tilt Cylinder/Hose pipes
Electrical System
(Battery/ Starter/Dynamo/Lighting)
Breaking and Steering system
Control System
(Control valves, Control panel, Gauges/Sensors)
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19 April 2017
Dozer: Major Components / Functions

Cabin
This consist operators seat Engine
and control panel and control This is the primover that
joysticks from where machine provide power to run/ work
is operated. the machine.
Power Train
This transmit the Engine
power to final drive / feet Blade
of the machine This is working
tools use to push
earth cutting and
leveling the ground
Ripper
This is an
Undercarriage
attachment tools This is the feet of the machine
that use to dig that use to move / turn machine
hard surfaces
DOZER USES
Typical Applications are:
Dozing / Pushing materials
Land clearing
Ripping
Towing other piece of construction
equipment
Assisting scraper in loading
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19 April 2017
DOZING/
LEVELING
PUSHING
MATERIALS
LAND CLEARING
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19 April 2017
ASSITING SCAPERS
RIPPING ROCKS
DOZERS TYPES
How they classified ?

Basic Features?
Performance Characteristics
Specification/ Performance data
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19 April 2017
TYPES OF DOZERS
1. Crawler / Track Type 2. Wheel Type
Wheel Dozer
Track Dozer
- Can work on variety of soil surface - Good on firm soil and concrete surface
- Can work over almost all terrain - Best for level and downhill work
- Can work on soft ground and mud-stick - Can not work on soft ground and mud-
surfaces. stick surfaces.
- Exert low ground pressure - Exert high ground pressure
- Good for short working distance - Good for long working distance
- Slow return speed - Fast return speed
- Can push large blade load - Can only push moderate blade load
1. Crawler or Track Dozer

Have a continuous TRACK of
linked shoes that moves in the
horizontal plane across fixed
rollers.
Track passes over the vertically
mounted SPROKET at rear and
IDLER WHEEL at front.
The SPROKET (mounted on final
drive), pass on the power to the Breaking & Steering Actions
track chain that impart the forward are combined
or backward motion. Steering clutch used to turn
ROLLERS (Track and Carrier) one track and stop other-side
support the Track chain. track assisting machine to
steer effectively.
The IDLER WHEEL is mounted on
a recoil device (Mostly Recoil Applying equal pressure on
Spring) for adjusting track tension both sides steering clutch
moves machine straight
and absorbing shock.
forward of reverse direction.
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19 April 2017
2. Wheel Dozers
The front frame and rear frame is
connected by the vertical central
pivot.
Wheels are mounted on front and
rear axles.
Power from final drive exert rimpull
force that turns the wheels and
moves machine in forward or
reverse direction. Have all powered four
Traction force can be improved by Wheel Drive.
proper tyre selection. Wider tyres Breaking action on wheels
as in Vehicle.
provide greater contact area and
increase flotation. Steering achieved by
Articulation between Front
Larger sized tyre will reduce and Rear portion of the
developed rimpull, increase Equipment
torque.
Track type dozer is suitable for jobs that
require high tractive efforts and Wheel
type is for high speed operation.
The usable force available to perform work
is often limited by traction.
This limitation is dependent on the coefficient
of traction of surface being traversed; and
The weight carried by the drive wheels.
Coefficient Weight
Tractive Effort = of x on drive
Traction Wheel
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19 April 2017
Operating weight is important for usable drawbar
pull/ rimpull. Required traction pull can be improved
using ballast load.
Coefficient of Traction depend on ground surface.
Rubber tyre is better on dry hard surfaces and
Track type is better on soft and wet clay surface.
Direct drive system is better efficient for constant
load/ speed operation
Power shift transmission works better on variable
load / speed condition. They allow automatic
selection of speed best suited for the load.
The performance chart for rimpull/ drawbar pull are
based on standard equipment including tire.
Coefficient of Traction for Various Surfaces
Surface Rubber tire Crawler / Track
Dry, rough concrete 0.80 - 1.00 0.45
Dry, clay 0.50 - 0.70 0.90
Wet, clay 0.40 - 0.50 0.70
Wet sand and gravel 0.30 - 0.40 0.35
Loose, dry sand 0.20 - 0.30 0.30
Dry snow 0.20 0.15 - 0.35
Ice 0.10 0.10 - 0.25
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19 April 2017
Dozer Specifications
Machine (Make/ Model/ Sr. No., overall dimension)
Operating Weight (kN) (with operator, cabin and all
standard items accessories)
Engine (Make/ Model/ Sr. No./Type, Cly. No./stroke,
CI/SI, Torque/ RPM/ Cooling type
Flywheel Power (kW)
Undercarriage (Track shoe size type, roller no., track length,
ground pressure etc.)
OR
Wheel (Tire size: dia. Width, type)
Transmission (make/model/ type)
Hydraulic System
Bucket (Type, Length, height, SAE capacity)
Cabin (ROPS, FOPS)
Performance Data / Chart (Gear/ Speed/Rimpull)
Specification and Performance Data

(Crawler Type Dozer: Typical examples)
Drawbar pulling force decreases as speed increases

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19 April 2017
Performance Chart: Crawler Dozer

(Drawbar Pull vs Speed)
lb
kN (x1000)
(Performance
Chart for a
(CAT- D7G),
150 kW, 203
kN Track type
dozer with a
Power-shift.)
Specification and Performance Data

(Wheel Type Dozer: Typical Examples)
Rimpull force decreases as speed increases
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19 April 2017
Performance Chart: Wheel Dozer

(Rimpull vs Speed)
(Performance Chart
for a CAT, 161 kW,
202 kN, Wheel type
dozer with Power-
shift.)
Management of Construction Plant and Equipment: By Ashok K. Shrestha Slide No. 23

19 April 2017
Performance Comparison
Usable drawbar pull/ rimpull depend on the weight
and traction of fully equipped dozer
Even though, the engine can develop a certain
drawbar pull or rimpull force all the pull may not be
available to do the work.
Example-1:
Consider a Track-type and a Wheel-type dozers with power-
shift transmission having same drawbar and rimpull of 200 kN
and 202 kN respectively. If the working surface is dry clay
loam, what are the usable pull for each Dozer.
Track Dozer:
Coefficient of Traction = 0.90 (From the table)
Usable Drawbar Pull = 200 x 0.9 = 180 kN
Wheel Dozer:
Coefficient of Traction = 0.60 (From the table)
Usable Drawbar Pull = 202 x 0.6 = 121.2 kN
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19 April 2017
Dozer Power Train

Power developed by Engine is transmitted to the
feet of the Dozer through power train. Commonly
used transmission system are:
Hydrostatic system
Employed only for small less than 100 hp dozers
Better Operational Efficiency
Direct Drive systems
Power Transmitted through the shaft directly coupled
Good for constant load conditions
Torque Converter with Power Shift Transmissions
Transmissions that can be shifted while transmitting full
engine power are known as POWER SHIFT.
These are coupled with Torque Converter
Which absorb Drive Train Shock Loads
Good for Variable load Applications
BLADES of the Dozer
The main working TOOL

Blade types
Operational feature
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19 April 2017
Dozers BLADE
BLADE is the main working
tools (Implements) mounted
BLADE C-Frame
on C frame in front of the
machine perpendicular to
direction of travel which
PUSH (cut/ shear/ rolls) earth
cutting in forward direction.
In the case of ANGLE
DOZER blade is mounted on
C frame at a set angle with
direction of travel and push
materials forward at one side.
BLADES: Types
The blade attached to the machine must be
matched to expected work. They are classified
base on geometrical shape.The most commonly
used STANDARD blades are:
Straight (S-blade)
(A-Blade)
Angle (A-blade) (S-Blade)
Universal (U-blade)
Cushioned (C-blade)
(U-Blade) (C-Blade)
Basic earth-moving blades are curved in the

vertical plane in the shape of C.
Along the bottom length a hard steel plate and
corner bit is bolted which make up the cutting
edge of blade.
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19 April 2017
BLADE Adjustments: Tilting

TILTING:
Either end of the Blade is raised or lowered
in the Vertical Plane of the blade.
Enables the concentration of dozer driving
power on the limited portion of the blades
length
BLADE Adjustments: Pitching

PITCHING:
The movement of the top of the blade toward
and away from the Dozer.
Allow operator to varies the angle of attack of
the cutting edge as per cutting materials
requirement.
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19 April 2017
BLADE Adjustments: Angling

Turning the blade so that it is not
perpendicular to the direction of the dozers
travel.
Angling causes the pushed material to roll
of the TRAILING END of the blade called
side casting.
Blade Performance
A Dozers pushing potential is measured by
two standards
Power per unit length of cutting edge (kW/m)
Power per unit volume (loose) of material
retained in front of Blade (kW/lcm)
kW/m provide the indication of the ability to
blade to penetrate and obtain load. The
higher the ratio, more aggressive the blade
kW/lcm measure the ability of blade to push
load. The higher the ratio can push material
at greater speed.
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19 April 2017
Dozer Productivity
How dozer productivity estimated ?
Dozer Production: Estimating

A Dozer has no set volumetric capacity
There is no bowl or hopper to load.
The amount of material that the Dozer
moves depends on the quantity which
remain in front of the blade during the
push.
The factor that control Dozer production
rates are:
Blade type
Type and condition of materials
Cycle time
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19 April 2017
The Dozing Operations
The Dozing Operations
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19 April 2017
Dozer Production: Estimating

The load that a blade will carry can be
estimated by various methods.
Manufacturers blade rating
Previous experience or data obtained for
similar, materials, equipment and working
condition. If any ?
Field measurement
Manufacturers rating
Equipment may provide blade rating
based on SAE recommendation (J1265):
Vs = 0.8*W*H2
Vu = Vs + Z*H*(W-Z)*tan()
Where:
Vs = Capacity of straight blade or angling blade (lcm)
Vu = Capacity of universal blade (lcm)
W = Blade width (m), exclusive of end bits
H = Effective blade height (m)
Z = Wing length measured parallel to the blade width (m)
= Wing angle
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19 April 2017
Field Measurement /.contd.

Take Measurement
Measure height (H) pile at inside
edge of each track
Measure the width (W) of the pile at
the inside edge of each track
Measure the greatest length (L) of
the pile
Computation:
Find average of both the two height
and two-width measurements.
Blade Load (lcm) = 0.375 *(H*W*L)
Field Measurement
Obtain a normal load:
The dozer pushes a normal blade load onto to
a level area.
Create a symmetrical pile shape as possible.
H H2
H 1
2
W W2
W 1
2
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19 April 2017
Example-2:
What is the blade capacity in loose cubic
meters for the tested materials ? If the
measurement taken from a blade-load test
were as follow:
H1= 1.5m; H2 = 1.6m; W1 = 2m; W2 = 2.1m
L = 3.8 m
H = (1.5+1.6)/2 =1.55m
W = (2+2.1)/2 = 2.05m
= 0.375*1.55*2.05*3.8
= 4.53 (lcm)
Cycle Time: /....contd.

The sum of the time required to push,
backtrack, and maneuver into position,
cycle time represents the complete Dozer
cycle (= Forward + Reverse + Maneuver).
Dozing is generally performed at slow
speed 2.5 kmph to 3.5 kmph.
Return speed is usually the maximum that
can be attained in the distance available.
For the distance less than 30m the
operator cannot get the machine pass on
second gear.
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19 April 2017
Cycle Time:
The formula to calculate Dozer production
in loose cubic meters per a 60-min hour is
given by:
60 * B.L.
P
P.T. R.T. M.T.
Where:
P = Production rate (lcm/hr.) Maneuver time (M.T.)
Power-shift = 0.05 min
B.L = Blade Load (lcm) Direct drive = 0.1 min
P.T. = Push time (minute)
R.T. = Return time (minute)
M.T. = Maneuver time (minute)
Example: 3
Considering that the blade load calculated in
above (example-2) was for a track-type dozer
equipped with a power shift transmission. The
dozer will be used to push a distance of 30m what
production can be expected in loose cubic meter.
Assume pushing speed is 3 kmph.
Blade load = 4.53 lcm (taken from above example)
Distance 30(m) 60
P.T . * 0.6 min
Push Velocity 3(km / hr) 1000
For return time the maximum speed that can attained is 6 km/h from the
performance chart (as it is only 30m distance gear can not go beyond
second speed).
Distance 30(m) 60
R.T . * 0.3 min
Return Velocity 6(km / hr) 1000
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19 April 2017
Example: 3
M.T.= 0.05
(for power shift)
3 6
60 * 4.53
Production 286 (lcm/hr)
0.6 0.3 0.05
Example: 4
Assume a percent swell of 25% for the silty sand of the previous
example (Example-3) and that job efficiency will equal a 50-min
hour. What is the actual production that can be expected in bank
cubic meter? If the machine has owning and operating cost of
Rs.3000 per hour and operator cost Rs. 500 per hour. What is the
cost of pushing the silty sand?.
loose volume bank volume lcm
Swell(%) *100 bcm 1 swell
bank volume
50
Efficiency( E ) 0.833
60
lcm / hr 286(lcm / hr )
Pr oduction * E * 0.833 190(bcm / hr )
1 Swell 1.25
total cos t (3000 500)
Unit cos t ( Rs. / bcm) 18.4( Rs. / bcm)
bcm 190
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19 April 2017
Production Formula
The following production formula is developed by
International Harvest (IH) and can be used as a Rule-of
Thumb formula for power shift transmission.
P (kW) *103
Pr oduction (lcm)
Where: D 15
P= Net flywheel power (kW) (Power-shift track Dozer)
D = One way distance (m)
Example-5:
A power-shift track-type Dozer with 150 kW will be used to push
materials 27m. Use the IH formula to calculate the lcm production
which can be expected for this operation.
150 *103
Pr oduction (lcm) 367.8
Note:
27 15
The actual production will be less than 367.8 lcm because there are some other factors
that can effect the production such as: efficiency, material factor, weather condition etc.)
Production Curve
Production curves for estimating the amount of
material that can push are usually provided by
manufacturer. Example of such curve can be seen
on Caterpillar Performance Handbook.
These curves are produced based on a set of ideal
conditions as follows:
100% Efficiency (60-min hour)
Power-shift machine with 0.05 min fixed time
Soil density 1370 kg/lcm
Coefficient of Traction
Track machine 0.5 or better
Wheel machine 0.4 or better
Hydraulic-control blades (Pitching/Tilting/Angling)
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19 April 2017
Production Curve
130
NOTE: This chart is based on numerous field studies made under varying job conditions.
Production Curve
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19 April 2017
Correction Factors
OSCF
MTCF
OTCF
VCF
ECF
MTCF
GCF
For angling and cushion blade take 50% - 75% of straight blade BAF
Grade Correction Factors
1.24
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19 April 2017
Calculation of Production Rate

The production (lcm) is directly obtained from the
chart, based on average distance the dozing
material to be moved.
The production so obtained is corrected by
multiplying the suitable factors.
Production (lcm / hr) PMax. T .C.F
Where:
P(max.) = Ideal Production rate obtained from chart (lcm/hr)
T.C.F. = Product of all Correction Factors
= (MWCF*OSCF*MTCF*OTCF*VCF*ECF*MTF*BAF*GCF)
MWCF Material weight correction factor ECF Efficient correction factor
OSCF Operator skill correction factor MTCF Machine transmission
MTCF Material type correction factor factor
OTCF Operation technique correction factor BAF Blade adjustment factor
VCF Visibility correction factor GCF Grade correction factor
Example-6 /contd.
A D7G track dozer with straight blade is to be used in
a slot-dozing operation. The material is dry non-
cohesive silty sand and is to be moved a distance of
90m from the beginning of the cut. Dozing is downhill
on 10% grade. The operator has average skill, dozer
has power-shift transmission, and both visibility and
traction are satisfactory. The material weight 1730
kg/m3 in bank state and is estimated swell 12% in the
loose state. Job efficiency is estimated to be 50-min.
hour.
Calculate the direct cost of the proposed earth-
moving operation in Rs. / bcm. Assume that the
owning and operating cost Rs. 3000/hr. and
operators wage Rs. 500/hr.
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19 April 2017
Solution: Example-6
P(max.)/hr = 130 (lcm) from the chart for (90m dozing distance, D7G model)
MWCF = 1730(kg/bcm)/1.12 = 1545 (kg/lcm) (For 12% Swell)
= 1370/1545 = 0.88 (As standard condition 1370 kg/lcm)
OSCF = 0.75 (from the table for average skill)
MTCF = 0.80 (from the table for dry, non cohesive material)
OTCF = 1.20 (from the table for slot dozing operation)
VCF = 1 (Satisfactory visibility, as being standard condition)
ECF = 0.83 (from the table for 50-min hour)
MTF = 1 (for power-shift transmission, as being standard condition)
BAF = 1 (as STRAIGHT type blade being used)
GCF = 1.24 (from the grade correction chart for (-10% ) grade)
T .C.F. 0.88* 0.75* 0.8 *1.2 *1* 0.83*1*1*1.24 0.652

Pr oduction (lcm / hr) 130* 0.652 84.76
84.76
Production (bcm / hr ) 75.68
1.12
Total cost (Rs./hr) (3000 500) 3500
Direct productcost (Rs./bcm)
3500 46.24
75.68
DOZERS PRODUCTIVITY: OTHER METHODS

Productivity of Dozer can also be estimated using following
Formulae.
Where:
60 Q = Production (lcm/hr)
Q q *E q = production per cycle (lcm )
Cm E = job efficiency
Cm= cycle time (minutes )
Note: E=0.83 for ideal conditions.

(Excellent operating and machine conditions).

Where:
q aH L 2 a = Blade Factor
H = Blade height (m)
L = Blade width (m)
Where:
D D D = Hauling Distance (m)
Cm Z F= Forward speed (m/min)
F R
R = Reverse speed (m/min)
Z = Maneuver time (min)
Forward speed = 3 5 km/ hr Z = 0.1 min for direct drive
Reverse speed = 5 7 km/hr = 0.05 min for power-shift
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19 April 2017
JOB EFFICIENCY FACTOR (E)

MAINTAINANCE OF MACHINE
OPERATING
CONDITIONS RATHER
EXCELLENT GOOD NORMAL POOR
POOR
EXCELLENT 0.83 0.81 0.76 0.70 0.63

GOOD 0.78 0.75 0.71 0.65 0.60
NORMAL 0.72 0.69 0.65 0.60 0.54
RATHER POOR 0.63 0.61 0.57 0.52 0.45
POOR 0.52 0.50 0.47 0.42 0.32
EARTH VOLUME CONVERSION FACTOR
GEAR SHIFTING TIME (Z)
` FACTOR
Transmission type` Time
Compacted 0.90
Power shift 0.05 min
On banks 1.0
Loosened 1.2 Direct drive 0.1 min
Note: Assume appropriate factors from the corresponding tables, if not given.
BLADE FACTOR (a)
Dozing operation Blade factor

Completely
Easy dozing 1.1 - 0.9
loosened soil
Loose soil but
Average dozing impossible to doze 0.9 0.7
full blade
Rather difficult High water content
0.7 0.6
dozing or sticky clay sand
Difficult dozing Blasted rocks etc 0.6 0.4
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19 April 2017
Example-7 ../contd.
Estimate the approximate output of a bulldozer for
the following conditions:
Materials: completely loosened soil
Swell = 25%
Haul distance : 30m, over level ground
Blade Size: Height = 0.9m, Width = 2.9 m
Operation factor: 50-min hr
Pushing speed @ 2.4 kmpr
Reverse @ 5.6 kmph
Loading and gear shifting time = 0.32 min
D D
Cycle time (Cm ) Z
F R
30 * 60 30 * 60
Cm 0.32 1.39 min
(2.4 *1000) (5.64 *1000)
Example-7
Production per cycle (q)

q a H 2 L 0.9 * 0.92 * 2.9 2.11(lcm)
Assuming Blade factor (a) = 0.9 from the table
Production per Hour (Q)

60
Q q *E
Cm
60 75.59
Q 2.11 * 0.83 75.59 (lcm / hr ) 60.47 (bcm / hr )
1.39 1.25
Assuming Job Efficiency; E=0.83
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19 April 2017
Ripping Production Estimate

Estimating Ripping production is best accomplished by
conducting field test study. However, following method
can be used for rough estimation.
- Quick Method (Find average time hour by running the machine
at measured distance and volume (bcy).
Measured Volume (bcm)
Ripping production (bcm/hr)
1.2 * Average time
-Seismic velocity method (Manufacturer

develop the production chart (production
vs seismic velocity, which can be used with
proper judgment)
31

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19 April 2017

DOZERS: General Introduction

How a Bulldozer got its name ?

Dozers: Main Parts / Location

Dozers: Main Parts / Systems (Track Dozer)

Dozer: Major Components / Functions

How they classified ?

1. Crawler or Track Dozer

Specification and Performance Data

Drawbar pulling force decreases as speed increases

Performance Chart: Crawler Dozer

Specification and Performance Data

Rimpull force decreases as speed increases

Performance Chart: Wheel Dozer

Management of Construction Plant and Equipment: By Ashok K. Shrestha Slide No. 23

Dozer Power Train

BLADES of the Dozer

The main working TOOL

Basic earth-moving blades are curved in the

BLADE Adjustments: Tilting

BLADE Adjustments: Pitching

BLADE Adjustments: Angling

Dozer Production: Estimating

The Dozing Operations

The Dozing Operations

Dozer Production: Estimating

Field Measurement /.contd.

Cycle Time: /....contd.

Grade Correction Factors

Calculation of Production Rate

T .C.F. 0.88* 0.75* 0.8 *1.2 *1* 0.83*1*1*1.24 0.652

DOZERS PRODUCTIVITY: OTHER METHODS

Note: E=0.83 for ideal conditions.

JOB EFFICIENCY FACTOR (E)

EXCELLENT 0.83 0.81 0.76 0.70 0.63

BLADE FACTOR (a)

Dozing operation Blade factor

Difficult dozing Blasted rocks etc 0.6 0.4

Production per Hour (Q)

Ripping Production Estimate

-Seismic velocity method (Manufacturer

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T .C.F. 0.88* 0.75* 0.8 1.2 1* 0.8311*1.24 0.652