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Original article
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: The requirements of historical environments that are related to social and economical changes sometimes
Received 2 February 2011 necessitate the re-use of historical buildings that no longer serve their functions. Deciding how to re-
Accepted 27 January 2012 use historical buildings is a difcult problem when the concerns of decision makers are not aligned.
Available online 28 February 2012
This paper proposes a methodology for the appropriate re-use of historical patterns that have lost their
original functions and discusses the results of such re-use. Appropriate re-use can result in a sustainable
Keywords: preservation of both historical assets and the environment. Thus, the respectful conversion of structures
Adaptive re-use
for new uses based on economic and social needs ensures the authenticity of the structure and of the
Management
Sustainability
historical environment. In this study, the historical pattern of Diyarbakr Hasan Pasha Khan was evaluated
Historical buildings through the application of the proposed method. Adaptation of the structure required knowledge of
Decision-making traditional construction techniques. The results reveal that the proposed methodology can be effectively
used for historical patterns to prioritise between various re-use criteria. This methodology can be applied
in the context of re-use problems and provides solutions for such problems in historical buildings.
2012 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
1296-2074/$ see front matter 2012 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.culher.2012.01.018
380 M. Yildirim / Journal of Cultural Heritage 13 (2012) 379388
methodology for the re-use of historical patterns based on intrusive than an adaptive re-use, but new uses that reduce the
managing the use and change model of Worthing and Bond [5]. The building to its facade are rarely justiable in conservation [5].
proposed methodology is assessed through six steps that evaluate: If a site is to have a new use, it should be a compatible use [11].
Along this vein, compatibility could be judged by how the new
the condition of the historical pattern; potential use has the least interference with the historical fabric
the condition of the environment; and be dened by any use that can full its function without dama-
the integrity of the place; ging the existing fabric of the building. Converting buildings to new
re-use alternatives and their advantages and disadvantages; uses provides the challenge of using existing spaces as adaptable
owners and users requirements; for industrial or commercial applications [12]. Old buildings are a
an assessment of results to determine the best re-use of the struc- potential resource, which if rehabilitated can often provide cheaper
ture. and more appropriate premises for users. Physical surroundings are
continuously changing due to shifts in cultural values and techno-
logy. As a result, different building types are becoming redundant
The methodology is applied to the case of Hasan Pasha Khan
due to limited building technology and lack of maintenance. Most
on Gazi Street in Diyarbakir, in the conservation area, in where
of these buildings exhibit high quality craftsmanship and a greater
the author conducted the restoration project. In the conservation
appreciation of the original material. They are concerned with the
areas, the grouping of all buildings makes a signicant contribution
appropriate re-use of the building stock [13].
to the townscape [7]. On Gazi Street, a rehabilitation project was
Sustainability means meeting the needs of the present without
undertaken involving the repair of buildings, restoration of street
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
furniture and repaving of the street. The restoration of the Khan was
needs, and it requires adaptation to particular circumstances and
completed in 2008, and the structure is now used as a shopping and
local conditions. Delafons [11] argued that sustainability involves
dining area.
the retention of present assets in such a way that, if performed
intelligently, can assist the adaptation of these assets to new uses.
2. Literature review Conservation also requires adaptation to particular circumstances
and local conditions to ensure that existing assets are used ratio-
This literature review presents solutions to problems related nally to meet present needs. In a conservation approach, Ashworth
to the re-use of historical patterns. The goal of this review is to [14] asked how and for whom the existing asset should be used or
help decision makers when applying re-use approaches to these adapted.
structures. To be effective, a conservation plan needs to be accompanied
Advances in industry and commerce together with the demand by a management plan. The management plan is concerned with
for more sophisticated interior environments for both work and determining what is required at a site by focusing on the signi-
leisure, have led to buildings becoming outdated, redundant cance of the location and thinking about how the site should be
or obsolete, which has provided opportunity for rehabilitation developed. The development of integrated policies, strategies and
and re-use [8]. Cantacuzino mentioned that buildings have been procedures that are focused on the protection and enhancement of
adapted to new uses because their structures tend to outlive the cultural signicance of the site is an essential part of the process.
their function [9]. The most important aspect of the conservation These guidelines need to be integrated with others, including the
movement is the recycling of old buildings and their adaptation needs and aspirations of the owners and those who occupy the site
for uses that differ from those for which they were originally [5]. All of these issues need to be considered before any policies are
intended [10]. For the successful re-use of a historical pattern, developed. The following constraints should be identied in the
Worthing and Bond [5] suggested that effective management plays assessment of vulnerability:
a key role in protecting and enhancing the historical environment.
Conservation efforts will not be successful unless the crucial role of cultural values around the site;
management strategy is fully appreciated. To manage and protect a requirements and aspirations of the owner;
place with cultural value, the signicance of the place must rst be resources such as nancial skills and knowledge;
considered and the various elements of the place that contribute physical or environmental issues (e.g. overuse, vandalism and
to that signicance must then be identied and articulated. pollution).
Management responsibilities are quite different for individual
owners and corporate or governmental planners. Property mana- Pearson and Sullivan [4] suggested that the management plan
gers must often take into account the inuence and expectations of should articulate the implications of signicance. The plan must
external stakeholders. It is not correct to suggest that one group or consider the needs and desires of the community and the site.
another makes better management decisions or cares more about Moreover, the plan must be nancially and technically feasible, pro-
a historical asset. Individual owners provide continuity in property vide a long-term management framework and be exible enough
management and, conversely, are unlikely to perceive the use, care to allow for review [4].
and alteration of a historic building as the responsibility of manage- One approach to conservation is to take a preservationist per-
ment; however, without a framework of management policies and spective, in which pure conservation is sought for the products of
strategies, the actions of this individual can inict lasting damage the past, and new development or change in the urban fabric is sel-
on vulnerable, yet signicant historical patterns [5]. The general dom permitted, regardless of the creative value of those changes.
property manager might not manage the property in a way that In this type of conservation, the inherited asset is regarded as a
respects the cultural signicance of the historic site. An additional resource due to its cultural, historic and aesthetic values. Another
consideration is frequent personnel changes that result in a loss of approach is conservation as heritage, which seeks to conserve the
understanding of the assets that are controlled by the management past as a commodity to be consumed by specic markets, mainly
company. tourism [15]. In this approach, the asset is considered as a heri-
A general principle of conservation is that the original use of tage to be conserved and managed in an effective way. Attractive
a place is the most appropriate one; however, from a nancial buildings are taken up by developers and renovated for re-use to
perspective, nding a new use may be the only effective way to meet collective needs. The sustainable utilisation of the built heri-
maintain the building. In some cases the original use may be more tage lengthens the life of the asset. One of the requirements of
M. Yildirim / Journal of Cultural Heritage 13 (2012) 379388 381
sustainability is the adaptation to particular circumstances and a sites historical pattern and the aspirations of its users as well
local conditions to ensure that existing assets are used to meet as the experts. This methodology provides a generalised model
the present needs [15]. The emphasis of converting buildings has for decision-making and its practical application is easily trans-
shifted from a reverential restoration to a more creative attitude, ferable in any cultural context. In addition, the balance between
from the building as an art object to the building as the product of a project feasibility, environmental impact and social benet can be
whole socio-economic system [12]. On the other hand, the conver- objectively evaluated.
sion of old buildings may be approached in one of two ways. In some To be effective, a conservation plan must be coordinated with
cases, a building is considered to be worthy of preservation because a management plan. To manage historical patterns that have lost
its original use is no longer viable. In other cases, the initiative will their functions, a new use must be adapted to the building. For
come from a user who is looking for a building for a specic purpose a new use, the condition of the historical pattern must rst be
[16]. They may reect the requirements of an existing user, or the assessed. The physical state of the structure must be detailed in
needs that an individual or organisation searching for a building. an architectural survey. The original uses of the structure, buil-
People may have a particular use in mind for a building or con- ding techniques, plan, architectural details and materials need to
versely have a particular building in mind and are in search of a be investigated. Second, the condition of the environment should
new use [17]. be evaluated. Types of settlement, approach roads, pedestrian and
To successfully conserve and manage heritage building, a much vehicular accessibility, and environmental factors need to be sur-
broader range of values should be taken into account. This range veyed. Functional and structural analyses will provide the direction
involves the values of different communities, professionals from towards the new use. Third, the integrity of the structure plays a
other elds and special interest groups in the conservation eld that key role. Pearson and Marshall [4] have dened the integrity of a
hold their own opinions, which might differ from those of conser- historical pattern as a completeness that gives a place its cultural
vation professionals [18]. At the heart of interdisciplinary critical signicance for example, the spiritual or emotional signicance of
research on heritage is the notion that cultural heritage is a social the site, circulation and parking capacity, additions to and subtrac-
construction encompassing communities of interest, communities tions from the building and the appropriateness with regards to the
of culture or religion, communities of practice, communities of cultural signicance. Fourth, re-use alternatives must be proposed
place and communities of resistance [19]. by experts who have knowledge about the re-use of historical buil-
Various attempts have been made to characterise heritage dings, including architects, architectural historians, governmental
values [5]. Proposed characteristics include aesthetic, spiritual, workers, owners and contractors. They should dene the objectives
social, historical and symbolic values, in addition to authenticity. and the expectations for the re-use and identify the re-use criteria.
These criteria include cultural, economic, environmental, architec-
Aesthetic value: according to the English Heritage Document [20], tural, authenticity and social parameters. Fifth, it is necessary to
an aesthetic value is dened using the term artless beauty and consider the requirements and aspirations of the owners and users
is not the result of conscious design. It presents an urban land- of the site. For maintenance of the structure, it will be necessary
to determine its functional value. For non-heritage organisations,
scape and the relationship between structures and materials in
an organic form. a function that is not related to the cultural signicance can be
Spiritual value: places of worship are likely to have spiritual value used. Finally, an assessment of the results should determine the
to the members of society because they are important for their appropriate re-use of the historical pattern (Fig. 1).
artless beauty and their historical, associational, commemora-
tive, social and educational features.
Social value: social value is related to the meaning that a place 4. The example of the Hasan Pasha Khan in Diyarbakir
might have for individuals or groups because of associations they (Turkey)
have with it and refers to the benets of social cohesion and group
identity. Social value may be related to the events that occurred 4.1. Study area
in the past and are connected to the present.
Historical value: historical value encompasses the history of aes- The term khan is broken down into two parts that are related to
thetics, science and society. A site may have historical value the locations of the inner or outer city. The outer city khans, called
because of an important event that had occurred there. Historical caravanserais differ in form and function from the inner city khans.
The role of the caravanserai was to support trade, and they were
value is of primary importance in the notion of the built cultural
environment. constructed similar to castles along the trade routes with a dened
Symbolic value: the symbolism of places is widely referred to as a range for security. They were built to shelter men goods and ani-
kind of value. There can be benets in conserving places because, mals along ancient caravan routes. The inner city khans consisted of
the structures that responded to the functional demands of both the
for instance, they are reminders of past events.
Authenticity: authenticity is not an easy concept to grasp. Each production-and selling of handicrafts and accommodation. Khans
part of a patterns development is authentic as a reection of its were originally built attached to the most important trade routes,
time. The authenticity of a structure is reected by its heritage, one of which connected Aleppo (in Syria) to Diyarbakir (in Turkey),
Mosul (in Iraq) and China [21] (Fig. 2.).
which is materially original but may have changed over time.
The Khan of Diyarbakr Hasan Pasha, which was on this trade
route, is on Gazi Street in the medieval part of town where the buil-
3. Methodology for new re-use selection dings are dedicated to trade. The square on the opposite side of the
structure is surrounded by the Great Mosque, Mesudiye Madrasah
The aims of this study are to analyse and evaluate re-use alter- and Sipahi Bazaar, which is a traditional bazaar where handicrafts
natives for historical patterns. In this study, a simple technique is are sold in one-storey shops (Fig. 3).
proposed to help decision makers who have difculties in deci- The activity in the district is very intensive in the day while it
ding on a new use for a historical pattern. The methodology for is silent at night. The khan, square, mosque and bazaar are typical
identifying historical patterns for appropriate re-use was deve- components of a medieval town form with Ottoman architecture
loped from managing the built heritage plan of Worthing and Bond [22]. Governor Vizier Hasan Pasha, son of Sokullu Mehmed Pasha,
[5]. This decision-making technique pinpoints information about constructed a jewellery bazaar in Diyarbakr in 1571 that was
382 M. Yildirim / Journal of Cultural Heritage 13 (2012) 379388
Re-use alternative list and advantages Creating a list of re-use alternative, identifying the
opportunities and barriers
Owners and users requirements Expectations of the owners and users of the traditional
structure
known for the quality of its handcrafted wares. The Khan was built Brick vaults and domes form the covering of the structure. Along
near the jewellery bazaar and completed in 1574 during the period the brick cylinder, blocks are used for isolation and attenuation. The
of the Governor Ozdemiroglu Osman Pasha [23]. wedge-shaped arcade that faces the courtyard was constructed on
The Khan of Diyarbakr Hasan Pasha is a two-storey structure neutral capitals. In the rst section of the upper-oor the ceilings
consisting of closed spaces in the rear of an arcade around a court- are vaulted whereas the second sections of the ceilings are domed
yard. The main entrance to the Khan is on the west side, and the with pendantives. The ceiling is approximately 3.50 m high. There
other portals consist of passages to the jewellery bazaar, which are are attenuation arcs on the windows of the upper-oor. Khans
adjacent to the Khan from the south and east. In the courtyard there ground-oor rooms are generally covered with vaulted ceilings
is a fountain constructed on columns with capitals. Four sets of stair [24]. Durable basalt stone [25] was originally used for paving and
rise from the courtyard. The rooms on the rst-oor were divided with limestone for the facade walls.
into two sections. A low entrance door leads to the rst section. A The Khan was restored from 2005 to 2008 following the plan-
window covered with a net faces the arcade. The second section ning of restoration projects. The structure is the property of the
contains a replace and has a window that provides a view to the foundation board that entered into an agreement with a con-
outside. Three portals of the Khan that are elevated above the rst tractor to restore and manage the structure with an adaptive
oor, resulting in a level change between the portals and rst oor. re-use. The building was rented by the contractor for a period
The windows of the east and south blocks opened over the jewellery of time using the restore, operate and transfer model provided
bazaar, which is adjacent to these sides. There is a stone console in by the foundation board. In this way, the restorative cost of
front of the arcade on the rst oor. The interior of the courtyard approximately US $600.000 was covered and the available nance
slopes downward in the north block with symmetrical stairs that provided. Adapting buildings to meet new uses and modern stan-
lead downward to the entrance portal nearby. The basement oor dards involves making physical changes to the existing building
is lighted and ventilated with inlets. [8].
Fig. 3. Map of the old city of Diyarbakir and the location of the Khan.
In the Khan, the elevated ground level of the courtyard was taken The missing banisters of the console in the rst oor were reinte-
down to the original level. The basements of the pillars of the court- grated using cast iron. The soil structure covering was removed and
yard fountain were discovered and the basement- oor windows treated with chemicals to inhibit plant growth.
that looked into the courtyard were opened. The annexes closing The materials and techniques used in restoration were based
the arcades of the ground and rst oors were liberated and the almost on the availability of local resources. The most outstanding
cement grouting on the walls of the rooms and arcades domes feature of the structure is the combination of basalt stone with an
were scraped. In the east block two damaged domes of the large easily workable limestone. Basalt is an igneous rock with a durabi-
room were reconstructed. The windows that overlooked the jewel- lity that makes it suited to masonry construction, and it is fre-
lery bazaar, which had been closed with briquette blocks, were quently used in the vicinity of the quarries around the Karacadag
opened. The console in the rst oor was reintegrated with lead volcano near Diyarbakir. A porous type of basalt was used for the
connections due to a loss. paving and a less porous type was used for the walls. Limestone is
The soil lled basement oor was liberated. To prevent damage generally carvable when freshly quarried and is then left to its nat-
of the historical structure by the ground water, drainpipes were ural process of developing a hard outer layer [25]. New stones from
installed and designed to empty into a newly constructed drainage a similar bed of the quarry were used for stone repairs at the Khan.
well. Damaged cross vaults in the north block were reconstructed. New bricks made to match the quality and colour of the existing
Stones covered with cover blasting and dust were changed. Dete- brick were used for brick repairs. The imitation bricks were manu-
rioration in the facade, especially where limestone was used with factured alongside cubic bricks used for attenuation in pendantives
basalt to form polychrome, was repaired. Several of the buttresses and domes (Fig. 4). The collapsed domes of the large room on the
were reconstructed and stone plaques were attached to the but- east side of the Khan were reconstructed using the bricks.
tresses with lead. Prior to the restoration, the wooden entrance Lime mortar was used as a rendering solution in stone masonry
doors which were covered with iron sheets in the directions of of the Khan. The slaked lime was brought to the Khan from another
west, east and south were no longer able to perform their function. province and stored until it needed. Fat lime, which is lime mixed
The hinges were non functional and the wood frames decomposed. with sand, was used in mortar for its easy of workability. This
Fig. 4. Paving in the courtyard and the attenuation bricks in the dome inside a room.
384 M. Yildirim / Journal of Cultural Heritage 13 (2012) 379388
mortar is used in masonry and plastering. Grouting with ne sand to trade whereas the courtyard shops were in ruin. Most of the ori-
and lime was a consolidation method used in places where the ginal windows had been covered up. Despite major threats nearby,
masonry has lost its structural integrity. Plumbing was used on the the Khan has been informally preserved (Fig. 6).
dome of the fountain in the courtyard.
4.2.2. Condition of the environment
4.2. Data used for the methodology A survey of the site was conducted to examine the physical con-
dition of the structures. Located behind the jewellery bazaar are
4.2.1. Condition of the historical pattern carpenters who make chairs and the structures on the street are
The historical pattern must be understood such that the archi- primarily devoted to trade. The structures on the street were pre-
tect is able to convert the space in a manner appropriate for its viously renovated through a rehabilitation project where they had
new use [17]. Therefore using a blueprint to analyse the historical been previously in a state of deterioration, and a maze of electrical
patterns techniques and materials is essential. Before the restora- wires ran through the site (Fig. 7).
tion works began on the Khan in 2005, some of the shops on the Sipahi Bazaar is located in front of the Khan, whereas the Great
ground oor that faced the courtyard were occupied by vendors Mosque is located at the crossroads of the Khan and an underground
such as old carpet dealers, a stationer, a key maker and handmade shopping district, which has always been a heavily congested area.
silver ornament vendors. To this date only one of the three original The court levels of the Khan and Great Mosque are below the level
entrances of the Khan remains in service and the other two have of Gazi Street. The trade centre, which consists of Sipahi Bazaar to
been closed. The entrances to the jewellery bazaar were converted the south of the Great Mosque, Hasan Pasha Khan next to the wheat
to shops. The stairs in the courtyard that lead to the rst oor have bazaar and the other khans in the area, was active throughout a long
been sealed for security and only two of the original four sets of historical period [22].
stairs still remain in use.
The north-east part of the arcade on the rst oor was closed 4.2.3. Integrity of the place
with a showcase as a way to gain additional space (Fig. 5). At one The integrity and cohesiveness of a place serve to protect and
time, the courtyard of the Khan was used as a wheat bazaar and enhance the cultural signicance of a structure. In the sixteenth
the rst oor was an atelier for handmade ornaments [26]. Since century, Ottoman khans also functioned as housing for traders.
then, the rst oor of the Khan has been completely abandoned Thus, the rst-oor rooms of Diyarbakr Hasan Pasha Khan were
and trade is exclusively conducted on the ground oor. The shops devoted to housing whereas the ground-oor rooms were devoted
in the back of the arcade were extensions of the shops that faced the to trade. The products that were brought by the caravans were
street. The ground-oor shops that faced Gazi Street were devoted sold on the ground oor and visitors were housed in the rst-oor
Fig. 6. In the courtyard before restoration only the ground oor was in use.
M. Yildirim / Journal of Cultural Heritage 13 (2012) 379388 385
Table 1
Re-use alternatives for the Khan and the opportunities and barriers.
rooms. The jewellery bazaar offered a great deal of handmade gold 4.2.4. Re-use alternatives, owners and users requirements
and jewellery. Non-heritage organisations have proposed functions for the
The Khan was built as a trust estate in front of the Great Mosque Khan that are unrelated to its cultural signicance, such as con-
and its re-use must respect this spiritual atmosphere. The impact verting the structure into a hotel or restaurant. These types of
of vehicular access plays an important role in the ambience of the re-uses are new activities that would generate sufcient income to
place. cover the restoration and maintenance costs incurred if undertaken
Table 2
Analyses of plans of the Khan related to the re-use (restoration project, M. Yildirim).
Function
Cafeteria in the courtyard
Cafeteria in the northeast
Jewellery selling shops
Local wear selling shops
Antique sales and repair
Equipments
Bench
Tables and chairs
Tent for shadow
Shop window
Function
Brunch in the arcade
Preparation kitchen
Picture selling shops
Handicraft selling shops
Equipments
Bench for kitchen
Tables and chairs
Shop window
Function
Book selling
WC
Preparation kitchen
Eating
Equipments
Bench for kitchen
Tables and chairs
Shelf for books
M. Yildirim / Journal of Cultural Heritage 13 (2012) 379388 387
Table 3
Sections and elevations (restoration project, M. Yildirim).
AA Section elevation
BB section elevation
West elevation
North elevation
by private entrepreneurs. Public use does not generate sufcient and users requirements and what they envision for the site. The
income to cover restoration and maintenance costs but does bring rst test of any design approach in preservation is whether the
social benets to the community. Frequently, the government is proposed program space requirements t the connes of the exis-
responsible for supporting culture centre and museum types of ting old building [28]. There will be many users of the building in
re-use. The customary solution of re-using a historical pattern as its new form. These could include the owner or developer, tenant,
a museum is not always viable [17]. visitor or customer even the passing public [17]. These require-
A group consisting of owners, users, and architects proposed ments must be respected. The owners and the contractor of the
re-use alternatives for the Khan, including: (1) a hotel, (2) restau- khan wanted to receive sufcient income from the structure by
rant, (3) museum and (4) shopping and dining area. There are converting it into a hotel or restaurant, which would have entailed
advantages and disadvantages for each of these re-uses as listed the construction of a large kitchen in the building. The prospective
in Table 1. tenants of rentable shops wanted to display their wares in a large
The balance between the existing building facility and the new show window, which was impossible because of the preservation
use varies depending on its characteristics, condition and the rules. Instead of large show windows, the existing windows could
requirements of the user. The aim is to achieve a harmonious balan- only accommodate small shop windows (Fig. 8).
ce that, celebrate both the history of the site and the potential The users desire was to offer spaces for trade and for leisure
applicability of the site [27]. It is necessary to consider owners activities. They wanted spacious dining areas but believed that
388 M. Yildirim / Journal of Cultural Heritage 13 (2012) 379388