Engleza Sem 2

Unitatea de nvare 1, 2, 3, 4:
NETWORK INTERCONNECTING DEVICES
Introduction:
The present unit focuses on defining, classifying and enlarging upon the network
interconnecting devices. It introduces a specific vocabulary, familiarizes the students with the
phrasal verb to look and tackles with the following tricky words: old, aged, elderly,
superannuated, senile, venerable, patriarchal, matriarchal.
Contents:
1.1. the definition, classification and description of network interconnecting devices;
1.2. key words and phrases: interconnecting network device, repeater, bridge, hub, switch, router, filtering rate,
forward rate, spanning tree architecture bridge, source route bridging, to be a need for, to split something into
segments, to be located close to something, to have an effect on, to operate at a certain level, to pass data
between networks, to connect something to something else, to route data from a network to another one, to suffer
from something, to boost signal power, to filter traffic, to implement something, to become disabled, to reach the
destination, to send something along with something else, to suffer from several disadvantages, to decide
between several pathes, to be based on several parameters.
1.3. the phrasal verb to look;
1.4. tricky words: old, aged, elderly, superannuated, senile, venerable, patriarchal, matriarchal;
1.5. bibliography
Previous knowledge required:

-general vocabulary on computers;
-basic grammar knowledge;
Objectives:
1. The students should be able to define, classify and enlarge upon network interconnecting
devices.
2.The students should be able to understand the meaning of the key words and phrases as well
as to write and pronounce them correctly.
3. The students should be able to translate, from English into Romanian and vieceversa, texts
that focus on the newly introduced vocabulary.
4. The students should be able to understand and use the phrasal verb to look as well as to
use it in sentences of their own.
5. The students should be able to make the distinction among old, aged, elderly,
superannuated, senile, venerable, patriarchal, matriarchal.
List of necessary equipments:

- computer;
Supplementary bibliography:
English Phrasal Verbs, Cambridge University Press, 2004.
Exercises on Phrasal Verbs, Oxford University press,1991.
Fitikides, T.J., B.A., F.I.L., Common Mistakes in English with exercises, Longman, 2000.
Time: 12 hours
Topic 1
NETWORK INTERCONNECTING DEVICES
Networks can be constructed using a common connection for all the nodes that
connect to the network. Unfortunately, the more devices that connect, the slower the network
becomes. Thus, there is a need for devices that split networks into segments, each of
which contain locally attached nodes. Internetworking devices have many advantages, such
as:
- They increase the number of nodes that can connect to the network than would be normally
possible. Limitations on the number of nodes that connect to a network relate to the cable
lengths and traffic constraints .
-They extend the physical distance of the network (the range of the network);
- They localize traffic within a network. Typically computers, which are geographically
located close to each other, need to communicate with each other. Thus, local
communications should not have an effect on communications outside a given network
segment.
- Merge existing networks. This allows connected networks to intercommunicate.
-Isolate network faults. This allows faults on one network to be contained within a given
network, so that they do not affect other connected networks.
Typically interconnecting devices are:
- Repeater . These operate at layer 1 of the OSI model 1 and extend the physical
length of a connection that would normally be possible with the cable type. They
basically boost the electrical or light signals.
- Bridges . These pass data frames between networks using the MAC address
(Layer 2 address).
1
The O.S.I. model (O.S.I. - Open System Interconnection) is a way of sub-dividing a System into smaller parts
(called layers) from the point of view of communications. A layer is a collection of conceptually similar
functions that provide services to the layer above it and receives services from the layer below it. On each layer
an instance provides services to the instances at the layer above and requests service from the layer below. For
example, a layer that provides error-free communications, across a network provides the path needed by
applications above it, while it calls the next lower layer to send and receive packets that make up the contents of
the path. Conceptually two instances at one layer are connected by a horizontal protocol connection on that layer.
- Hubs . These allow the interconnection of nodes and create a physically attached
network.
- Switches . These allow simultaneous communication between two or more nodes,

at a time.
- Routers . These pass data packets between connected networks, and operate on
network addresses. (layer 3 address).
Internetworking devices
Physical layer Repeaters and hubs
Data link layer Bridges and switches. Uses MAC address.
Network layer Routers. Uses network address.
Networks connect to other networks through repeaters, bridges or routers. A repeater
corresponds to the physical layer of the OSI model and routes data from one network
segment to another. Bridges, on the other hand, route data using the data link layer (with the
MAC address), whereas routers route data using the network layer (that is, using a network
address, such as an IP address). Normally, at the data link layer, the transmitted data is known
as a data frame, while at the network layer it is referred to as a data packet.
Repeaters
All network connections suffer from a reduction in signal strength (attenuation) and
digital pulse distortion . Thus, for a given cable specification and bit rate, each
connection will have a maximum cable length that can be used to transmit the data reliably
. Repeaters can be used to increase the maximum interconnection length, and may do the
following: reshape signal pulses, pass all signals between attached segments; boost
signal power; possibly translate between two different media types (such as between fibre-
optic and twisted-pair cable).
Transmit to more than one network. These are multiport repeaters and send data frames
from any received segment to all others. Multiport repeaters do not filter the traffic, as they
blindly send received data frames to all physically connected network segments.
Bridges
Bridges filter input and output traffic so that only data frames distended for another
network segment are actually routed into that segment and only data frames destined for the
outside world are allowed out of the network segment.
-The filtering rate . A bridge reads the MAC address of the Ethernet/Token ring node
and then decides if it should forward the frames into the network. Filter rates for bridges
range from around 5000 to 70,000 pps (packets per second).
- The forward rate . Once the bridge has decided to route the frame into the
internetwork, the bridge must forward the frame onto the destination network. Forwarding
rates range from 500 to 140,000 pps and a typical forwarding rate is 90,000 pps.
Spanning tree architecture (STA) bridges
The IEEE 802.1 standard has defined the spanning tree algorithm , and is normally
implemented as software on STA-compliant bridges. On power-up they automatically

learn the addresses of all the nodes on both interconnected networks and build up a separate
table for each network.
They can also support two connections between two LANs so that when the primary path
becomes disabled , the spanning tree algorithm re-enables the previously disabled
redundant link.
Source route bridging

With source route bridging, a source device, not the bridge, is used to send special explorer
packets. These are then used to determine the best path to the destination. Explorer packets
are sent out from the source routing bridges until they reach their destination
workstation. Each source routing bridge along the route enters its address in the routing
information field (RIF) of the explorer packet. Their destination node then sends back the
completed RIF field to the source node. When the source device has determined the best path
to the destination, it sends the data massage along with the path instructions to the local
bridge, which then forwards the data message according to the received path instructions.
Routers
Routers examine the network address field and determine the best route for a data packet.
They have the great advantage in that they normally support several different types of
network layer protocols.
Routers need to communicate with other routers so that they can exchange routing
information. Most network operating systems have associated routing protocols which
support the transfer of routing information. Typical routing protocols for Internet
communications are:
- BGP (border gateway protocol).
- EGP (exterior gateway protocol)
- OSPF (open shortest path first)
- RIP (routing information protocol).
Most routers support RIP and EGP. In the past, RIP was the most popular router protocol
standard, and its widespread use is due, in no small part, to the fact that it was
distributed along with the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) of UNIX (from which most
commercial versions of UNIX are derived). It suffers from several disadvantages and has
been largely replaced by OSP and EGB. These newer protocols have the advantage over RIP
in that they can handle large internetworks, as well as reducing routing table update traffic.
RIP uses a distance-vector algorithm, which measures the number of network jumps
(known as hops ), up to a maximum of 16, to the destination router (a value of 16
identifies that the destination is not reachable ). This has the disadvantage that the
smaller number of hops may not be the best route from a source to a destination. The OSPF
and EGB protocol uses a link state algorithm that can decide between multiple paths to the
destination router. These are based, not only on hops, but also on other parameters such as
delay (latency) , capacity, reliability and throughput .

With distance-vector routing, each router maintains routing tablets by communicating
with neighbouring routers. The number of hops in its own table are then computed as it knows
the number of hops to local routers. Unfortunately, their routing tables can take some time to
be updated when changes occur, because it takes time for all the routers to communicate with
each other (known as slow convergence ).

(Internetworking in Buchanan, William, Mastering Computing, Palgrave Macmillan, 2002,
New York, pp. 188-192)
Self-check
Answer the following questions:
1. Is it convenient that all the nodes in a network share a common connection?

2. What should be done in order to avoid slowness in transmitting information in a network?
3. Give examples of interconnecting devices.
4. Name some of the advantages of interconnecting devices.
5. What is OSI?
6. Define the concept of layer.
7. How are data referred to in the case of each level (physical level, data link level, network
layer)?
8. What are repeaters used for? What do they do?
9. What can you say about multiport repeaters?
10. What do bridges do?
11. What is spanning tree architecture?
12. What is the greatest advantage of routers?
13. Name some routing protocols.
14. What was the most popular router protocol in the past?
15. What are the advantages of the newer protocols?
16. What kind of algorithm uses RIP? What can you say about it?
17. What kind of algorithm uses OSPF? What can you say about it?
Self-check Answers
1. No, it is not convenient because the more devices connect, the slower the network
becomes.
2. In order to avoid slowness in transmitting information in a network, there should be used
devices that split networks into segments, each of which containing locally attached nodes.
3. Mention should be made of the following interconnecting devices: repeaters, bridges, hubs,
switches, routers.
Topic 2:
Activities:
1. Try to define network interconnecting devices, reliability, to boost and
redundant.

2. Give a synonym of to boost, to propagate, bridge.

.
3. Give an antonym of convergence, connection, compliant

.
.
4. Write down the words pronounced in the Audio File 1:
a) ..
b) ..
c) ...
d) ...
5. Write down the English words for:

a) ruter;
b) rspndit;
c) a crete puterea semnalului;
d) a se baza pe diveri parametrii;
e) a filtra traficul;
f) a subdivide.
6.Make up a sentence of your own with: to be a need for, to split something into segments, to
be located close to something, to have an effect on, to operate at a certain level, to pass data
between networks, to connect something to something else, to route data from a network to
another one, to suffer from something, to boost signal power, to filter traffic, to implement
something, to become disabled, to reach the destination, to send something along with
something else, to suffer from several disadvantages, to decide between several pathes, to be
based on several parameters.
Answers to Activities:
1. Seehttp://www.technologyuk.net/telecommunications/networks/interconnection_devices.shtml
see http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/reliability
see http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/boost
see http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/redundant
2. see http://www.synonym.com/synonyms/boost/
see http://www.synonym.com/synonyms/propagate/
see http://www.synonym.com/synonyms/bridge/
3. see http://www.synonym.com/antonym/convergence/
see disconnection
see http://www.synonym.com/antonym/compliant/
4. a) multiport; b) distended; c) compliant; d) throughput;
5. a) router; b) widespread; c) to boost the power signal; d) to be based on several

parameters; e) to filter traffic; f) to subdivide.
6. Nowadays, there is a need for inner peace.

He couldnt split this piece of wood into segments.
Their house is located near the town hall.
Topic 3
Activities:
1. Translate into Romanian:
Repeaters are used to increase the number of nodes that can connect to a network
segment, and the distance that it can cover. They do this by amplifying, retiming and
reshaping the digital signals. A hub is a repeater with multiple ports and can be thought of as
being the centre point of a star topology network. It is often known as a multiport repeater (or
as a concentrator in the Ethernet). Hubs generally:
- amplify signals;
- propagate the signal through the network;
- do not filter traffic. This is a major disadvantage with hubs and repeaters as data
arriving at any of the ports is automatically transmitted to all the other ports connected
to the hub.
- do not determine the path.
- centralize the connection to the network. This is normally a major problem when using
a star connected network, but hubs are normally reliable and can be easily
interchanged if they do not operate properly.
Hubs do not filter traffic, so that collisions affect all the connected nodes within the
collision domain. The more collisions there are the slower the network segment becomes.
There are two main ways to overcome this:
a) Bridges. These examine the destination MAC address (or station address) of the
transmitted data frame, and will not retransmit data frames which are not destined for
another network segment. They maintain a table with connected MAC addresses and
do not forward any data frames if the MAC address is on the network segment that
originated it, else it forwards to all connected segments.
b) Router. These examine the network (typically the IP or IPX address) of the transmitted
data packet, and will only transmit it out of a network segment if it is destined for a
node or another network.
Bridges and routers bound a network segment, whereas a repeater extends it. As they are
outside the network segment, bridges and routers thus do not forward collisions.
Broadcast data frames are sent out by a node if it does not know the MAC address of the
destination. Bridges forward these broadcasts to all the connected network segments, and
every device on the connected network segments must listen to these data frames.
Broadcast storms result when too many broadcasts are sent out over the network, which
can cause network time-outs, where the network slows down. Routers do not forward
broadcasts and thus cope better with broadcast storms. (Buchanan, William, Mastering
Computing, Palgrave Macmillan, 2002, New York, pp. 202-203)
2. Translate into English:
Echipamente de reea
Dispozitivele care sunt interconectate ntr-o reea se numesc gazdede reea sau, pe scurt,
gazde (hosts). Exist o serie ntreag de dispozitive cepot exista ntr-o reea, dar elementele de
baz ntr-o reea simpl sunturmtoarele: cel puin dou calculatoare, o interfa de reea
(plac de reea) instalat pe fiecare calculator n parte, un mediu de conexiune (tipic uncablu,
dar exist i conexiuni fr fir wireless) i un sistem de operare dereea (Unix, Linux,
Windows 95, 98, 2000, XP, NT sau Novell Netware). De asemenea, majoritatea reelelor
posed i un hub sau un switch pentru interconectarea gazdelor din reea. Prezentm n
continuare pe scurt echipamentele de baz dintr-o reea.
Placa de reea
Placa de reea, denumit i interfa de reea sau adaptorde reea sau NIC (Network Interface
Card), reprezint un element de bazntr-o reea de calculatoare, avnd n vedere c orice
calculator conectat la reea trebuie s posede un astfel de adaptor. Placa de reea este o plac
cu circuite electronice sau o plac PCMCIA (pentru laptop) i are rolul de a asigura
conexiunea la reea a unui echipament (calculator, imprimant, etc.). Fiecare plac de reea
are o adres unic, numit i adres fizic sau adres MAC (Media Access Control). Atunci
cnd se alege o plac de reea pentru un calculator sau pentru alt dispozitiv pe care vrem s l
conectm la o reea trebuie s lum n considerare urmtoarele:
- Tipul reelei (Ethernet, Token Ring, etc.);
- Tipul mediului de conexiune (cablu coaxial, fibr optic, cablu UTP sau legtur wireless);
- Tipul magistralei de sistem (PCI, ISA etc.).
Echipamente gazd ntr-o reea
Toate calculatoarele, indiferent de tipul lor, imprimantele sau serverele conectate la o reea se
numesc gazde.
Repetorul (repeater)
Un echipament foarte simplu ntlnit n reele este repetorul (repeater-ul), dispozitiv care nu
face altceva dect s amplifice i s regenereze semnale la nivel de bii de-a lungul reelei.
Aceste echipamente se ntlnesc atunci cnd se dorete extinderea dimensiunii maxime pentru
tipul de cablu respectiv i prezint din punct de vedere constructiv un port de intrare i un port
de ieire.
Hub-ul
Hub-ul acioneaz tot la nivel de bit i de regenerare a semnalelor, fiind denumit, de fapt,
repetor multi-port, deoarece prezint un port de intrare, dar mai multe porturi de ieire.
Introducerea unui hub n reea creeaz un punct de conexiune central (la care sunt legate
toate gazdele) i mrete fiabilitatea. Hub-urile pot fi de mai multe tipuri, unele fiind hub-uri
active, ce folosesc energie electric pentru a regenera semnalele, n timp alte hub-uri sunt
hub-uri pasive care doar mpart semnalele la mai muli
utilizatori. Hub-urile pasive nu regenereaz biii, nu extind lungimea cablrii i nu permit ca
dou sau mai multe gazde s fie conectate pe acelai segment de cablu. Exist, de asemenea,
i hub-uri inteligente, care pot fi programate pentru a se administra traficul n reea.
Bridge-ul
Bridge-ul acioneaz la un nivel superior (nivelul 2 din modelul OSI, model pe care l vom
prezenta n seciunea 6.2.3), conectnd dou segmente de reea. De asemenea, un bridge
filtreaz traficul n reea pe baza adreselor MAC, regula general fiind urmtoarea: traficul
local (ce provine din acelai segment de reea) este meninut local iar traficul din afara
segmentului de reea este direcionat n afara segmentului de reea. Un bridge creeaz i
administreaz nite tabele de adrese MAC pe baza crora poate face filtrarea traficului dup
regula de mai sus.
Switch-ul
Switch-ul este tot un echipament de reea ce acioneaz la nivelul 2 din modelul OSI, fiind
denumit i bridge multi-port. Deciziile de direcionare a traficului din reea se fac tot pe baza
adreselor MAC, comutarea semnalelor transmise fcndu-se ctre portul unde este conectat
calculatorul destinaie (cel cruia i se adreseaz pachetul de date). Switch-urile arat oarecm
asemntor cu un hub dar administreaz transmisiunile de pachete de date mult mai eficient,
combinnd capacitatea de conectivitate a hub-ului cu reglarea traficului din reea (pe care o
face un bridge) la nivelul fiecrui port de conexiune.
Router-ul
Router-ul este un echipament de reea mai complex (i mai scump, de asemenea) ce
acioneaz la nivelul 3 din modelul OSI. Acest dispozitiv poate lua decizii de direcionare a
pachetelor de date din reea pe baz de clase de adrese logice (adrese IP), putnd conecta
diferite tehnologii de nivel 2 OSI, cum ar fi Ethernet, FDDI, Token Ring etc. Routerele
reprezint elementele centrale ale Internetului, ele examineaz pachetele de date de intrare i
le direcioneaz ctre interfeele respective de ieire. Un router este asemntor cu un
calculator, avnd procesor, memorie, interfee de intrare/ieire, avnd deci putere de procesare
i de luare a unei decizii de direcionare a unui pachet de date ctre o anumit interfa pe
baza unor aa numite protocoale de rutare.(Sisteme de calcul si operare, de la Facultatea
Titu Maiorescu
Topic 4
Phrasal verb to look
Meaning Examples
to look after to take care of; They asked me to look
after their son.
to look ahead to consider the future so as to make He never looks ahead.
provision for it; On the contrary, he
focuses on the past.
to look at 1. to regard; 1. Look at them! They
2. to consider a subject carefully in are fighting!
order to make a decision about it; 2. Look at the matter
3. to read something quickly and not and only then make a
very carefully; decision.
3. he only look at the
lesson.
to look back (on) to consider the past; You should look back
on what happened that
day.
to look back/round to look behind; Look back to see how
is following you.
to look for to search for, to seek; I have been looking for
the wallet for 20
minutes!
to look forward to to expect with pleasure; I am looking forward
to meeting them.
to look in to pay a short (often unannounced) I will look in to see
visit; how she is.
to look into to investigate; The policemen have
been looking into this
mater for 2 weeks.
to look on 1. to consider; 1. He looks on his
2. to watch an activity or event boss as his enemy.
without becoming involved in it; 2. She was dancing.
The others were
looking on.
to look out to be watchful, to beware of; Look out! The train is
coming!
to look out on to be facing (used of windows and The window of the
houses) house looks out on the
park.
to look out for to pay attention to what is happening Look out for me!
around you so that you will notice a
particular person or thing;
to look over to inspect critically, read again, Look over what you
revise quickly; have written.
to look through 1.to examine a number of things, 1. Look through your
often in order to select some of them; books and see if you
to turn the pages of a have some detective
book/newspaper, looking for stories.
information; 2. Whenever we meet,
2.to not notice or pretend not to he looks through me.
notice someone you know, even if
you see them;
to look up 1. to look for; 1. I am looking this
2. to visit; word up in the
3. to improve; dictionary.
2. When you come in
Bucharest, look me
up.
3. The weather is
looking up.
to look up to to respect; I have always looked
up to my father.
to look down on to despise. They look down on
me and I dont know
why.
Activity:
Translate into English using to look as phrasal verb:
1. Nu ar trebui s-i dispreuiasc pe sraci.

2. O s caut acest nume n cartea de telefoane.
3. Casa n care locuia ddea spre grdini.
4. Copiii ateapt cu nerbdare vacana de iarn.
5. Profesorul s-a plns c fotii studeni se prefacc nu-l cunosc cnd l ntlnesc pe
strad.
6. Ar trebui s investighezi problema pn nu e prea trziu.
7. i respect profesorul care l-a nvat primele noiuni de chimie.
8. Privete viitorul spernd c totul va fi bine.
9. Caut un apartament n centru.
10. A rugat vecina s aib grij de pisic pn se ntoarce de la pia.
Answer to Activity:
1. He shouldnt look down on the poor.
Activity
Make sentences of your own using the following phrases and translate them into Romanian:
to look daggers at someone; to look somebody in the eye; to look the other way; to look no
further; to look before you leap; never look back; to look after oneself; to be looking for
trouble.
Answer to Activity:
1. He is looking daggers at his wife. He must be very upset on her.
Topic 5
Pay attention to the difference among old, matriarchal, aged, elderly, patriarchal, senile,
superannuated, venerable:
Meaning
old the general term;
aged it often indicates a longer life span than old; it is more formal; it
often indicates the changes suffered by old people;
elderly it is the most polite of all; it connotes dignity;
superannuated it points out the idea that a person is too old to continue in ones
job;
senile it suggests a marked incapacity or decline, mental or physical
infirmity;
venerable it suggests reverence, respect and deference; it may imply
wisdom, position or achievements; it may suggest a distinguished
appearance;
patriarchal/matriarchal it points to the leader of a family or progenitor of a community or
group.
Activity:
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word from the ones given below: venerable (x2), senile,
elderly, patriarchal, matriarchal, aged, superannuated.
1. The society is one whereby men are the decision-makers and hold positions of power
and prestige, and have the power to define reality and common situations.
2. Boris Becker feared that, one day, he would be called a sportsman.
3. The man was advancing with the aid of a walking stick.
4. He called the old woman because she didnt remember what her name was.
5. My grandfather had a white beard.
6. We should take care of the .
7. The society refers to a form of society, in which the leading role is taken by the women
and especially by the mothers of a community.
8. The guitarist will come to Bucharest this autumn.
Answer to Activity:
1. patriarchal
Abstract:
The present unit deals with defining computers and highlighting their importance in nowadays
society. At the same time, it focuses on the phrasal verb to look and on the following
tricky words: old, aged, elderly, superannuated, senile, venerable, patriarchal/matriarchal.
FINAL TESTS
I) Match the following words with the correct definitions:
repeater device that channels incoming data from any of multiple input ports
(IT) to the specific output port that will take the data toward its intended
destination;
bridge (IT) the act or process of controlling or reducing something;
hub (IT) to combine or to join things together to form one thing;
switch (IT) the act of moving towards union or uniformity;
router (IT) a quantity that has magnitude and direction and that is commonly
represented by a directed line segment whose length represents the
magnitude and whose orientation in space represents the direction;
to split to increase or improve something and make it more successful;
limitation a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem or accomplishing
some end especially by a computer;
to relate a device or, in some cases, software in a computer, that determines
the next network point to which a packet should be forwarded toward
its destination;
constraint going before in time or order;
to merge someone or something that can be trusted or depended on;
fault a device that receives a digital signal on an electromagnetic or optical
transmission medium and regenerates the signal along the next leg of
the medium;
to boost incapacitated by illness or injury;
layer to show or establish logical or causal connection between;
convergence characterized by repetition;
reliable situated in advance;
to forward a central device that connects multiple computers on a single
network;
algorithm a physical or intellectual imperfection or impairment;
disabled an amount or piece of a material or substance that covers a surface or
that is between two other things;
previously to divide or separate something into different parts;
redundant the state of being checked, restricted, or compelled to avoid or
perform some action;
vector a product that connects a local area network (LAN) to another local
area network that uses the same protocol (for example, Ethernet or
Token Ring);
Example: repeater (IT) a device that receives a digital signal on an electromagnetic or optical
transmission medium and regenerates the signal along the next leg of the medium;
II) Underline the right definition according to the text:
distended
a) extent; b) extended; c) expanse; d) expat;
compliant
a) compline; b) compost; c) conceit; d) conformable;
whereas
a) but for; b) except for; c) while on the contrary; d) in the meanwhile;
spanning
a) measuring of; b) enlarging upon; c) comprising with; d) extending across;
to implement
a) to carry away; b) to carry out; c) to carry at; d) to carry on.
Example:
distended
a)extent; b) extended; c) expanse; d) expat;
III) Choose from the following words to complete the text below. Pay attention that
some forms of the words must be changed:
subnet, either, paths, following, to interconnect, router, packets, should, to transfer,

appropriate, address, planes, multiple, customized, target, interfaces, to refer, to convert,
interchangeably
A router is a device that two or more computer networks, and selectively

interchanges of data between them. Each data packet contains information that a router
can use to determine if the source and destination are on the same network, or if the data
packet must be from one network to another. Where routers are used in a large
collection of interconnected networks, the routers exchange information about system
addresses, so that each router can build up a table showing the preferred between any two
systems on the interconnected networks.
A router is a networking device whose software and hardware are to the tasks of
routing and forwarding information. A router has two or more network, which may be too
different physical types of network (such as copper cables, fiber, or wireless) or different
network standards. Each network interface is a small computer specialized to electric
signals from one form to another.
Routers connect two or more logical, which do not share a common network
address. The subnets in the router do not necessarily map one-to-one to the physical interfaces
of the router. The term "layer 3 switching" is used often with the term "routing". The term
switching is generally used to to data forwarding between two network devices that share a
common network address. This is also called layer 2 switching or LAN switching.
Conceptually, a router operates in two operational (or sub-systems):
- Control plane: where a router builds a table (called routing table) as how a packet be
forwarded through which interface, by using statically configured statements (called static
routes) or by exchanging information with other routers in the network through a dynamical
routing protocol;
- Forwarding plane: where the actually forwards traffic (called packets in IP) from
ingress (incoming) interfaces to an egress (outgoing) interface that is for the destination
address that the packet carries with it, by rules derived from the routing table that has been
built in the control plane. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router)
Example:
A router is a device that INTERCONNECTS two or more computer networks, and
selectively interchanges PACKETS. of data between them.
Bibliography:
Alexander, L. G., Right Word, Wrong Word, Longman, 1996.

Hayakawa, S.I, The Penguin Guide to Synonyms and Related Words, Penguin Books, 1994.
Shelly, Gary B., Cashman, Thomas J., Vermaat, Misty E., Discovering Computers:
Fundamentals, Fourth Edition, 2008, USA;
Turton, ND, Heaton, JB, Dictionary of Common Errrors, Longman, 1996.
Wolf, Wayne, Computers as Components: Principles of Embedded Computing System Design
Connection with the next unit:

After having presented network interconnecting devices, we can proceed by discussing about
Artificial intelligence.
FEEDBACK
n dorina de ridicare continu a standardelor desfurrii activitatilor dumneavoastra, va rugm s

completai acest chestionar i s-l transmitei indrumatorului de an.
Disciplina: ________________________
Unitatea de invatare/modulul:__________________
Anul/grupa:__________________________
Tutore:_________________________
a) Coninut / Metoda de predare
Partea I
1. Care dintre subiectele tratate in aceasta unitate/modul considerai c este cel mai util i eficient?
Argumentati raspunsul.
2. Ce aplicatii/proiecte din activitatea dumneavoastra dorii s imbunatatiti/modificai/implementai n

viitor n urma cunotinelor acumulate n cadrul acestei unitati de invatare/modul?
3. Ce subiecte considerai c au lipsit din acesta unitate de invatare/modul?
4. La care aplicatii practice ati intampinat dificultati in realizare? Care credeti ca este motivul
dificultatilor intalnite?
6. Timpul alocat acestui modul a fost suficient?
7. Daca ar fi sa va evaluati, care este nota pe care v-o alocati, pe o scala de la 1-10?. Argumentati.
Partea II. Impresii generale
1. Acest modul a ntrunit ateptrile dumneavoastr?
n totalitate n mare msur n mic msur Nu

2) Avei sugestii care s conduc la creterea calitii acestei unitati de invatare/modul?
3) Avei propuneri pentru alte unitati de invatare?
V mulumim pentru feedback-ul dumneavoastr!

Unitatea de nvare 5, 6, 7, 8:
WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?
Introduction:
The present unit focuses on both defining and enlarging upon Artificial Intelligence. It
introduces a specific vocabulary, familiarizes the students with compound nouns and tackles
with the following tricky verbs: to rise-rose-risen; to raise-raised-raised.
Contents:
1.1. the definition and general presentation of Artificial Intelligence.
1.2. key words and phrases: script, syntax, semantics, validity,
dualism, psychology, intellicence
quotient, neuroscience, cognitive, fibrous, axon, dendrite, fibre, logic gate, biology,
hypothalamus, amygdala, reticular, hurdle, to carry out, to be aware of, to set out to, to pose a
question, to fool somebody into something, to pass/fail a test, to aim at, to base an argument
on, to attach meaning to something, to point out, to strike at the heart of something, to hold a
belief, in defence of, (taken) as a whole, to put forward, to puzzle over something, to require
skills, to be aware of, to adhere to, to wink an eye.
1.3. compound words;
1.4. tricky words: rise-rose-risen; to raise-raised-raised.
1.5. bibliography

Objectives:
1. The students should be able to define Artificial Intelligence and enlarge upon it.
4. The students should be able to understand the formation of compound nouns and use them
in sentences of their own.
5. The students should be able to make the distinction between to rise-rose-risen; to raise-
raised-raised.

- computer;
Time: 12 hours
Topic 1
WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?
Modern computers come in a variety of guises and can carry out a range of tasks.
Many people own computers that can take dictation or automatically check a typed
document for spelling mistakes; chess-playing computers can beat the worlds Grand Masters;
autonomous computer-controlled robots can explore other planets with minimal input
from space flight engineers on Earth. Before the age of digital computers, all of these tasks
could only have been carried out by people- does this mean that these devices are intelligent?
In the future, might computers actually be conscious of what they are doing? Might there one
day exist true electronic brains, with free will, emotion and even a sense of morality? What
use might such computers have and what threats might they present? These questions are
considered in a branch of science called artificial intelligence.
If you own a personal computer, you may have found yourself addressing it as if it
were aware of your needs- praising it when it does something pleasing and shouting
abuse at it when it does not. PCs and other electronic devices are unique. They are
designed to be user-friendly, to respond your needs. In fact, one of the main drives towards
creating artificial intelligence is the desire for more user-friendly technology. Other reasons
for creating artificial intelligence include the need for more complete automation - so
that intelligent robots can completely relieve human being of repetitive or

dangerous tasks; undertake the intelligent analysis of huge amounts of information; and
enhance entertainment- so that computer games might seem more real, for example.
Electronic brains
Todays PCs respond to information they receive- such as text input via a keyboard-
according to sets of instructions called programs. By following programs, computer can
behave as if they are intelligent. If powerful computers are used to control other devices, the
illusion of intelligence can be even more convincing. There are computers that can drive cars
and even fly aeroplanes, while a variety of robots carry out complex tasks in many different
settings. The first digital electronic computers- built during the 1940s- were programmed
laboriously, by changing the wiring of their circuits. But within a decade, computers could
store and run programs, and process information automatically. The invention of the
automatic computer encouraged many people to consider that machine intelligence was
actually a possibility, and the term artificial intelligence was coined by American
computer scientist John McCarthy. A study at Dartmouth College set out to examine the idea
that every aspect of learning or any other feature of intelligence can in principle be so
precisely described that a machine can be designed to stimulate it. Now a senior
fellow at Stanford University, California, he has written many programs that attempt to
simulate intelligence.
Modern computers are intelligently programmed, by intelligent people, to behave
intelligently. Does that make them in some way intelligent? There is no clear definition of
intelligence, but there are many behaviours or abilities that seem to require intelligence.
Reasoning, prediction, empathy and the ability to deal with new situations are important
examples. Our own intelligence is a product of our brains. Some people think of the brain as
an incredibly complicated computer: carrying out information processing on a grand

scale; running a program that we call the mind; and responding to input it receives from
the senses. Perhaps if computers were more powerful, and their programs more complex, they
would become electronic brains with genuine intelligence.

Demonstrating Intelligence
Suppose that next week a computer programmer claimed that he or she had
written a program that gives computers real intelligence. How would we evaluate this claim?
In 1950, British mathematician Alan Turing1 devised a scenario involving a

human interrogator posing questions to both a computer and a human being, via a
computer keyboard. The questions may be on any topic, and are generally intended to
stimulate two-way conversation. They often include topics such as art, current affairs and, of
course, artificial intelligence. The interrogator would receive replies via a computer screen or
printer, and would work out who was answering. Turing argued that a computer could
consistently fool the interrogator into believing it was the human being would be intelligent.
He predicted, wrongly, that by 2000 computers would pass this test. Turings scenario forms
the basis of an annual competition, which aims to inspire researchers to push back the
boundaries of artificial intelligence. In 1990, American philanthropist Hugh

Loebner promised a prize of $ 100,000 and a solid gold metal to the designer of the first
computer to pass the Turing Test. Loebner Prize competitions have been held every year since
1991. There is little prospect of the prize being claimed in the near future.
Another annual competition for intelligent machines is the RoboCup, in which teams
of robots play football against each other, with no human intervention. The ultimate goal
of the RoboCup organization is to have developed by the year 2050 a team of fully
autonomous humanoid robots that can win against the human soccer champions.
A computer passing the Turing Test or robots achieving the goal of winning the
RooboCup would undoubtedly be incredible achievements, but not everyone is

convinced that even these machines would necessarily be thinking.
Understanding Words
1
British mathematician Alan Turing (1912-1954) is acclaimed as one of the most brilliant and influential
thinkers of the 20th century. In the 1930s, he investigated the logical foundations of mathematics and physics and
played a vital role in the development of the electronic computer. He is best known for his work on code-
breaking during World War II.
In his article Minds, Brains and Programs, written in 1980, American philosopher
John Searle argued convincingly that computers can never be truly intelligent because
they will never be able to understand anything. He based his argument on the operation of
computer programs that can answer comprehension questions about simple short stories.
These programs, pioneered in the 1970s, are an example of natural language

processing. They work by analyzing sentences, using the rules of grammar, and breaking
down a simple short story into its basic concepts using scripts - pre-programmed
outlines of stories that apply to certain situations. Consider this short story: Jack went
to a restaurant and ordered an omelette with chips. The waiter told him there were no chips.
Jack decided to have omelette with salad instead. He ate his food, but left without paying the
bill. A suitable computer program, which has been fed into this story along with a restaurant
script, can produce correct answers to questions such as: Did Jack eat chips?, Why did
Jack eat salad instead of chips and Was Jack satisfied with his meal?. Although these
programs are very limited in their abilities, natural language processing was considered by
some as a first step towards true artificial intelligence. Some researches argued that because
the replies given by these programs are indistinguishable from the answers a human
respondent might give, the computer can actually be said to understand, just as people
do.
What Does It All Mean
Searles argument against these claims centres on the difference between syntax
(grammar) and semantics (meaning). The computer programs manipulate

electronic pulses that represent the syntax in the short stories, but totally lack semantics.
Human minds, on the other hand, understand semantics because they have a feeling about
the things they perceive. Philosophers call this intentionality. International states relate to
elements of the world around them, and attach meaning to them. They include beliefs, desires,
fears and pain. Without intentionality, a computer will not actually understand a story
presented to it, despite the fact that it can answer questions about it correctly. As Searle point
out, any intentionality that a computer program appears to have is found within the
mind of the person who wrote the program.
The Chinese Room
To illustrate this argument, John Searle put himself in the role of a computer carrying
out natural language processing. In what has famously become known as the Chinese Room
Argument, Searle placed himself in an imaginary locked room, surrounded by cards upon
which are printed Chinese symbols. Through a slot in the door of the room, he is fed a story in
Chinese, and then a series of cards that constitute questions about the story-again, in Chinese.
He finds the correct symbols to respond to the questions, by following complex sets of
instructions and he passes sets of cards out of the room. It appears to people outside the
room that he understands Chinese. However, as Searle readily admits, he understands no
Chinese whatsoever .
Searles argument seriously undermines the validity of the Turing Test,
and strikes at the heart of the deeply held belief of many contemporary researches in
artificial intelligence- the computers may one day be truly intelligent. Since the publication of
Searles article, supporters of the claims of artificial intelligence have constructed many
replies in defence of their beliefs. For example, the so-called System Reply insists that, taken
as a whole, the system- consisting of Searle and the complicated sets of instructions which he
follows- can be said to understand Chinese. Another argument, which has been dubbed
the Connectionist Rely , suggests a modification of the original analogy that Searle put
forward. Instead of one person in the room manipulating Chinese symbols, imagine many
people, each one processing only some of the commands. In this case, none of the individuals
in the room understands what he or she is doing, but collectively, they can be said to
understand Chinese. The debate is still raging.

Whats In a Word?
Was Alan Turing right to say that as long as a computer behaves intelligently, it can
be rightly called intelligent? Or is John Searle right to insist that real intelligence requires an
internal world of thought and feelings- a mind- and that is something which is impossible to
simulate in a computer? It is helpful to consider what the phrase artificial intelligence
might actually mean.
Compare the meanings of the word artificial in the phrases artificial turf
and artificial flavourings . Artificial turf is not a turf at all, but looks similar to real
turf and shares some of its characteristics. If the artificial in artificial intelligence has
this meaning, then a computer only has to share some of the characteristics of human
intelligence, but does not actually have to be intelligent. John Searle defines this as Weak
AI, and believes that even a computer that can pass the Turing Test would still only possess
Weak AI.
Artificial flavourings in processed foods, on the other hand, really are flavourings, but
are produced artificially in chemists laboratories , rather than taken from nature. If the
artificial in artificial intelligence has this meaning, then a computer must possess real
intelligence, just produced in a different way from our own. Such a computer would be able to
think for itself- it would have a mind. Searle called this idea Strong AI, and claims that it
is impossible to achieve. So, the ambiguity that the word artificial possesses usefully
divides the artificial intelligence community into two clear camps : those who want to
design useful computer systems and those who want to create artificial minds. When it comes
to the word intelligence, however, ambiguity is a major problem.
Thinking about Thinking
Philosophers and scientists have long puzzled over the nature of intelligence.
People who are described as intelligent may be skilful , knowledgeable , alert ,
witty or sympathetic . Computers can carry out tasks that require skill, they can
store information and are considered alert if they respond to certain stimuli . But at
present, they can only do these things if they are programmed to do so. Furthermore, it would
be very hard to imagine a computer that can be sympathetic or witty. Any definition of
intelligence must address most or all of the following human abilities: reasoning ,
learning judgement , remembering , emotion , intention , understanding
, common sense and consciousness . Computers can be programmed to learn

and remember, but computers with judgement, emotion, intention, understanding and
common sense seem much more of a challenge. The greatest mystery of all is consciousness:
the feeling of being aware of yourself and the world around you.
One thing that is certain is that- in humans at least- all of the qualities and abilities
listed above seem to be possible because we have minds. Perhaps for a computer to be truly
intelligent, it too would need a mind. The roots of philosophical ideas about the mind lie in
Ancient Greece. Most of the Greek thinkers believed the mind to be located in the heart. Only
a few realized the importance of the brain; the ancient Greek philosopher Plato was among
them. However, Plato believed that the mind was completely separate from the physical
world- an idea called dualism - and not caused by processes in the brain. The 16-th
century French mathematician and philosopher, Ren Descartes, is another famous dualist. In
one experiment, he showed how the lens inside a sheeps eye formed an image on the retina
. He traced the optic nerve deep into the brain, where he believed that the minds
eye viewed the image. Many philosophers still adhere to dualism to this day. If it is
true, it may be an insurmountable challenge- it is hard to imagine a soul being

th
programmed into a computer. In the 19 century, the new scientific discipline of psychology
aimed to developed scientific theories about the mind, to explain how we perceive the
world and how we learn and remember, and to understand human and animal behaviour. In
the early 1900s, Austrian psychologies, Sigmund Freud formulated theories about the inner
world of unconscious drives and dreams. Intelligent quotient (IQ) tests,

introduced around the same time, attempt to measure what psychologists refer to as general
intelligence. They gauge cognitive abilities, such as verbal reasoning and spatial
and arithmetic skills. But exactly how the brain created cognitive abilities or unconscious
desires was a mystery. In the 1930s, neuroscience - the study of nerve cells, or neurons
- began to make some headway . One of the most important goals of neuroscience is
to understand how neurons in the brain contribute to aspects of intelligence such as
perception , learning and memory. Applying that understanding to computer system
design is a promising approach to artificial intelligence.
Understanding Neurons
Neurons2 are the basic units of the nervous system. Each one consists of a small cell
body with long, fibrous extensions called axons and dendrites . In general, the
ends of the axons of one neuron meet the ends of dendrites of many others. Inside the brain
they form an incredibly complex and ever-changing network. The neurons whose fibres
meet constantly exchange electrical signals. It has been estimated that there are as many as
100,000 million neurons in the brain- more than ten times the number of people on Earth. It
has also been calculated that there are about 1,000,000,000,000,000 (one quadrillion )
links between them. There is compelling evidence that our capacity to learn and
remember is a result of the way neurons connect together, and it is almost certain that the
signals produced by neurons form the basis of all our perceptions, thoughts and behaviours.
Most neuroscientists believe that even our consciousness emerges directly from these
countless tiny nerve signals.
Neurons can be in one of two states: firing or not firing. When a neuron is
firing, it produces between about 50 and 100 pulses of electricity every second; when it
is not firing, it produces only a few. A neuron fires if it receives enough stimulation from all
the neurons to which it connects. Some neurons- those whose dendrites form our sense
organs- receive their stimulation from the outside world. The skin, for example, contains the
dendrites of sensory neurons that are sensitive to pressure and to heat, while dendrites in the
eye are sensitive to light. The outputs of the human brain are carried by motor neurons,
away from the brain to muscles. An electric pulse reaching a muscle will cause that muscle to
contract. So, all our perceptions of the world- from hearing thunder to feeling the pain of a
pinprick - begin as electric pulses at the ends of our sensory neurons. And the electric
pulses in our motor neurons are responsible for everything from winking an eye to driving a
car.
Computer Brain?
2
Each neuron is surrounded by a membrane whose surface carries a voltage, or potential. Changes in this
voltage form the basis of nerve signals. A neuron produces electrical pulses that travel from the cell body along
the axon. At the end of the axons many branches, the pulses are picked up by the dendrites of other neurons
across tiny gaps called synapses. Each pulse that reaches a synapse releases chemicals, called neuro-transmitters,
which pass across the synapse and through the membrane of the dendrite. In turn, this affects the potential of the
receiving neurons membrane. The receiving neuron has many dendrites, each receiving signals across a
synapse; the neuron will fire if the overall change in its potential exceeds a certain threshold. As we experience
and react to the world around us, new neurons and new synapses form, some old ones are lost, and the nature of
a particular synapse can change.
A synapse is a gap between the axon of the neuron and a dendrite of another is tiny- typically about two ten-
thousands of a millimetre (78 one-hundred thousands of an inch). Each type of neurotransmitter molecule has
dedicated receptor sites on the membrane of the receiving dendrite.
For many neuroscientists, the brain3 is nothing more than a very complicated
computer. And, in fact, there are many similarities between brains and computers. For
example, both receive information in the form of electric pulses. Process that information
internally, and produce electric pulses as output. And even neurons have their counterparts
inside digital computers: electronic circuits called logic gates . Just as neurons can
be either firing or not firing, logic gates can be either on or off. This two-state, or
binary, system is at the heart of the way computers process information. The similarities do
not stop here. Logic gates produce output (are on) only when certain criteria are met
in the patterns of their inputs- this is also true for neurons in the brain. Furthermore, most
logic gates receive their inputs from other logic gates, forming networks as neurons do inside
the brain. As with neurons, the exceptions are logic gates that either receive input from the
world outside the computer or those that can produce output.
Despite the similarities between brains and computers, and between neurons and logic
gates in particular, there are important differences. Perhaps the most obvious is
complexity: not even the most powerful computers have anywhere near as many logic gates
as the brain has neurons. Another important difference is that the brain does not have to be
programmed to do what it does. Perhaps most importantly, computer scientists understand
exactly how computers work, while there is still much to discover about the brain.
The Inner World
Modern neuroscience has matched particular structures and regions of the brain
with their functions, explained very clearly how individual neurons work, and has even
helped us to understand how the connections between neurons can form memories and
produce learning. But no one really understands the features of human intelligence that are
very probably the most important to research into artificial intelligence- the production of
meaningful language, intentional sates and consciousness and self-awareness . Emotions
clearly have a role in these phenomena; what can biology tell us about them?
Emotions are associated with particular areas of the brain. For example, specific parts
of the hypothalamus , a small organ near the middle of the brain, are directly involved in
pleasure and aversion, while another organ of the brain, the amygdala , is heavily
involved in the emotion of fear. But although the causes of emotions might be understood, the
mechanism by which we become aware of them remains a total mystery. And the same goes
for every other aspect of consciousness. Some philosophers and neuroscientists cling to a
dualistic interpretation of consciousness, claiming that it is separate from the physical

world, and will therefore never be adequately explained by scientific theories. Some have
3
The wrinkled, outermost part of the brain is called the cortex. There is an area of cortex on each side of the
brain at which sensory signals arrive, and another from which motor signals originate. Signals from a particular
part of the body, passing along sensory neurons, always end up in the same part of the sensory cortex.
Likewise, signals originating from a particular region of the motor cortex, passing along motor neurons,
always arrive at the same part of the body. This localization of function is the norm within the brain. It is as if the
brain is precisely hardwired according to a complex master plan. The brains architecture does follow a design
that is common to all of us, but at the level of individual neurons and groups of neurons, we are all different. Our
experiences mould our brains, by changing the connections between its neurons.
attempted to locate consciousness in specific physical regions of the brain, including the
reticular formation, which acts like a sorting office organizing sensory information
from the whole body. Other consider consciousness to be an emergent property, not
located in any particular brain region, but arising from the distributed activity of all the
neurons. In particular, they point to the cortex - the incredibly complex, convoluted outer
layer of the brain. This approach makes some sense, since only animals that have brains with
a well-developed cortex seem to show signs of consciousness.
Our understanding of human intelligence has progressed enormously over the

past hundred years, and the processing power of computers has increased at a phenomenal
rate. However, despite all the investigations of philosophers, neuroscientists and evolutionary
biologists , the mystery of how we are able to feel aware of anything is a major hurdle
for artificial intelligence researchers hoping to manufacture truly intelligent machines.

(Artificial Intelligence, Series Editor John Gribbin, London, Dorling Kindersley Limited,
2002, pp. 4-23)
Self-check
1. Why do people want to create artificial intelligence?

2. What can you say about the term artificial intelligence?
3. Is there a clear definition of intelligence?
4. Who is Alan Turing?
5. How did Alan Turing evaluate the intelligence of a computer?
6. What is RoboCup?
7. What did John Searle say about the intelligence of computers? On what did he rely?
8. What is natural language processing?
9. What can you say about the Chinese Room?
10. Name some of the arguments against Searles opinion.
11. Give examples of Weak AI and Strong AI.
12. Define consciousness.
13. What did ancient Greek philosophers believe about mind?
14. What was Platos opinion about mind?
15. Define dualism.
16. Name a famous French dualist.
17. What science appears in the 19th century? What did it study?
18. What do IQ test attempt to measure?
19. What science appears in 1930s? What did it study?
20. Define and describe neurons.
21. Define the synapse.
22. What are the two states of a neuron?
23. Name the similarities and the differences between brains and computers.
24. Define cortex.
25. What is sensory cortex and motor cortex?
26. Name the most important features of human intelligence.
27. What can you say about emotions?
28. What is the dualistic interpretation of consciousness?
Self-check Answers
1. People want to create Artificial Intelligence because they need a more user-friendly
technology and more complete automation. At the same time, they need a help in analysing
huge amounts of data and want to increase entertainment.
2. The term artificial intelligence was coined by the American computer scientist John
McCarthy.
3. No, there isnt.
Topic 2:
Activities:
1. Try to define intelligence, neuron, quadrallion and philosopher.

2. Give a synonym of countless, undoubtedly, grand.

.
3. Give an antonym of wrinkled, ever-changing, minimal

.
.
a) ..
b) ..
c) ...
d) ...
e) ...
f) ...
g) ...
h) ...
i)
a) dovad convingtoare;
b) coeficient de inteligen;
c) a adera la;
d) bun-sim;
e) iste;
f) stimul-stimuli;
g) criteriu-criterii;
h) contiiin de sine.
6.Make up a sentence of your own with: to carry out, to be aware of, to set out to, to pose a
question, to fool somebody into something, to pass/fail a test, to aim at, to base an argument
on, to attach meaning to something, to point out, to strike at the heart of something, to hold a
belief, in defence of, (taken) as a whole, to put forward, to puzzle over something, to require
skills, to be aware of, to adhere to, to wink an eye.
1. see http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/intelligence
see http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/neuron
see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrillion
see http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/philosopher
2. see http://www.synonym.com/synonyms/countless/
see http://www.synonym.com/synonyms/undoubtedly/
see http://www.synonym.com/synonyms/grand/
3. see http://www.synonym.com/antonym/wrinkled/
see http://www.synonym.com/antonym/ever-changing/
see http://www.synonym.com/antonym/minimal/
4. a) insurmontable; b) sympathetic; c) knowledgeable; d) stimuli; e) to gauge; f) reticular;

g) hypothalamus; h) amygdala; i) dualistic.
5. a) compelling evidence; b) intelligence quotient; c) to adhere to; d) common sense; e)

witty; f) stimulus-stimuli; g) criterion-criteria; h) self-awareness.
6. I cant carry out this task. It is too difficult!

It appears to me that they are not aware of the danger.
He set out to find the result.
Topic 3
Activities:
A. When talking about artificial intelligence, there first has to be answered the question what
artificial intelligence actually is or at least what it should be. The definitions that can be
found about artificial intelligence are various: Artificial intelligence is a branch of computer
science concerned with making computers behave like humans. Taking a look on the web or
on non-scientific press, the concept that non-engineers and non-scientists often have about
artificial intelligence is heavily
influenced by film industry. One classical example is the android Data in Star Trek: An
artificial, intelligent being, possessing similar or superior intelligence as humans have and
maybe lacking a bit of emotions and feelings. Their expectation is that research is not too far
away from this aim. What comes up with this expectation are concerns and discussions about
ethics. On the one hand, if machines get superior intelligence as we have, there arises the fear
that machines will rule the world, kill us, or keep us as slaves (as we see in movies like
Terminator or Matrix). On the other
hand, if we assume that machines will not possess superior intelligence but feelings and a
soul, questions of ethics will come up concerning the rights of machines, as we might keep
them as slaves for doing our work. Scientists talking to public press are often confronted with
this question of ethics. One answer given in 2007 by Gerhard Zucker, one of the keynote
speakers, is the following: Society will find a way to handle these issues like society found
solutions before for slavery and animal testing. Actually, this is a wise answer for a scientist
in terms of publicity. It implies that our research is already in a very advanced stage and it is
time to face these questions. However, reality is still very different. Today, science is still far
away from the goal of creating something that is at least close in intelligence to humans and it
is not yet sure whether we will ever reach this goal. (Rosemarie Velik, Quo vadis, Intelligent
Machine?, BRAIN. Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience, Volume 1,
Issue 4, October 2010, Autumn 2010, ISSN 2067-3957)
B. A Brief History of AI
The wish to create artificial intelligent life might be as old as mankind. Already in the
ancient Greece, we can find myths about the Greek god of technology Hephaestus who was
lame and therefore constructed two golden robots to help him move about. Another well-
known narrative is the one of the British scientist Frankenstein who designed a human being
from scavenged body parts. Such literature clearly shows that the intention to create human-
like intelligent beings was already there for at least some thousand years, only the required
means were missing. This situation seemed to change after 1950. Round 1950, it was the time
of the advent of the first computers. With their processing power, they offered completely
new possibilities. For the first time, the dream of designing an electronic brain seemed to be
realizable. The research field of artificial intelligence started to emerge.
The Golden Years (1950-1975)
The first years of artificial intelligence were marked by great successes. It was the era of
discovery and sprinting across new ground. The programs developed during this time were, to
most people, simply astonishing. Computers were playing chess, solving algebra problems,
proving theorems in geometry, and learning to speak English. Few people at that time would
have believed that such intelligent behavior of machines was possible at all. Machines were
seemingly easily executing cognitive tasks that were difficult even for humans. A lot of
public money was invested into this promising area, and researchers were very optimistic that
a fully intelligent machine would soon be built. The following well-known statements may
best catch the spirit of this time:
-1965, H. A. Simon: Machines will be capable, within twenty years, of doing any
work a man can do.
1967, M. Minsky: Within a generation ... the problem of creating 'artificial
intelligence' will substantially be solved.
1970, M. Minsky: In from three to eight years we will have a machine with the
general intelligence of an average human being.
The question that logically arose at the same time with the attempt of building
intelligent machines was the question of how to prove intelligence of machines. There was the
need for a certain evaluation mechanism. The most prominent and best accepted evaluation
mechanism suggested for this purpose at that time was the so-called Turing test designed by
Alan Turing in 1950.
Around 1970, researchers were very optimistic that machines would soon (latest in
one generation) reach human intelligence level. There already existed the first programs
passing the Turing test, which was the official test for proving computer intelligence. Looking
at statements of that time today and recognizing that approximately 40 years have passed
since then, the logical question that arises is why there are still no intelligent machines among
us.
The Years of Reconsideration (1975-2000)
In 1996, round 30 years after the statement of M. Minsky that within a generation ...
the problem of creating 'artificial intelligence' will substantially be solved, a young scientist
called Push Singh, who happened to work under M. Minsky, published an article with the
title: Why AI failed. This fact clearly illustrates that after the first years of enthusiasm, AI
went through a change. AI began to get stuck. Researchers had to admit that making
computers actually think even on a childlike level was far more complicated than they
expected. One explanation for this could be that in the first years, scientists focused on
problems that were difficult for humans (like playing chess, solving algebra problems) and
therefore seemed to be particularly challenging for intelligent machine design. Researchers
generally considered constrained problems and problem domains. They had the illusionary
hope that when accumulating all single efforts together, soon an intelligent machine would
emerge. They did so far not put emphasis on problems that were easy for humans like e.g.,
perceiving their surroundings, evaluating complex situations (what is currently important?),
and taking decisions in real world environments. When starting to consider these issues, it
turned out that they were very difficult to implement into a computer.
The Current State of AI
Today, artificial intelligence has split into two branches. These branches are probably best
referred to as method-based artificial intelligence and brain-inspired artificial intelligence.
Nowadays, many researches are still not aware of the existence of these two sub-disciplines
which are in fact very disparate in their basic dogmas.
1) Method-based AI
During the history of artificial intelligence, it had to be admitted that creating human-like
intelligence is far from trivial. When recognizing that creating truly intelligent machines
seemed to be almost infeasible, researchers started to focus on simpler and more constraint
problems. The goal was no longer to achieve a machine with a human intelligence level for all
circumstances but to develop particular solutions for particular problems. Examples of
classical methods of methodbased AI are symbolic systems, expert systems, genetic
algorithms, artificial neural networks, etc. This classical AI domain is a mature research field.
Hundreds of textbooks can be found about these methods. Problems that are solved with these
methods are pattern recognition problems (image processing, language processing, etc.),
prognoses, path planning, etc. These problems are solved by certain mathematical models and
algorithms but have hardly anything to do with how the brain works and solves these
problems or with human intelligence. One fact that might be surprising is that also tools like
artificial neural networks are assigned to this category as they are inspired from the function
of biological neurons in the brain. Artificial neural networks however do not emulate a neural
brain network but just quite simplified neurons. The way in which artificial neurons are
interconnected has not much to do with how interconnection takes place in the brain, which
rather seems to be the secret of the complexity of the brain than the function of single neurons
alone
2) Brain-inspired AI
So far, there is no technical system that can even nearly compete with the capacity and
the capabilities of the human mind. Within the last years, it had to be admitted that the
reducedapproaches often focused on in classical method-based AI can never lead to technical
systems with skills and capabilities comparable to humans mental abilities. Therefore, like
atthe beginning of artificial intelligence research, again, findings about how natural
intelligence works have to be the basis for developing concepts for technical approaches
trying to achieve intelligence. This is the basic dogma of the new generation of brain-
inspired AI approaches. Here, archetypes for model development of intelligent systems are
the structure, functional systems, and information processing strategies of the brain.
Approaches followed in this area are various and based on different disciplines of brain
research like neuroscience, psychology, pedagogy, psychoanalysis, etc. The following section
is aimed at mediating a basic understanding of what research efforts are currently going on in
this research community based on some concrete projects realized within the last 10 years by
an about 25-headed interdisciplinary research team of the Vienna University of Technology.
Future Perspectives of AI
Concerning the vision on how the research area of artificial intelligence will develop,
there exist two different opinions a pessimistic and an optimistic one. According to the
pessimistic view, we will never be able to build machines similarly intelligent to humans. The
main reason for this is that we will not be capable of understanding how the brain works, or
even that there is more about the brain and the mind than just a huge bunch of neurons
interacting with each other. The computer pioneer Prof. Heinz Zemanek, who also formed
part of the early artificial intelligence community, used to say: If one light switch is not
intelligent, why 1000 should be and he generally added: I built a computer. I can tell you
that there is nothing intelligent in it... and if you call the computer intelligent, then I am not,
then I am something else.
On the other hand, there also exist more optimistic views considering the task of emulating
the human brain as feasible, maybe not with today's computer technology but with
technologies using the structural organization and information processing principles of the
human brain as archetype. According to Etienne Barnard, there exist two different
possibilities for how this research field will progress. One possibility is that as until now,
small but continuous progress will be made. The other possibility is that the next Albert
Einstein the Einstein of Artificial Intelligence will appear and a big leap forward will be
made. Assuming that the optimistic views hold true, an outlook on a number of challenges
that will have to be faced in the research area of artificial intelligence in the future should now
be given. For sure, the most challenging goal of research in this area is to achieve
consciousness of machines.
Consciousness of an individual is its subjective experience to know what it is like to be
oneself. Metaphorically speaking, the aim is to create a machine that one day opens its eyes
and asks us Who am I? and maybe adds And who are you? It does not ask, because we
have programmed it to do so, but because it is aware of itself as an individual living being.
Today, there are many discussions going on in different research communities concerning
conscious machines. The fact is that we are still far away from this goal. Modeling
consciousness is last but not least a problem
because it is subjective and not measurable. According to, not even a human being can be sure
about the consciousness of other human beings. Consciousness cannot be technically modeled
by adding a further function block (the consciousness block) to a brain model. It rather
emerges from the sum of all other physiological and mental functions. Therefore, to model
consciousness, the focus of research has first to be directed towards issues that are a
prerequisite for it. We shall further mention some of these issues. One issue that we might
have to integrate into machines is constituted by emotions. So far, the role of emotions in
thinking and intelligence has widely been ignored. New research results however show that
they have a major influence on our thinking and our decision-making processes. In the first
model introduced in the last section, as well as in models of some other research groups, the
concept of emotions was already integrated. Nevertheless, emotions are still a topic needing
further thorough investigation from both the perspectives of brain research and engineering.
A second point is the embodiment of machines. According to the theory of embodied
intelligence, we can never be intelligent and conscious without having a living body that has
needs, that has sensors to perceive its environment and its body, and actuators to act on the
body and the environment. A third point that might have to be considered when creating
artificial intelligent life is survival and reproduction. It is an uncontestable fact that the brain
becomes useless as soon as the organism dies. According to the neuroscientist and
psychoanalyst Mark Solms, who tries to give the
meaning of life on a scientific basis, the purpose of life is survival for reproduction. He
further outlines what is necessary to achieve this goal: We as human beings with our body
live in an environment the world. To survive and reproduce, we need to get from the
environment food and a partner of the opposite sex for reproduction. For this purpose, we
have to be able to perceive the environment and to act on it. All these tasks of perceiving, of
evaluating what was perceived, and reacting accordingly are controlled by the brain. The task
of the brain is to mediate between the internal needs (I am hungry, I want social interaction)
of our body and the environment in which our
needs can be satisfied. The brain perceives the environment and the internal needs of our
body, evaluates these perceptions, decides what to do, and prepares signals for (re-)acting on
the environment. As the whole organism and the brain seem to be designed to achieve the
basic goal of survival for reproduction, it might not make sense or even not be feasible to
design true artificial intelligence without considering this issue. Having mentioned
reproduction, a related topic for investigation is evolution. Our brain did not evolve from one
day to the other but is the result of millions of years of optimization processes through
variation and selection. Therefore, it might not be the best way to rely on intelligent design
only but rather to make available mechanisms for self-optimization as it is the case in
evolution.
In conclusion, it can be said that the research domain of biologically and brain-inspired
artificial intelligence is by far not saturated. It is an area where still astonishing discoveries
can be made, secrets can be unveiled, and new grounds can be broken. To achieve this,
engineers will have to join forces with brain scientists and life scientists and carry out
research in a tight collaboration.
C. The Chinese room is a thought experiment by John Searle which first appeared in his
paper "Minds, Brains, and Programs", published in Behavioral and Brain Sciences in 1980. It
addresses the question: if a machine can convincingly simulate an intelligent conversation,
does it necessarily understand? In the experiment, Searle imagines himself in a room acting as
a computer by manually executing a program that convincingly simulates the behavior of a
native Chinese speaker. People outside the room slide Chinese characters under the door and
Searle, to whom "Chinese writing is just so many meaningless squiggles", is able to create
sensible replies, in Chinese, by following the instructions of the program; that is, by moving
papers around. The question arises whether Searle can be said to understand Chinese in the
same way that, as Searle says, "according to strong AI, . . . the appropriately programmed
computer really is a mind, in the sense that computers given the right programs can be
literally said to understand and have other cognitive states." The experiment is the centerpiece
of Searle's Chinese Room Argument which holds that a program cannot give a computer a
"mind" or "understanding", regardless of how intelligently it may make it behave. He
concludes that "programs are neither constitutive of nor sufficient for minds." "I can have any
formal program you like, but I still understand nothing." The Chinese room is an argument
against certain claims of leading thinkers in the field of artificial intelligence, and is not
concerned with the level of intelligence that an AI program can display. Searle's argument is
directed against functionalism and computationalism (philosophical positions inspired by AI),
rather than the goals of applied AI research itself. The argument leaves aside the question of
creating an artificial mind by methods other than symbol manipulation. Controversial, and the
subject of an entire literature of counterargument, it became Behavioral and Brain Sciences's
"most influential target article",generating an enormous number of commentaries and
responses in the ensuing decades. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_room)
A. Inteligena artificial este un termen tehnic provenit din limba englez: Artificial
Intelligence, prescurtat AI, care se refer la un domeniu de cercetare n cadrul
informaticii. n vorbirea curent este un produs rezultat n urma desfurrii acestei
activiti. Definiia cea mai acceptat a inteligenei artificiale a fost dat de John
McCarthy n 1955: o main care se comport ntr-un mod care ar putea fi considerat
inteligent, dac ar fi vorba de un om.
O trstur des ntlnit a inteligenei artificiale este c sistemul respectiv este capabil s
nvee, cu scopul de a se mbunti permanent, i fr ajutoare externe.
n informatic, n general, inteligena artificial e mprit n dou categorii:
inteligen artificial puternic (strong AI): prin aceasta se nelege o intelegen

artificial, de obicei bazat pe un computer, care chiar poate "gndi" i este "contient
de sine".
inteligen artificial slab (weak AI): o inteligen artificial care nu pretinde c poate
gndi, putnd ns rezolva o anumit clas de probleme ntr-un mod mai mult sau mai
puin "inteligent", de exemplu cu ajutorul unui set de reguli.
Progresul n crearea unei inteligene artificiale puternice este mic. Aproape toate
simulrile inteligenei se bazeaz pe reguli i algoritmi obinuii, existnd un progres doar n
domeniul celei slabe (de exemplu la recunoaterea verbal i a scrisului, la traducerea
automat dintr-o limb n alta sau i la jocul de ah).
Istoric
La nceput, crearea i cercetarea inteligenei artificiale s-a desfurat pe domeniul

psihologiei, punndu-se accent pe inteligena lingvistic, ca de exemplu la testul Turing.
Acest test const ntr-o conversaie n limbaj uman natural cu o main (computer) care a fost
programat special pentru acest test. Exist un juriu uman care converseaz cu acest
computer, dar i cu un om, prin cte un canal pur text (fr ca ei s se vad sau s se aud). n
cazul n care juriul nu poate s-i dea seama care este computerul i care omul, atunci
inteligena artficial (programul calculatorului) a trecut testul.
Turing a prezis n 1950 c pn n anul 2000 vor exista maini (calculatoare) cu 109
bytes (1 GB) de memorie care vor putea "pcli" 30% din juriile umane ntr-un test de 5
minute. ns, n timp ce pe de-o parte tehnologia chiar a depit previziunile lui Turing,
inteligena artificial este nc departe de a fi realizat.
Noile previziuni ale experilor se bazeaz pe aa-numita legea lui Moore ("numrul de
tranzistori pe un circuit integrat se va dubla la fiecare 18 luni, prin urmare i puterea de
calcul"), "lege" care s-a ndeplinit pentru ultimii 30 de ani destul de bine, i poate c va mai fi
valabil nc 5-10 ani. Pentru viitor se sper c noile tehnologii (cuantice, optice, holografice,
nanotehnologiile .a.) vor permite meninerea creterii exponeniale, astfel c n maximum 20
de ani computerele s depeasca puterea de procesare a creierului uman (vezi: Singularitate
tehnologic). Unul dintre principalii susintori ai acestei ipoteze, pe lng Vernor Vinge, este
cunoscutul expert Ray Kurzweil cu a sa celebr lege a ntoarcerilor accelerate. ns aceste
consideraii sunt n general de natur cantitativ, neglijnd din pcate nenumratele faete
calitative ale inteligenei umane naturale.
O alt latur a inteligenei artificiale studiaz animalele, i aici n special insectele,

care sunt mai uor de emulat de roboi. Totui nc nu au putut fi create modele
computaionale satisfctoare pentru simularea inteligenei animalelor.
n 1961, John Lucas a argumentat n lucrarea sa Mini, maini i Gdel c mintea

unui matematician nu poate fi reprezentat printr-un algoritm, bazndu-se pe teorema
incompletitudinii a lui Gdel ("Nu exist sisteme formale care s fie i consistente (= ne-
contradictorii), i complete.").
Cercetarea asupra inteligenei artificiale a nceput nc din anii 1950, fiind mprit n
dou: cea clasic (sau simbolic), ocupndu-se cu manipularea simbolic a conceptelor
abstracte, folosit azi n sistemele expert; cea conecionist, exemplul cel mai cunoscut fiind
reelele neuronale. n anii 1980 s-a ajuns la concluzia c ambele abordri aveau limitri
severe, cercetarea n acest domeniu fiind parial abandonat din lipsa de finanare.
Principalele aplicaii ale inteligenei artificiale sunt: sistemele expert; logica i sistemele
fuzzy; algoritmii genetici; reelele neuronale; agenii inteligeni; sistemele inteligente hibride;
vocea electronic; recunoaterea automat a formelor (scrisului .a.), a sunetelor (vorbitului)
.a. (http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inteligen%C8%9B%C4%83_artificial%C4%83)
B.Testul Turing este un experiment din domeniul Inteligenei Artificiale care i propune
s dea rspuns la ntrebarea dificil Pot (sau vor putea) mainile s gndeasc?. A fost
conceput de matematicianul i informaticianul britanic Alan Turing n 1950. Practic e
vorba doar de maini de calcul care pot fi programate astfel nct s se comporte mai mult
sau mai puin asemntor oamenilor, prin aceea c accept ntrebri formulate ntr-un
limbaj natural (nu de programare) i dau rspunsuri mai mult sau mai puin rezonabile.
Una din variantele de a afla dac o main e n stare s "gndeasc" este s o supunem
testului. Conform acestui test cineva (n schia din dreapta: C) trebuie s discearn ntre o alt
persoan (B) i o main (A), fr s-i vad, doar pe baza rspunsurilor acestora la ntrebri.
Rspunsurile se dau i ele numai n scris, de ex. pe o imprimant. Dac rspunsurile mainii
sunt att de bune nct cel care pune ntrebrile nu reuete s-i dea seama exact cine este o
persoan i cine o main, atunci maina a trecut testul i se poate spune c ea gndete.
Turing presupunea c n jurul anului 2000 computerul va ajunge la performana de a o putea
induce n eroare pe cel ce pune ntrebrile - n cel puin 30 % din cazuri.
La aceast variant de testare s-au ridicat n principal dou tipuri de ntrebri:
ntrebri tehnice, de genul: se poate construi o main (A) att de "inteligent" nct
permite s i se ghiceasc identitatea n cel mult 70 % din cazuri?
ntrebri epistemice: oare un Test Turing ofer un temei valid pentru a acorda acelei
maini statutul de "entitate gnditoare"? 8http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testul_Turing)
Topic 4
1. Compound words:
In point of the parts of speech, the elements that join together to make up a compound word
can be of the following type:
- Noun + noun: post office;
- Adjective + noun:
- Pronoun + noun: he-goat;
- Gerund + noun: swimming pool;
- Verb + noun: breakfast;
- Adverb + noun: highbrow;
- Numeral + noun: a two-wheeler;
- Capital letter + noun: X-ray;
- Noun + verb: screwdriver;
- Noun + gerund: air conditioning;
- Noun+ adverb: passer-by;
- Verb + adverb: make-up;
- Adverb + verb: offspring;
- Verb + verb: a might-have-been.
In point of orthography, the elements that make up a compound word can be:
- written together (e.g. breakfast);
- hyphened (he-goat);
- written separately (bus stop).
There are cases when a compound may be written in all three ways: bookshop, book-shop,
book shop).
At the same time, mention can be made of the fact that, in modern English, hyphens are not
used frequently.
!!! There are also the so-called reduplicates (chit-chat, flip-flap, hocus-pocus, etc.) and
portmanteau words (brunch = breakfast + lunch; smog = smoke+ fog, etc.).
There are also whole sentences that combine: hide and seek; rock and roll, merry-go-round,
etc.
!!! In the case of the noun + noun compounds, the first noun describes the second (just like an
adjective). In the example a horse race it is about a kind of race, a race where horses
compete, whereas in the example a race horse it is about a kind of horse, a horse used for
racing.
!!! Mention should also be made of the distinction between noun + noun compound and the
structure noun + of + noun. For example, the distinction between a water glass and a glass of
water is: the noun + noun compound is used to express a kind of container, whereas the of-
structure is used to refer both to the container and to its contents. A water glass may be full of
milk, in the moment of speaking, but a glass of water refers to a glass that is full with water in
the moment of speaking.
!!! A number + noun + noun combination is used in measurements. Usually, there is a hyphen
between the number and the first noun. Pay attention that the first noun is in the singular.
Here are a few examples: a five-day trip; a two-hour course; a four-mile walk, etc.
Activity:
Translate into English using as many compounds as possible:
1. Trectorii se uitau la ei cum se ceart i nu interveneau.

2. Aceast plvrgeala ,nevinovat s-a transformat ntr-un adevrat complot mpotriva
mea.
3. Ne-am luat rmas bun la ora 3 i tocmai ne-am ntlnit din nou n faa magazinului.
4. Am aezat bradul n sufragerie ca Mo Crciun s vin mai repede.
5. Aceast conversaie de 3 ore m-a obosit foarte mult. Nu s-a ajuns la nici o concluzie.
6. Razele X sunt radiaii electromagnetice ionizante, cu lungimi de und mici, cuprinse ntre
0,1 i 100 (ngstrm).
7. Poi cumpra bilete de la ghereta din staia de autobuz.
8. Bunicul mi-a artat caruselul i mi-a promis c o s m duc acolo a doua zi.
9. M-a dus la pot s iau coletul.
10. L-am zrit jucnd baschet pe terenul de sport.
11. S-a stricat aerul condiionat i este att de cald
12. Ar fi minunat s am o vacan de 7 zile!
13. Florile mele preferate sunt mrgritarele.
14. Privitorii nu au observat c actria leinase.
15. O cltorie de 2 ore te-ar face s te simi mai bine.
Answer to Activity:
1. The passers-by were looking at them how they were having an argument and they did not intervene.
Topic 5
Pay attention between the difference between rise and raise:
TO RISE- ROSE- RISEN

Meaning Examples
- to increase in number, amount and value The temperature rose to 36 degrees
- by Celsius in Bucharest yesterday.
-from/to
- above
-rise dramatically/sharply/rapidly/steeply
- rising crime/unemployment/inflation, etc.
- to go upwards The smoke rose from the chimney.
- to stand up (formal) The manager rose from his chair
and showed her the file.
-to become successful/important/rich She rose to become the head of our
- to rise to prominence/fame/power Department.
- to rise to do something
- be tall The cliffs rose in front of them.
- voice/sound The sound of the traffic rose from
the street and she couldnt sleep.
-sun/moon/star
-emotion My hopes rose suddenly when I
saw her coming.
-rise to the occasion/challenge to deal with a I simply couldnt rise to the
difficult situation challenge and now I am very sorry.
- against a government/army The people rose up/ in revolt
against the government.
-bread/cakes All her cakes rise and are always
very tasty.
- alive again Lazarus rose from the dead.
-wind The wind rose and we couldnt
continue our journey.
-river The Danube rises in the Black
Forest in Germany.
- rise and shine is used humorously to tell Mother told me Rise and shine! A
someone to wake up and get out of bed. new day has come and you have
plenty of work to do.
- success/power She told us many things about the
rise and fall of the Roman Empire.
TO RAISE- RAISED- RAISED

- to move higher The sun raised high in the sky.
- increase an amount, number or level Many shops have raised their prices.
- collect money They raised funds to help the elderly.
- to improve They want to raise the standards of the
university.
- start a subject I was sure she would raise this
subject/question again.
-cause a reaction The position of her body raised doubts
about the cause of her death.
-move eyes or face I raised my eyes and I looked at him.
- move upright Hearing this, I raised from the pillows.
-children His grandmother raised him.
-animals or plants They raised cattle to sell them.
-collect people They managed to raise an army on the
spot.
- a siege/embargo They decided to raise the embargo on
Iraq.
!!! Rise (to rise, rose, risen) is an intransitive verb. It does not take an object:
Raise (to raise, raised, raised) is a transitive verb. It requires an object: Whenever she gets
angry, her cheeks blush and she raises her voice.
!!! To raise is used for plants, vegetables, animals on a farm to sell as food: They raise cows
and pigs in their large farm.
To grow is used for flowers, plants, vegetables in a garden for pleasure: My mother grows
roses in her little garden.
!!! In B.E., raise is never a noun. Rise is used as a noun.
In Am.E., raise can be used as a noun and it means an increase in pay: I want a raise because
I deserve it and I need money.
Activity:
Fill in the blanks with either to rise, to raise or to grow, depending on the case:
1. The little star in the sky ever night as a sign of her promise.
2. They sun-flowers and sell them in the market.
3. This singers to fame was not a surprise. He really deserved it.
4. I asked my boss to my salary last week.
5. The inflation in 2009 more than in the previous year and everybody was worried.
6. She was very upset when the Primer-Minister announced that the age of retirement would
. .
7. The floodwaters began to again.
8. He that question on purpose: to make her cry.
9. Ceuescu to power in Romania in 1974.
10. My grandfather strawberries in his little garden.
Answer to Activity:
1. rises.
Activity:
Translate into English using to rise or to raise whenever possible:

1. Pe zi ce trece, preurile cresc.
2. A rsrit luna.
3. Nu ndrzni s ridici vocea la mine! Nu-i permit !
4. A ridicat paharul n cinstea tatlui meu.
5. Valurile se ridicau amenintor.
6. i-a ridicat sprnceana dreapta ateptnd ca el s-i dea un rspuns.
7. Cnd m-a vzut, s-a ridicat s m salute.
8. Au ridicat acest monument mai repede dect ne ateptam.
9. Vnzrile au crescut cu 50%.
10. S ridice mna dreapta cei care vor s primeasc autograf.
Answer to Activity:
1. With every passing day, the prices rise.
Abstract:
The present unit deals with defining and enlarging upon Artificial Intelligence. At the same
time, it focuses on compond words and on the following tricky verbs: to rise-rose-risen; to
raise-raised-raised.
FINAL TESTS
I) Say whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F):
1. John Searle argues that intelligence requires thoughts and feelings, a mind.
2. The word intelligence has a clear meaning.
3. Alan Turing considers that a computer is really intelligent if it behaves intelligently.
4. Plato, the Greek philosopher, believed that mind was located in the heart.
5. It has been estimated that there is one quadrillion of neurons in the brain.
6. Searles arguments support the Turing Test.
7. Certain regions of the brain correspond to certain functions: visual, auditory,
gustatory, olfactory, motor.
8. Axons are synonymous to dendrites.
9. The debate about computers intelligence is over.
10. Neuroscience studies the mind.
11. At the level of individual neurons we are all alike.
12. The analogy between the brain and a computer is complete.
13. Descartes showed how the lens of the sheeps eye formed an image on the retina
and proposed that the mind created an image of its own.
14. The mechanism by which we become aware of emotions is not known.
15. The Loebner Prize will be awarded to a computer program that gives consistently
intelligent replies to an examiner.
Example: 1. John Searle argues that intelligence requires thoughts and feelings, a mind. (T)
guise
a) face; b) appearance; c) image; d) look;
drive
a) propy; b) props; c) propel; d) propound;
to enhance
a) to impugn; b) to impute; c) to impound; d) to improve;
to coin
a) to create; b) to crease; c) to crest; d) to crib;
outline
a) skewer; b) skein; c) skillet; d) summary;
to dub
a) to nick; b) to nickname; c) to nip; d) to niggle;
to gauge
a) to measure; b) to meddle; c) to mediate; d) to menace;
compelling
a) corresponding; b) cunning; c) crushing; d) convincing;
to emerge
a) to come over; b) to come out; c) to come along; d) to come at;
hurdle
a) ledge ; b) obituary ; c) obstacle; d) leap.
Example:
guise
a)face; b) appearance; c) image; d) look;
III) Fill in the blanks with the correspondimg words from the text:
1. (2 words) is the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science that aims
to create it.
2. AI is intended to produce machines with an intelligence that matches or exceeds that of
human beings.
3. AI gives computers elements of human cognition, the ability to think like a human.
4. brain is a term commonly used in the media to describe research that aims to develop
software and hardware with cognitive abilities similar to the animal or human brain.
5. The (2 words) is a thought experiment by John Searle which first appeared in 1980.It
addresses the question: if a machine can convincingly simulate an intelligent conversation,
does it necessarily understand?
6. is the scientific study of the nervous system.
7. A is an electrically excitable cell that processes and transmits information by electrical
and chemical signaling.
8. . are endogenous chemicals which transmit signals from a neuron to a target cell across a
synapse
9. A is a junction that permits a neuron to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another
cell.
10. (3 words) is a field of computer science and linguistics concerned with the interactions
between computers and human (natural) languages.
Example: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCEis the intelligence of machines and the branch

of comouter science that aims to create it.
Bibliography:


After having discussed about Artificial Intelligence, we can proceed by introducing the
approaches to AI: the top-down approach and the bottom-up approach.
FEEDBACK

Disciplina: ________________________
Anul/grupa:__________________________
Tutore:_________________________
Partea I



Unitatea de nvare 9,10,11,12:
Approaches to Artificial Intelligence. The Top-Down Approach and the Bottom-

Up Approach
Introduction:
The present unit focuses on two approaches to AI: the top-down and the bottom-up
approaches. It introduces a specific vocabulary, familiarizes the students with the sentence
connectors and tackles with the following tricky verbs: to lay and to lie and enlarges upon the
different meanings of board.
Contents:
1.1. the presentation of the top-down and bottom-up approaches.
1.2. key words and phrases: decision-making, deduction, theorist, logical/deductive reasoning, heuristics,
conditional statements, cognitive science, natural language processing, parsing, to put forward a
theory, to make headway, to tease out a point, to hold a conversation, to form an emotional bond, to
break something into, to wait for a reply, to assess a risk, to play a guessing game, to give weight to an
idea, to attempt to/ to make an attempt, to be successful in, to learn a task, to result in, to emerge from,
to work out proofs, starting point, to be good at, to make use of, to be suited to, to look ahead.
1.3. sentence connectors;
1.4. tricky words: to lay and to lie;
1.5. the different meanings of board;
1.5. bibliography

Objectives:
1. The students should be able to define computers and to discuss upon the components of a
computer.
4. The students should be able to use sentence connectors;
5. The students should be able to make the distinction between to lay and to lie, and use
them in sentences of their own;
6. The students should be able to understand the different meanings of board and use them
in sentences of their own.

- computer;
Fitikides, T.J., B.A., F.I.L., Common Mistakes in English with Exercises, Longman, 2000.
Time: 12 hours
Topic 1
Approaches to Artificial Intelligence. The Top-Down Approach and the Bottom-

Up Approach
Despite our progress in understanding the human brain, the goal of building machines
with minds of their own seems as distant as ever. There are two main approaches to building
intelligent computers. The top-down approach attempts to model the workings of the
human mind; top-down systems use symbolic representations of concepts and the
relationships between them, and are successful in applications where logic and language are
important. Bottom-up systems try to imitate the human brain, and are based on the way
neurons work: networks of artificial, electronic neurons can learn tasks without being
programmed to do so. Bottom-up researchers hope that their approach will ultimately result in
machines that can think for themselves. Maybe the most elusive property of the brain-
consciousness- will emerge from their systems.
Top-Down A.I.
In January 1956, computer scientist Herbert Simon began one of his lectures with a
remarkable statement: Over Christmas, Allen Newell and I invented a thinking machine.
Simon and Newell had written a computer program, which they call Logic Theorist , that
could work out proofs of mathematical theorems by a process of logical deduction .
Logic Theorists incorporated a set of rules and instructions- an algorithm- that used
mathematical facts as a starting point and automatically deduced a number of fundamental
mathematical proofs. Programmed deduction and decision-making make top-down systems
very good at tasks that require logical reasoning, such as playing games, but not so good at
tasks that involve flexible learning.
Problem-solving
Within a year, Simon and Newell, together with another computer scientist, Cliff
Shaw, had written a more general program- the General Problem Solver. Embedded within
General Problem Solvers algorithms were heuristics - generalized approaches to

problem solving- developed by analyzing human-problem-solving techniques. So, for
example, General Problem Solver could quickly solve logical games, such as noughts and
crosses and the Tower of Hanoi. In order to carry out these tasks, General Problem
Solver used symbolic representations of facts, numbers and even concepts. In a computer,
numbers, words, sounds and images are symbolized by on and off pulses- binary
numbers. Computer programs contain instructions for manipulating these representations,
which is why computers can process digital music and video and carry out arithmetic. Each
program is written specifically for a particular task. An adding program contains different
instructions from a program that sorts names into alphabetical order- just as the
instructions you would give to someone to send a letter would be different from those telling
someone how to travel to your home.
Computer programs make use of conditional statements , such as

IFTHEN, which cause a computer to carry out different sections of a program according
to the input they receive. This is why the top-down approach is suited to decision-making
and deduction . With conditional statements, a program can respond to different

kinds of input in an intelligent way. Part of a program might include an instruction to output
I am okay, thank you if it receives an input of How are you?. If you make the program
incredibly complex, you can expect some very complex behaviours as output.
Perhaps the best illustration of the top-down approach to artificial intelligence is a
computer program that plays chess. When it is the computers turn, it has to decide what
move to make based on the positions of the chess pieces on the board. For each of its possible
moves, there will be many moves that its opponent can make, and for each of these, there will
be many more that the computer can choose from. So, the computer program looks ahead
many moves, calculating which of its next moves is most likely to put it in a winning position.
It does not care if it wins or loses: it merely follows a complicated algorithm. This built-in
logic is the essence of the top-down approach. A chess program running on an ordinary
desktop computer can analyze thousands of potential moves every second, and can beat
most people easily. Very powerful computers can look much further ahead, and can beat even
the worlds best players.
Cognitive science
The human mind can be compared to a computer-program- running on biological
wetware rather than electronic hardware. Cognitive science is the study of mental
processes- an investigation into how the mind enables us to think and communicate, and how
it dictates human behaviour. It can be thought of as a search for computational theories of
the human mind. Many of the early pioneers of artificial intelligence were also cognitive
scientists, and the development of cognitive science and computer science are intimately
linked.
A grammatical understanding
One of the most influential cognitive scientist is American linguist and political
activist Noam Chomsky1. In 1957, Chomsky put forward a theory suggesting that human
brains are pre-programmed to understand grammar- the logical structure of a language. By
building grammar into computer programs, top-down researchers hoped that computers would
understand sentences, translate them form one language to any other, and even generate them.
This area of top-down artificial intelligence research is called natural language processing
. During the 1950s, several attempts were made to enable machines to carry out
translation. Many of the early attempts were crude, slow and inaccurate. Even in 1966,
automatic translation was making little headway: a report by the Automatic Language
Processing Advisory Committee in the US condemned it as a more expensive and not as
1
American linguist and political activist Noam Chomsky (born 1928) is most famous for his radical theories
proposing that language and several other facets of human intelligence are innate. He has often voiced radical
views in politics, too- most notably during the 1960s, when he spoke out against American military involvement
in Vietnam.
effective as human translation. Today, computers are used in the translation of written
documents, although human experts are still the first choice in most situations. And despite
the fact that many computer software packages are available that can produce text from
spoken words, human interpreters are almost always used to translate speech. In addition to
translating programs, there are also several commercial products available today that can
summarize long documents, by teasing out their main points. These are examples of top-down
artificial intelligence.
Conversational computers
Another facet of natural language processing is the attempt to create computer
programs that can hold conversations with humans. The first of these programs was ELIZA,
created in 1966 by Joseph Weizenbaum, a computer scientist working at the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology. It was designed to mimic a non-directive psychotherapist,
responding to statements inputs by its patients. ELIZA created a huge amount of public
interest in artificial intelligence. Many people who interacted with the program formed
emotional bonds with it, and a few even believed they were really relating to a human being.
However, all ELIZA could do was to analyze the patients statements and produce questions
based directly on them.
Natural language processing
All sentences can be broken down into separate phrases and each phrase into smaller
parts and smaller parts again, until it is possible to identify the function of each word, and
make sense of the sentence. Quite how the human brain carries out this process- called
parsing - is not known, but it is possible to program a computer to do it. One popular
application of natural language processing is the chatbot - a program that can converse
with people.
SENTENCE = Jack ate an omelette in a restaurant.
NOUN PHRASE = Jack

VERB PHRASE = ate an omelette in a restaurant.
VERB = ate
NOUN PHRASE = an omelette
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE = in a restaurant.
NOUN PHRASE = DETERMINER + NOUN = an + omelette

PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE = PREPOSITION + DETERMINER + NOUN = in + a +
restaurant.
You can interact with chatbots on the Internet, by typing in sentences and waiting for a
reply. There are even some commercial websites that use chatbots to respond to users
questions about a companys products.
As computers become more powerful, and as the Internet is used by more people, this
kind of chatbot is likely to become more common. And as speech recognition and speech
generation become more sophisticated, interacting with chatbots may become like human
interaction.
A virtual world
Top-down computer programs that can effectively parse sentences and construct
responses work best of all when the conversation is limited in its extent. The best example of
this is SHDLU, a program written in 1970 by computer science student Terry Winograd. It
was written, as part of his PhD dissertation , as a way for humans to communicate in a
natural manner with robots carrying out manual tasks. Users sat in front of a computer
terminal that displayed a simulated world on the screen. The virtual world of SHDLU
consisted of a robot arm, and a variety of objects- simple geometric shapes- that could be
moved on a flat surface. Because SHRDLUs virtual world was so limited, the responses it
was able to give seemed extremely intelligent.
Expert systems
Today, the deductive capacities of top-down artificial intelligence are most commonly
applied in expert systems- computer programs that can analyze a stored database of
information. The output can be information, advice, prediction or risk assessment. One of the
earliest and best-known expert systems was MYCIN, written by Edward Shortliffe in 1976 at
Standford University in California. MYCIN swiftly generated advice on how to treat bacterial
infections of the blood, based on question-and-answer sessions with doctors about visible
symptoms. Without MYCIN, most of these diagnoses would have required the culturing
of bacteria from blood samples , a process that takes at least 48 hours.

Developments in the speed and storage capacity of computers have enabled designers
of expert systems to increase computers knowledge bases and increase the effectiveness
of their programs. A project called CYC has a knowledge base of more than a million items,
built up since 1984. There are many commercial applications of the CYC knowledge base:
Smart interfaces between humans and computer databases; intelligent character simulation
for games; improved translation; improved speech recognition. But part of the collection of
common sense statements is also available to the public, via the Internet. There are also
projects that depend on the Internet to increase the knowledge bases of expert systems. One is
a program that can play a game of 20 Questions in which a person thinks of an object that
another person must guess by asking simple questions. The computer program adds to its
knowledge base- according to weather it guesses right or wrong- with each game that it plays.
A logical step
Translating and summarizing documents, holding conversations, giving advice to
doctors and playing guessing games are all activities that seem to require genuine
understanding. In top-down programs, they are accomplished by devising sequences of
logical instructions. The worlds foremost mathematicians have pondered the nature of
logic science the middle of the 19th century. In an attempt to formalize all there is to know
about logic- and about numbers, shapes and space itself- they constructed complex
mathematical proofs. In fact, it was a selection of these proofs that Herbert Simon and Alan
Newells Logic Theorist worked out automatically in 1956.
Had it been successful, the complete formalization of the world by mathematical

proofs would have given weight to the idea that the brain can be simulated by a machine,
since computers work according to the rules of logic. But the mathematicians quest was dealt
a serious blow in 1931 when a German mathematician named Kurt Gdel 2 published a proof
of his Incompleteness Theorem, which proposed that the quest for a complete, all-
2
The work of Austrian-born American mathematician Kurt Gdel (1906-1978) on the Incompleteness
Theorem is among the most important of the 20th century. In 1939, he fled Austria for the US, where he lived
until his death. He starved himself to death after he became paranoid that he was being poisoned.
encompassing theory was futile . One of the consequences of Gdels theory is that
logical reasoning cannot be fully formalized; there always needs to be some insight in
understanding any logical system, which must come from outside the system. In a
comprehensive dictionary, for example, each word has a definition, but only in terms of other
words in the dictionary. Users must apply their understanding of at least some of the words
that are present in order to make any sense of those words that they do not. Closed systems, in
which all the necessary insights is built-in, can be interpreted with the rules of logic. This
explains why SHRDLU was able to communicate successfully and understand commands
and questions. By open systems- real world situations- cannot be formalized, which
explains why chatbots are not so successful in interacting with humans. There are many
researchers who believe that the only way to construct a form of genuine intelligence is to
allow a system to experience and learn the world directly for itself.
Bottom-Up A.I.
The bottom-up approach to artificial intelligence has been successful in producing
computer systems and robots that exhibit learning and pattern recognition. However, by
simulating the way in which our minds process information, the top-down approach is
successful in tasks that require natural language processing or deductive reasoning .

Some researches believe that, given time, even these abilities will also emerge in bottom-up
systems- just as learning and pattern recognition have done.
The term robot originates in a play written in 1919, by Czech author Karel Capek,
called Rossums Universal Robots. The word robot comes from the Czech word
robota, used to describe work that is boring and repetitive.
Robots are machines controlled by computers and their most common use in todays
world is as a replacement for human factory workers, carrying out complex tasks that require
great accuracy but are routine. Manufacturing robots therefore require only very limited
intelligence. In certain applications, however, such as planetary exploration, robots need to
respond to changing circumstances autonomously- without direct human control. The bottom-
up approach to artificial intelligence ia well suited to creating such autonomous , semi-
interlligent robots, typically controlled by onboard artificial neural networks that can
recognize objects or sounds, adapt to their surroundings and learn from experience. Perhaps
the most impressive of todays robots are humanoid robots , so called because they
resamble human form. They have eyes, ears and bodies and can learn a range of
complex behaviours without being shown. The most famous of these is Cog, one of the many
robots developing their own behaviours at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, in the
US. Cog has learnt to move its exes swiftly to shift the focus of its attention, as occurs in
human vision. Cog has also taught itself to play the drums, to imitate the head-nodding of a
person standing in front of it, and a range of other behaviours. The Kawato Dynamic
BrainProject, in Japan, has yielded very similar results.
In Tel Aviv, Israel, inside a computer, there is an evolving computer program called
Hal. Modelled on a human infant, Hal is learning English, slowly but surely. After two years,
the program was able to communicate in sentences reminiscent of those produced by

a toddler : three- or four-word phrases that are generated by association with previous
experience. Child development experts reading transcripts of Hals conversations

considered the conversations to be typical of a human infant. Hals creators believe that
language is a learned ability, and employ a system of rewards and punishments to help train
their electronic infant. They hope that by learning language from the bottom-up, they can
instill within the system a real understanding, missing from traditional natural language
processing, which imposes understanding from the top down. (Adapted, Artificial
Intelligence, Series Editor John Gribbin, London, Dorling Kindersley Limited, 2002, pp. 24-
51)
Self-check
1. What can be said about the future of the machines with minds of their own?
2. How many approaches to build intelligent computers are there? Say something about each
of them.
3. Who invented a thinking machine?
4. What was, in fact, that thinking machine?
5. What was the General Problem Solver?
6. Could you give an example of top-down approach to AI?
7. Define cognitive science.
8. Who is Noam Chomsky?
9. What is natural language processing?
10. What is ELIZA?
11. Define parsing.
12. What can you say about chatbot?
13. What is SHDLU?
14. Define expert systems
15. What is MYCIN?
16. Define Cyc.
17. Who created the Incompleteness Theory?
18. Name a consequence of the Incompleteness Theory.
19. What can you say about the term robot?
20. What can you say about humanois robots? Give an example of such a robot.
21. What is Hal?
Self-check Answers
1. The future of the machines with minds of their own is said to be distant.
2. There are two approaches to AI: the top-down approach and the bottom-up approach. The
top-down approach attempts to model the working of the human mind, whereas the bottom-up
systems try to imitate the human brain.
3. Herbert Simon and Allen Newell invented a thinking machine in January 1956.
Topic 2:
Activities:
1. Try to define conditional statement, heuristics, logical deduction and
autonomous.

2. Give a synonym of elusive, flexible, opponent.

.
3. Give an antonym of elusive, distant, artificial

.
.
a) ..
b) ..
c) ...
d) ...

a) x i zero (jocul);
b) abordare;
c) a reflecta (achibzui)
d) a inculca;
e) teorie cuprinztoare;
f) faet.
6.Make up a sentence of your own with: to put forward a theory, to make headway, to tease out a
point, to hold a conversation, to form an emotional bond, to break something into, to wait for a reply,
to assess a risk, to play a guessing game, to give weight to an idea, to attempt to/ to make an attempt,
to be successful in, to learn a task, to result in, to emerge from, to work out proofs, starting point, to
be good at, to make use of, to be suited to, to look ahead.
1. see http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/c/contstat.htm
see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heuristic
see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deductive_reasoning
see http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/autonomous
2. see http://www.synonym.com/synonyms/elusive/
see http://www.synonym.com/synonyms/flexible/
see http://www.synonym.com/synonyms/opponent/
3. see http://www.synonym.com/antonym/elusive/
see http://www.synonym.com/antonym/distant/
see http://www.synonym.com/antonym/artificial/
4. a) reminiscent; b) neural network; c) humanoid robots; d) diagnoses;
5. a) noughts and crosses; b) approach; c) to ponder; d) to instill; e) encompassing theory; f)

facet.
6. The teacher has put forward a very interesting theory.

They dont seem to make headway in the case of this experiment.
She cant hold a conversation for more than 5 minutes.
Topic 3
Activities:
Translate into Romanian:
A huge use for Artificial Intelligence is jobs that no human can- or would want to- do, mainly
because of the fact that humans would actually be an obstacle, rather than a help, or they are
so dangerous that the possibility of somebody dying or other bodily harm is too great. In other
cases, like space fighting, it is not currently possible to send humans beyond the moon into
outer space. Many companies are developing machines that are designed to either save lives
or make life easier. Some robots were designed to perform jobs that are dangerous for
humans, such as land mine clearance work. The robots are designed to dig the ground and
explode mines. They can operate without any electricity, so they can go into very remote
areas. Comet III, which weighs one tone, is one such example. A humanoid robot developed
in Japan, the prototype HRP-2 is also designed to work in places dangerous for humans.
Below are listed a couple of other uses that are either already taking place or will pretty soon.
We focused mainly on the United States military, as well as NASA.
Military Uses
The possibilities of military use of AI are boundless, exciting, intimidating, and frightening.
While today's military robots are used mainly to find roadside bombs, search caves, and act as
armed sentries, they have the potential to do so much more.
Not all military uses of AI directly relate to the battlefield however; it can use Artificial
Intelligence for more passive purposes as well. For example, the military has developed a
computer game that uses AI to teach new recruits how to speak Arabic. The program requires
soldiers to complete game missions during which they must be able to understand and speak
the language. This system gives the soldiers a more realistic, easy, and effective way to learn
the new tongue. This particular game works by using speech recognition technology that
evaluates the soldier's words and detects common errors. It can then create a model of the
soldier, keeping track of what he's learned and what he hasn't in order to provide
individualized feedback for the soldier's specific problems. Those who are working on this
project believe that it will change the face of all language learning and similar programs will
become mainstream sometime in the near future.
The military is also trying to create automated vehicles the ultimate autopilot. Machines
already have the ability to see the world around them and read a map, theoretically well
enough to be able to drive from point to point without human assistance. However, when the
Pentagon first sponsored a competition for prototype-automated vehicles in the Mojave Desert
in 2004 to test their resilience against difficult terrain, none of the fifteen entries crossed the
finish line. The following year, a car built by students at Stanford University completed the
131 mile course in six hours and 53 minutes. The car completed the race without any human
input, using only onboard computers and sensors to navigate terrain meant to mimic combat
conditions in Iraq and Afghanistan. Though this proved that great strides had been made in
one year alone, even more are needed before the technology can be marketed and put to real
use.
According to the Pentagon, actual robotic soldiers powered by Artificial Intelligence will be a
major fighting force in the American army, probably within the next decade. The first robot
soldiers will actually be remote-controlled vehicles. The military has poured tens of billions
of dollars into this project already. Congress wants to see this happen, and they ordered that a
third of all military vehicles and deep-strike aircraft be automated by 2010.
As the machines begin to think, see, and react more like humans, the level of their autonomy
and our level of trust in them will grow as well. However, it is predicted that a true soldier-
simulating robot will not come about for another 30 years. These robots need to be able to
determine friend from foe and enemy from bystander, and teaching them to do so will require
a tremendous amount of research and work. The government has assured us however that
these robotic soldiers will not be put into the field and allowed to make such decisions until
they are ready to do so.
Another current infantry prototype knows how to recognize an enemy when it is under fire.
When this happens, it can react to enemy fire on its own or follow orders given to it from a
remote observer. Although it's programmed to work autonomously, in its present state, it still
requires some set of outside monitoring controls in order for it to work. Its designers plan to
have it usable for infantry missions by 2015.
Another one of their prototypes nearly realizes the anthropomorphic goal imagined by Isaac
Asimov in his I, Robot book. This prototype is a machine about four feet high with a Cyclops
eye and a gun for a right arm. It is programmed to perform basic hunting and killing tasks. It
can actually find valid targets on its own and can shoot at them with remarkable accuracy.
The list of benefits of using machines to achieve military goals is long and significant. The
immediate and most evident boon of such technology is the elimination of human risk:
machines, not humans, would be lost in battle. In addition, specialized robots can be designed
to accomplish specific tasks more effectively than humans can, increasing the military's
overall effectiveness. They are also more cost-effective. Robots will always be able to do
what they were designed to do and can be recycled when they are obsolete. A human soldier
costs on average $4 million dollars over his lifetime, and the U.S. Pentagon cannot obtain the
money to pay all of them. Robots could cost a tenth of that amount or less.
Although the ultimate goal of the robot soldier is to completely eliminate human risk, even
the experts say that war will always be a human endeavor involving human loss of life, no
matter how much the AI warrior is developed. New ethical questions will arise once we have
the ability to invade countries without risk of bloodshed on the part of the invader. And even
though these robotic developments will soon be on our doorstep, its a little frightening to see
that the only ones who are addressing the issue of use and or misuse of such technology are
the scientists and the authors of science-fiction.
(http://library.thinkquest.org/05aug/01158/AIwar.html)
Robots in Sports
A university in London is developing a computer-generated competitor for tennis players. It

analyses video footage of former tennis professionals, picking out moves and techniques and
developing a database against which it can compare other players. It can track both players
throughout the game, and it knows the difference between an attack and a defensive play. Not
only can this save players and coaches from hours of pouring over opponents video tapes, but
it keeps everything on record so that anything can be accessed later on with ease.
In several European countries, soccer clubs use Artificial Intelligence technology when
administering physical examinations to players to help trainers and coaches determine the
likelihood of a player developing an injury. The machine collects the player's biomedical data
and compiles it with other records and signs of illness. Once the information is analyzed, the
technology can spot injuries, or potential injuries, much more quickly and effectively than a
doctor or coach may be able to. Athletes personalities and psychological profiles can also be
stored in the machine, and can be used to guess the way people will act or perform in different
situations. Some scientists are still skeptical, wondering how accurate the hollistic, cut-and-
dried decisions made by robots will be when dealing with atypical or complicated situations.
However, most agree that the technology has potential as long as the computer and the
coaches use actual soccer experience to judge players physical and mental fitness.
Not only are robots used to examine human players, but some also actually play the sport as
well. The RoboCup is an international competition in which competing teamsusually from
universitiescreate teams of robots that play soccer against each other. The robots have to be
autonomous and self-propelled. The creators cannot use any kind of remote control to operate
the robots. The contest includes several categories, including humanoid, four-legged, small,
and middle-sized, and it has taken place in many different countries including Japan and
Germany. Younger students can participate in the RoboCup Junior competition and compete
against other primary and secondary school students. The RoboCup Junior was designed to
teach younger children about robotics and Artificial Intelligence.
The ultimate goal of this international program is to have a team of fully autonomous
humanoid robots beat a human world champion team by 2050. The robot-sportsmen must
incorporate many different types of technology and strategy in order to be successful. The
June 2006 competition will take place in Bremen, Germany.
(http://library.thinkquest.org/05aug/01158/AIwar.html)
NASA and AI
NASA is planning to add a strong dose of artificial intelligence (AI) to planetary rovers to
make them much more self-reliant, capable of making basic decisions during a mission.
Scientists at NASA Ames Research Center, in the heart of California's Silicon Valley, are
developing very complex AI software that enables a higher level of robotic intelligence. In the
past, very simple artificial intelligence systems on board rovers allowed them to make some
simple decisions, but much smarter AI will enable these mobile robots to make many
decisions now made by mission controllers.
Image left: Future robotic rovers will have enough intelligence to navigate the martian
landscape without detailed instructions from scientists on Earth. Image courtesy: NASA.
"Human beings make decisions in response to their environment. How do you encapsulate
this behavior into a rover, or a robot, sitting on a planet millions of miles away? That's what
we are working on," said Kanna Rajan, a computer scientist at NASA Ames. "We want to put
software on rovers to give them the capability to be artificially intelligent," Rajan explained.
Large teams of human beings on Earth direct the Mars Exploration Rovers (MER) now
rolling across the martian terrain to look for evidence of water. It now takes the human-robot
teams on two worlds several days to achieve each of many individual objectives.
"It takes about three days for a MER rover to visualize a target, get to the target and do some
contact science," said Rajan. "Part of the problem is we are not closing the loop on board the
rover. Signals from the rover have to go to Earth for a human with his/her cognitive capacity
to deliberate on the information in the signal and make a decision. Based on that decision, a
signal goes back to Mars to instruct the rover to take pictures or do other work," Rajan noted.
A robot equipped with AI, on the other hand, could make an evaluation on the spot, achieve
its mission faster and explore more than a robot dependant on decisions made by humans on
Earth. Today's technology can make a rover as smart as a cockroach, but the problem is it's an
unproven technology, according to Rajan.
Image right: Rovers with additional artificial intelligence will be able to avoid hazards
including holes, impassible rocks or steep grades. Image courtesy: NASA.
"The way new space technology is generally proven is to have field tests here on Earth -- to
have an Earth analog mission," Rajan explained. "You take a rover -- similar to the ones on
now exploring Mars -- to a location that resembles the martian terrain here on Earth, and you
simulate the entire mission, but you also install an AI capability on the rover to take over
decision-making that would normally be done by human beings."
"State-of-the-art artificial intelligence software will deliberate on board the rovers. One such
state-of-the-art, complex, AI-based agent software is based on an ambitious architecture
called Intelligent Deployable Execution Agents, or IDEA, developed at NASA Ames over the
last 4 years,'" Rajan explained. An agent is software that mimics the human thought process to
do things a human being wants to be done.
"What we expect to do within the next 10 years is to not only deploy one AI-based rover, but
a collection of rovers using the AI-based IDEA architecture, which cooperatively perform
tasks orders of magnitude more complex than the MER rover, and do it in a much more robust
way," Rajan predicted.
Using surveying instruments, teams of robots may well be able to map large tracts of the
surface of Mars, according to Rajan, who said there are many reasons to use a large robot
team. "One reason is better coverage of a large area of land. Another reason is redundancy; if
one or more of the robots fails, you still can accomplish the mission. Also, a team could do
complex tasks that a single rover could not do. Better science results from a team effort,
whether it is by robots, humans or even a robot-human team," Rajan said.
Robotic spacecraft may also fly in 'swarms,' or teams, to make scientific observations of
planets, moons and other celestial objects, according to Rajan.
"Creating strong AI software is a very exciting and challenging problem, and it inspires us
and our students to work on this bold effort," said noted artificial intelligence expert professor
Milind Tambe of the University of California, Los Angeles, who has worked with Rajan.
Tambe explained that AI research inspires the next generation of computer scientists because
when they hear about NASA AI work, "their eyes light up, and then they understand what this
research could mean for the future."
(http://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/roboticexplorers/robust_artificial_intelligence_jb.html)
Satellites and Weather Predictions
The field of science has received many benefits from the use of AI. Satellites and weather
predictors are two examples of Artificial Intelligence in science.
Satellites that orbit the earth contain AI that detects and diagnoses failures and errors that
ground control can fix or work around. Its biggest job is troubleshooting. With the new
technology, the program can monitor the software that runs the satellites autonomous
imaging system. The AI program, Livingstone Version 2, contains a computerized model of
how the satellite is supposed to work. If the actual performance is different from the ideal
performance, it can send a report containing information about the failure back to a team on
Earth. Without the Artificial Intelligence searching for these problems, finding them would be
extremely difficult. Because spaceships have many common parts, Livingstone can be
reprogrammed for use in other forms of spacecraft fairly easily. As software intricacy
increases, programs like Livingstone will find use in other, more common fields as well.
In addition, Artificial Intelligence can use satellite pictures and mathematical models to look
at the ocean and better predict the weather. Visible masses of water, or fronts, have distinct
properties that make each mass different from the others. The ability of neural networks to
deal with imprecise data makes them best able to deal with the unpredictable movements and
temperatures of the fronts, though they still don't work over a long period of time. The
computer can collect raw data such as the sea's density, salinity, and temperature at any given
spot, from sensors placed in the ocean. With these, it can put together a model of the ocean
and its movements, predicting where each front will move next. The ultimate goal of this
project is to make a computer able to predict continuously the weather at any point over the
ocean and without human intervention.
Satellite observations of the worlds oceans are created with lasers, radars, and infrared
scanning devices. This can be somewhat difficult as the electromagnetic waves cannot
penetrate the water well, but this is overcome with data recorded from the upper layers of the
oceans and provides aid to oceanographers in the navigation of shipping vessels.
The first satellite, which aided in providing oceanographers with a map of the ocean floor,
was the Seasat-A. This was created in the 1970s, and it produced a flight path in which it was
able to circumnavigate the earth over a period of time, developing a visible picture of the
ocean floor. The seafloor height was measured every few kilometers, and the data complied
by the satellite was used to compile a global map of the surface of the sea and the seafloor.
The trenches and ridges on the surface of the seafloor have an effect on the gravitational
effects of the sea surface. The future of physical oceanography was greatly increased with the
establishment of Seasat-A. (http://library.thinkquest.org/05aug/01158/AIwar.html)

A. Ministerul rus pentru Situaii de Urgen a livrat roboi pentru a fi folosii la
stingerea incendiilor de pdure n zona centrului de cercetare nuclear din
Sarov. Roboii mobili de tip EL-4 i EL-10 au fost creai pentru misiuni de
recunoatere, monitorizare i stingere a incendiilor, precum i pentru ndeprtarea
obstacolelor pe cile de acces n zonele afectate de incendii. Ali doi roboi MRK-RP
au fost creai pentru misiuni de recunoatere prin intermediul unui sistem video, pentru
transport i operaiuni de detectare i izolare a incendiilor. Unitatea mobil de sprijin
mpotriva incendiilor LUF-60 le va permite pompierilor s sting incendiile n zone
periculoase, n care nu pot ajunge oamenii. n plus, unitatea poate dispersa fumul i
ventila ncperile. (http://www.mediafax.ro/externe/pompierii-rusi-vor-folosi-roboti-
pentru-a-stinge-incendiile-din-zona-centrului-nuclear-sarov-6778796)
B. Japonezii au inventat prima profesoara robotizata din lume, care si-a sustinut cea
dintai lectie la o scoala primara din Japonia, spre surprinderea elevilor. Copiii au
descris-o pe Saya prin cuvinte ca "frumoasa", "amuzanta" sau "infricosatoare", fiind
cu totii surprinsi de prezenta robotului in sala de curs. Ea si-a inceput prima lectie
strigand numele fiecarui elev. Profesorul Hiroshi Kobayashi de la Universitatea de
Stiinta din Tokyo a lucrat vreme de 15 ani la robotul Saya, al carui corp metalic este
acoperit cu latex, pentru a imita pielea umana. Robotul are incorporate 18 motoare
care actioneaza pe post de muschi si poate vorbi in aproape orice limba. In prezent,
Saya poate formula circa 300 de fraze, vocabularul ei fiind setat pentru a include 700
de cuvinte. Profesoara-robot poate reda expresii faciale care imita stari de teama,
dezgust, bucurie, tristete sau surprindere si este programata sa raspunda intrebarilor.
Un astfel de exemplar costa 25.000 de lire sterline. Japonezii au de gand sa utilizeze
in continuare profesorii-roboti in scoli si sa le supervizeze miscarile dintr-un centru de
control. (http://www.apropo.ro/wow/japonezii-au-inventat-profesorul-robot-poze-
4332249)
C. Performanta. Asimo este, in acest moment, cel mai avansat robot humanoid. Creat de
compania japoneza Honda Motor, el ar putea deveni in doar cativa ani un partener de
joaca pentru copii sau un angajat model pentru marile corporatii Contrar opiniei
generale, Honda a subliniat clar faptul ca numele robotului, de numai 1,30 metri, nu
vine de la inventatorul celor trei legi ale roboticii, Isaac Asimov. Cercetarile
companiei japoneze in acest domeniu au inceput in 1986 prin crearea primului model,
E0. In 2000, dupa mai multe proiecte succesive a fost creat Asimo. La 5 decembrie
2002, robotelul a devenit inteligent. Dupa lungi discutii, inginerii japonezi au decis sa
adauge proiectului tehnologie capabila sa-l faca pe micutul robot sa interpreteze
gesturile oamenilor si sa se miste, independent, in functie de acestea. In plus, Asimo
vorbeste, iar in ultimii ani abilitatile sale s-au dezvoltat simtitor. Acum poate
intampina persoane, le poate urma, se poate misca in directia indicata, poate
recunoaste oamenii dupa figura - mai multe odata si chiar daca sunt in miscare - si in
consecinta, li se adreseaza dupa nume. Mai mult, in timp ce indeplineste sarcinile care
i-au fost date, el poate accesa internetul de unde poate culege toate informatiile de care
are nevoie. Surpriza a aparut in 2006, cand Asimo a intrat in randul angajatilor Honda.
Robotul a primit postul de receptioner la biroul celebrei firme din oraselul Wako,
situat la nord de Tokyo. Varianta "receptioner" a lui Asimo a fost prezentata intr-o
ceremonie la Tokyo. El poate intampina oaspetii, poate servi cafea si poate impinge un
carucior incarcat cu cel mult 10 kilograme. Costul de inchiriere a unui astfel de ajutor
este de 166.000 de dolari. Comparativ cu variantele sale mai vechi receptionerul
Asimo poate alerga cu o viteza de pana la sase kilometri pe ora, in cerc si in zig-zag,
lucru util atunci cand se afla intr-o incapere plina de oameni. "Scopul Honda este acela
de a crea un robot humanoid care poate ajuta oamenii si care poate trai alaturi de ei",
au declarat reprezentantii companiei. (http://www.9am.ro/stiri-revista-presei/2007-07-
07/asimo-primul-robot-receptioner.html)
D. Inventat de japonezi, manechinul robot poate face fata cu brio unui show de moda,
datorita celor 42 de motoare care ii permit sa imite orice miscare a unui manechin
uman. Poate zambi, isi poate tuguia buzele si stie sa stea la poza, informeaza AP.
Masinaria are 43 de kilograme, cu tot cu baterii, are chipul inspirat din benzile
desenate, trasaturi asiatice si 1.60 inaltime. "Buna ziua tuturor, eu sunt omul cibernetic
HRP - 4C". Asa s-a prezentat neobisnuitul manechin in fata jurnalistilor stransi la
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology din Tokyo, acolo
unde a fost prezentat presei pentru prima data.
Chiar daca a fost creat pentru a fi folosit in show-uri de moda, designerii nu le-au dat
multe sperante inventatorilor. Le reproseaza ca nu au facut robotul cu inaltimea si
infatisarea potrivita pentru prezentari de moda. Inventatorii au luat notite: "Oamenii
din industria modei ne-au spus ca robotul este mult prea scund si are o figura comuna,
ceea ce nu este valabil pentru manechinele celebre care apar pe podiumurile de moda",
a declarat Hirohisa More, inventatorul robotului.
(http://www.eva.ro/moda/features/manechinul-robot-pericol-pentru-scumpele-
supermodele-articol-12823.html)
Topic 4
I. Sentence Connectors:
Types: Examples:
- additive (they give She pretended not to recognize me. Furthermore, she even
supplementary turned her head in the opposite direction.
information): furthermore,
similarly, in addition, etc.
- adversative (they I told her I am sorry. However, she still doesnt want to see
introduce information that me.
is opposed to what has
been mentioned before):
however, nevertheless, on
the other hand, etc.
- causal (they introduce Maria is very upset with me. So, she didnt invite me to come
the result of the previous with her in Switzerland.
information). In their turn,
they can be: consequently,
for this reason, so, etc.
-temporal (they express a I went to visit my grandparents. Then, I decided to have a
time relation with the walk in the park.
information that has been
mentioned before): then,
after that, at last, finally,
etc.
Activity:
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate sentence connector from the ones mentioned below: on
the contrary, consequently, though, thus, even so, likewise, meanwhile, at last, moreover, but.
1. I will prepare dinner in the kitchen. .., you could clean up the house so that we finish
sooner.
2. I advised him not to lend money to them he didnt listen to me.
3. We had been waiting for him for three hours! .., he showed up with a bare bag in his hand.
Of course, we were very disappointed.
4. He is far from being very sick. , he still has to go to the meeting.
5. He went there . I told him not to.
6. The salad was delicious. , the steak was excellent.
7. Who told you that she hates them? , she really likes them.
8. The price of the house is reasonable. , the location is perfect. I think we should by it
immediately!
9. There is no evidence! , it is impossible to send him to jail.
10. Your attitude is unacceptable! . , you are no longer welcomed in our family!
Answer to Activity:
1. meanwhile
Activity
Write down a text of your own using the following connectors: accordingly, although, by
contrast, by way of illustration, despite, hence, nevertheless, notwithstanding, otherwise, still,
yet.
Topic 5
Pay attention to the difference between to lay and to lie.
a)
Verb: Forms: Meaning: Example:
To lay lay-laid-laid -to put down carefully in a flat I laid the book on
Present participle: position; the shelf.
laying bricks/carpet/concrete/cables, etc. I laid this carpet
-to give information (formal) two years ago.
I have laid my
proposal before
the board.
Expressions with to lay: Meaning:
-to lay the table; - to put the cloth, the plates, etc. on the table;
-to lay an egg; - to produce an egg from its body;
-to lay the foundation; -to provide the conditions that will make
something successful;
-to lay emphasis/stress on -to emphasize something;
something;
-to lay a hand/finger on somebody;
- to touch someone with the intention of
hurting him/her;
-to lay bare/open; - to remove a thing that is covering something
else;
-to lay somebody/something open - to do something that makes it possible for
to something; other people to blame you;
-to lay plans/a trap; - to prepare plans or a trap for;
-to lay siege to; - to get the control of a place by surrounding it.
b)
Verb: Forms: Meaning: Example:
a) To lie- irregular lie-lay-lain -to be down I wish I could lie in
verb Present -to be/become horizontal bed all day long.
participle:
lying
b) to lie- regular lie-lied-lied - not to tell the truth How many times
verb Present did you lie to me?
participle:
lying
Expressions with to lie: Meaning:
-to lie at the heart/centre/root of = to be the most important part of something;

something;
-to lie low; = to remain hidden;
-to lie (in) second/third/fourth, etc. = to be in second/third/fourth position in a

competition;
- to lie heavy on somebody (formal) = to be unhappy because of something.
!!! The noun lie can be used with the following determiners:
- a complete/outright lie;
- a blatant lie (=shocking lie);
- a bald-faced/barefaced lie(=shocking lie);
- a white lie (= a lie that is not serious, told to avoid upsetting someone);
- a pack/ tissue of lies (= a set of lies).
Activity:
Translate into English using to lie and to lay whenever possible:
1. Trebuie s pun masa pentru 7 persoane. Soul meu a invitat la cin pe eful su cu soia i
copiii.
2. Au ntins covoare noi n toat casa.
3. Nu pot s-l suport cnd ntinde cablurile prin toat casa!
4. Am gsit aceste scrisori zcnd ntr-un sertar.
5. Dac pui mna pe mine, ip.
6. Armata a asediat cldirea n mai puin de 10 minute.
7. Doar lucrnd mpreun putem pune bazele unei companii de succes.
8. O s m ntind pe canapea pn cnd mi trece durerea de cap.
9. M-am simit att de prost ieri, c am zcut n pat toat ziua.
10. Ai de gnd s-i ntinzi o capcan?
11. Insultele ei m apas chiar i astzi.
12. Este pe locul trei n competiie.
13. Copilul sta minte tot timpul! Nu tiu ce s m mai fac cu el!
14. Dificultatea st n scrierea crii ntr-un timp att de scurt.
15. Taie toi copacii astfel nct poriuni mari de pmnt sunt lsate goale.
16. Aici se afl dilema: s ncerce s rezolve problema de unul singur sau s cear ajutor.
17. Banii se afl mereu n centrul tuturor problemelor.
18. Te expui la ridiculizare.
19. Trebuie s rmi ascuns pn cnd i dau telefon.
20. Ei pun mare accent pe bunele maniere.
Answer to Activity:
1. I must lay the table for 7 persons. My husband has invited his boss together with his
wife asnd their children.
2. They laid (to lay-laid) new carpets in the house.
Topic 6
Pay attention to the different meanings of board:
Board - a flat wide piece of wood, plastic, etc. that is used to show
information;
- a flat piece of wood, plastic, etc., that is used for a particular
purpose (such as cutting things on it or playing indoor games);
- group of people in a company who make the rules;
- to get on a bus, plane, train, etc;
- to stay in a room in someones house that you pay for;
- on board = aboard
- go by the board = used to express something that fails to happen;
- to take something on board = to accept a suggestion.
Activity:
Translate into English using board whenever possible:
1. Lista cu numele celor abseni era pe panou.

2. Bunica taie legumele pe un toctor de lemn.
3. Consiliul de administraie va decide n legtur cu aceast problem.
4. Sunt 100 de pasageri la bordul acestui avion.
5. S-a terminat cu chiulul! De azi nainte, te duci la coal n fiecare zi.
6. Am refuzat s iau n considerare propunerile lor.
7. Ai nevoie de pioni i de o tabl de joc ca s joci ah.
8. Ce faci cu aceast tabl de joc ? Joci ah sau table?
9. mbarcarea ! Trenul pleac n dou minute !
10. M-am urcat n trenul spre Bucureti.
11. Cnd erau studeni, au stat cu chirie la doamna Thomson .
Answer to Activity:
1. The list with the names of the absents was on the board.
Activity
Make sentences with the following and translate them into Romanian:
-body board;
-swing board;
-toe board;
-sound board.
Abstract:
The present unit deals with presenting the two approaches to AI. At the same time, it
focuses on the phrasal verbs to lay and to lie, as well as on the different meanings of
board.
FINAL TESTS
1. SHDLU is a robot arm.
2. Open systems can be formalized.
3. In the present, computers replace totally human experts in translation.
4. The cognitive science is connected to the computer science.
5. MYCIN gives weather forecasts.
6. ELIZA is a robot that behaves like a human.
7. Most people fell in love with ELIZA.
8. In a few years time, people will manage to build machines with minds of their
own.
9. Computer programs seldom use conditional sentences.
10. A computer program that plays chess can easily beat the best chess players.
Example: 1. SHDLU is a robot arm. (F)
crude
a) unscientific; b) unskilled; c) uncontrollable; d)unconventional;
facet
a) aspect; b) face; c) concern; d) attempt;
to parse
a) to generate; b) to analyze; c) to create; d) to invent;
(parse= to analyze, to break down, to dissect)
foremost
a) first; b) fierce; c) trained; d) top;
to ponder
a) to take up; b) to think high of; c) to think carefully; d) to take into account;
(to take up = a continua ceva dupa intrerupere)
all-encompassing
a) limited; b) enclosed; c) encircled; d) complete;
futile
a) fusty; b) useful; c) fuzzy; d) useless;
Example:
crude
a) unscientific; b) unskilled; c) uncontrollable; d)unconventional;
III) Fill in the blanks with the correspondimg words from the text:
1. A is a virtual or mechanical artificial agent. In practice, it is usually an electro-

mechanical machine which is guided by computer or electronic programming, and is thus
able to do tasks on its own. Another common characteristic is that by its appearance or
movements, it often conveys a sense that it has intent or agency of its own.
2. The (3 words) is essentially the breaking down of a system to gain insight into its
compositional sub-systems. An overview of the system is first formulated, specifying but
not detailing any first-level subsystems. Each subsystem is then refined in yet greater
detail, sometimes in many additional subsystem levels, until the entire specification is
reduced to base elements
3. The (3 words) is the piecing together of systems to give rise to grander systems, thus
making the original systems sub-systems of the emergent system. The individual base
elements of the system are first specified in great detail. These elements are then linked
together to form larger subsystems, which then in turn are linked, sometimes in many
levels, until a complete top-level system is formed. This strategy often resembles a "seed"
model, whereby the beginnings are small but eventually grow in complexity and
completeness.
4. (2 words) is a mental process and is part of the larger problem process that includes
problem finding and problem shaping. Considered the most complex of all intellectual
functions, it has been defined as higher-order cognitive process that requires the
modulation and control of more routine or fundamental skills. It occurs when an organism
or an artificial intelligence system needs to move from a given state to a desired goal state.
5. In computer science, (2 words) are features of a programming language which
perform different computations or actions depending on whether a programmer-specified
boolean condition evaluates to true or false.
6. (2 words) is the interdisciplinary study of mind and how information, e.g.,
concerning perception, language, reasoning, and emotion, is represented and transformed
in the brain. It consists of multiple research disciplines, including psychology, artificial
intelligence, philosophy, neuroscience, learning sciences, linguistics, anthropology,
sociology, and education. It spans many levels of analysis, from low-level learning and
decision mechanisms to high-level logic and planning; from neural circuitry to modular
brain organization.
7. (2 words) are those devices that can hold conversations with humans.
8. (3 words) is a field of computer science and linguistics concerned with the
interactions between computers and human (natural) languages. In theory, it is a very
attractive method of human-computer interaction.
9. A(n) (2 words) is software that attempts to provide an answer to a problem, or
clarify uncertainties where normally one or more human experts would need to be
consulted. It is most common in a specific problem domain, and is a traditional
application and/or subfield of artificial intelligence.
10. A(n) is a computer program designed to simulate an intelligent conversation with
one or more human users via auditory or textual methods.
Example: A ROBOT is a virtual or mechanical artificial agent. In practice, it is

usually an electro-mechanical machine which is guided by computer or electronic
programming, and is thus able to do tasks on its own. Another common characteristic is
that by its appearance or movements, it often conveys a sense that it has intent or agency
of its own.
Bibliography:


After having presented the top-down approach and the bottom-up approach, we can proceed
by giving an example of AI.
FEEDBACK

Disciplina: ________________________
Anul/grupa:__________________________
Tutore:_________________________
Partea I


Unitatea de nvare 13,14:
JAPAN BABY-ROBOT TEACHES PARENTING SKILLS
Introduction:
The present unit focuses on presenting an application of AI, namely a baby-robot. It
introduces a specific vocabulary and tackles with the following tricky words:
-to teach and to learn;
-to look, to see, to watch, to glance/to have a glance, to glimpse/to have a glimpse, to gaze, to
stare, to peep;
At the same time, it presents the different meanings of mood.
Contents:
1.1. the presentation of the baby-robot;
1.2. key words and phrases: robotics, silicon, to giggle, to wiggle, to tickle, cranky, fickle,
demographic crisis, hue, nonetheless, fluffy, workforce, life expectancy, hoody, to head for, to
face a crisis, to let out bursts of giggles, to change the facial expression, to raise a baby, to
come up with an idea, to greet guests, to vacuum corridors, in flesh and blood, to get a
glimpse of, to be equipped with, to seek a solution, to deplete the workforce, to be comfortable
with;
1.3. tricky words: to teach and to learn;
1.4.tricky words: to look, to see, to watch, to glance/to have a glance, to glimpse/to have a
glimpse, to gaze, to stare, to peep;
1.5. different meanings of mood.
1.6. bibliography

Objectives:
1. The students should be able to make a presentation of the baby-robot.
4. The students should be able to make the distinction between to teach and to learn;
5. The students should be able to make the distinction among to look, to see, to watch, to
glance/to have a glance, to glimpse/to have a glimpse, to gaze, to stare, to peep;
6. The students should understand an duse the different meanings of mood.

- computer;
Time: 6 hours
Topic 1
JAPAN BABY-ROBOT TEACHES PARENTING SKILLS
TSUKUBA, Japan It giggles and wiggles its feet when you shake its rattle ,
but will get cranky and cry from too much tickling : Meet Yotaro, a Japanese robot
programmed to be as fickle as a real baby.
The cuddly baby-robot looks unearthly with a pair of luminous blue eyes and
oversized cheeks, but engineering students are hoping it will teach young people the pleasures
of parenting as Japan faces a demographic crisis .
"Yotaro is a robot with which you can experience physical contact just like with a real baby
and reproduce the same feelings," said Hiroki Kunimura of Tsukuba University's robotics
and behavioral sciences lab north of Tokyo.
Yotaro's face, made of soft translucent silicon with a rosy hue , is backlit by a
projector connected to a computer to simulate crying, sneezing , sleeping and smiling,

while a speaker can let out bursts of baby giggles.
The baby changes its facial expressions and moves its arms and legs when different parts of
its face and body are touched. Physical contact is detected by sensors, and Yotaro's mood
changes based on the frequency of touches.
Yotaro also simulates a runny nose , with the help of a water pump that releases body-
temperature droplets of water through the nostrils .
While the baby robot has a balloon-sized head and exaggerated facial features, its inventors
nonetheless hope "Yotaro could help young parents to learn about raising a baby," said
research team member Masatada Muramoto.
"We came up with the idea of a baby robot because we wanted to reproduce a human being's
warmth and skin colour," said Kunimura.

"We decided on an infant that has not yet learnt to talk because the feelings generated towards
a newborn will be the same for everyone, and because interaction is less complicated
than if we had made it talk."
Japan is already famous for highly sophisticated robots, from Honda's humanoid Asimo to
pancake-flipping chef Motoman to Paro the fluffy robot seal that helps ease
loneliness among the elderly.
Hundreds of thousands of industrial robots toil in factories, while robo-receptionists
can serve tea, greet guests or vacuum corridors. Japan even has a robot
supermodel, the HRP-4C.
The pretty humanoid, which boasts 42 motion motors programmed to mimic the
movements of flesh-and-blood fashion models, was unveiled last year ahead of Tokyo
Fashion Week.
The world last year also got a glimpse of Japan's first child-robot, the CB2, with a so-
called "biomimetic" body designed to learn and interact just like a human infant,
mimicking a mother-baby relationship.
Elsewhere the University of Osaka last week unveiled a robot that mimics a crawling
baby, part of a research project to examine the process by which a human being acquires the
skills to move and speak.
The 50-centimetre (20-inch), 3.5-kilogram (7.7-pound) M3-neony has a body similar to that
of a newborn. It is equipped with 22 motors, 90 tactile sensors and microphones placed near
the eyes and ears.
When ordered to move forward, the baby-bot , lying down, will wave its feet and arms,
gradually learning which movements will allow it to push itself up and crawl , said
project leader professor Minoru Asada.
Yotaro and M3-neony are part of Japan's push for a robotics revolution as the country
seeks solutions to a demographic crisis that threatens to deplete its workforce and the
number of carers for the elderly.

Japan has the world's longest average life expectancy -- 79 years for men and 86 years
for women -- and one of the lowest birth rates, meaning its population is headed for a steep
decline.
The Tsukuba students hope Yotaro may help Japanese want babies to revitalise a
country where more than a fifth of the population is aged 65 or older. By 2050, that figure is
expected to rise to 40 percent.
Yotaro may look unusual, with its broad face wrapped in a hoody sporting a pair
of teddy-bear ears, but the students think most Japanese will be comfortable with it, thanks to
their long exposure to robots in pop culture.
"Japanese have always been comfortable with robots who are not seen as threats but as beings
that have the potential to develop friendly relationships," said Muramoto.
(Japan baby-robot teaches parenting skills, by Kimiko de Freytas-Tamura (AFP) Mar 9,

2010 in
http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iWN2OcbOjkJGRAAhoEHiQFi-
AclQ)
Self-check
1. Who is Yotaro?
2. Why was Yotaro created?
3. What can you say about Yotaros face?
4. How can Yotaros mood be changed?
5. How can Yotaro simulate a runny nose?
6. Can you name other Japanese robots?
7. What can you say about M3-neony?
8. What can you say about Japans life expectancy?
9. How does Yotaro look like?
10. Why are Japanese accustomed to robots?
Self-check Answers
1. Yotaro is a robot which was programmed to be as a real baby.
2. Yotaro was created to teach young people to be parents.
Topic 2:
Activities:
1. Try to define robotics, cuddly, backlight and steep (adj.).

2. Give a synonym of translucent, oversized, to threaten.

.
3. Give an antonym of translucent, cuddly, tactile.

.
.
1. a) to wrap; b) carer; c) to mimic; d) warmth; e) to tickle; f) to wiggle; g) to giggle
a) ..
b) ..
c) ...
d) ...
e)
f) ..
g) .

a) robotic;
b) siliciu;
c) criz demografic;
d) a alina singurtatea;
e) for de munc;
f) speran de via medie.
6.Make up a sentence of your own with: to head for, to face a crisis, to let out bursts of
giggles, to change the facial expression, to raise a baby, to come up with an idea, to greet
guests, to vacuum corridors, in flesh and blood, to get a glimpse of, to be equipped with, to
seek a solution, to deplete the workforce, to be comfortable with
2. see http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/robotics
see http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cuddly?show=0&t=1311338261
see http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/backlight
see http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/steep
3. see http://www.synonym.com/synonyms/translucent/
see http://www.synonym.com/synonyms/oversized/
see http://www.synonym.com/synonyms/threaten/
4. see http://www.synonym.com/antonym/translucent/
see http://www.synonym.com/antonym/cuddly/
see http://www.synonym.com/antonym/tactile/
5. a) to wrap; b) carer; c) to mimic; d) warmth; e) to tickle; f) to wiggle; g) to giggle
6. a) robotics; b) silicon; c) demographic crisis; d) to ease loneliness; e) work force; f)

average life expectancy.
7. I met Tom this morning. He was heading for his parents house.
Im afraid we cant face this crisis!
Everytime I see her she changes her facial expression. She hates me so much!
Topic 3
Activities:
The goal of the AIRobots project is to develop a new generation of aerial service robots
capable to support human beings in all those activities which require the ability to interact
actively and safely with environments not constrained on ground but, indeed, freely in air.
The step forward with respect to the "classical" field of aerial robotics is to realize aerial
vehicles able to accomplish a large variety of applications, such as inspection of buildings and
large infrastructures, sample picking, aerial remote manipulation, etc.
The starting point is an aerial platform whose aeromechanical configuration allows the
vehicle to interact with the environment in a non-destructive way and to hover close to
operating points. Rotary-wing aerial vehicles with shrouded propellers represent the basic
airframes which will be then equipped with appropriate robotic end-effectors and sensors in
order to transform the aerial platform into an aerial service robot, a system able to fly and to
achieve robotic tasks.
Advanced automatic control algorithms will be conceived to govern the aerial platform which
will be remotely supervised by the operator with the use of haptic devices. Particular
emphasis will be given to develop advanced human-in-the-loop and autonomous navigation
control strategies relying upon a cooperative and adaptive interaction between the on-board
automatic control and the remote operator. Force and visual feedback strategies will be
investigated in order to transform the aerial platform in a "flying hand" suitable for aerial
manipulation.
2. The vision
A graphical sketch of the vision behind AIRobots is the figure below. The unmanned aerial
vehicle, equipped with appropriate sensing devices and end-effectors, is remotely controlled
by means of haptic devices which allow the operator to remotely supervise the task. The
operator is assumed to be a specialist in the specific application rather than a pilot. In this
scenario, integrated design schemes between the remote operator and on-board automatic
control will be studied according to schemes which are not fixed a priory but modified
according to evolving needs and objective conditions. The vision is to develop a out-and-out
"flying hand" of the operator!
3. Objectives
The project will be devoted to the development of aerial service robots whose basic
technologies can be adapted with minimal efforts to support human beings in a wide array of
applications which require the ability to interact with environments which are otherwise un-
accessible by ground robots. To prove the viability of the concept, the specific end-user AIR
applications will be addressed and prototypes of aerial service robots able to meet the end-
user expectations will be developed.
More specifically the final objective of the project is to develop two aerial prototypes
(according to the two airframe design principles illustrated above) and to prove their
effectiveness in mock-up environments specifically designed in order to capture the key
features of the end-user selected scenarios. The development of the aerial platforms will
require the fulfillment of a number of objectives which have been fixed in order to develop a
"general purpose" aerial robot potentially adaptable to a number of applicative scenarios.
Specifically, the most important objectives to be reached in the project are the following.
1. Aerial service robotics best practice and performance measures. The first goal is to define a
series of performance measures both for general aerial service robotic applications and for the
robotic inspections scenarios of interest for the end-user. In this respect the system has to be
designed to be robust, flexible, adaptable, portable, safe, intelligent, effective and economic in
achieving the desired operations.
2. System design and control strategies for aerial robots physically interacting with the human
world. The design of the entire system addressing the interaction with the environment
represents one of the main contributions of this project to the field of aerial robotics and
control systems design. The service robotics explicitly requires the ability to interact with the
environment in terms of contact between the aircraft and objects, e.g. docking and un-docking
operations required to put sensors in contact with the object to be inspected, takeoff and
landing, etc. This feature requires the design of innovative robust control strategies.
3. New contribution to human-robot interaction and communication. One of the objectives is

to develop an advanced human-robot interface for the purpose of endowing the system with
advanced action capabilities. This will be achieved by employing the state of the art in term of
virtual reality and sensing technology (such as augmented reality and haptic devices) in order
to allow the operator to guide the robot in the actions to be achieved by hiding the complexity
of the vehicle dynamics. Ideally the aerial service robot represents a "flying hand" that allows
the human to act as if she were directly on the site, allowing a level of interaction between the
human and the environment that has never been reached before in the field of aerial robotics.
4. Aerial navigation in loosely structured and densely cluttered environments. One of the main
effort of the project consists into designing a framework to allow the robot to safely operate in
loosely structured and possibly densely cluttered environments. In fact during the inspection
of the desired infrastructure the robot is required to fly in an environment which is uncertain
and only partially structured because, usually, no reliable layouts and drawings of the
surroundings are available. To support these features, advanced cognitive capabilities are
required, and in particular the role played by vision is of paramount importance.
(http://www.airobots.eu/DocView.php?flist=Summary&SMenu=TPSubMenu)
A. The M3-Neony baby robot is the result of work done by Japanese researchers from the
University of Osaka. Professor Minoru Asada has been directing the research carried out in
partnership with the JST (Japan Science and Technology Agency) since 2005. The main
objective is to make the M3-Neony into a humanoid robot able to imitate the behaviour of
a human baby. For the time being, the baby is independent, it can crawl on all fours, it rolls
on the floor and tries to walk. It is approximately the same size of a real baby (which is a plus
since in the past we have seen baby prototypes that were over 1 meter high). It measures 50
cm high and weighs 3.5 kg. On the technical side, the robot has 22 motors used in movement;
its head is equipped with two video cameras and it has two microphones in its ears. It has 90
tactile sensors on its robotic skin in order to feel when it is touched.
(http://www.robotshop.com/blog/m3-neony-the-baby-robot-302)
B. With fluttering eyelashes and a smile the receptionist at King's College London will greet
you and give you directions to your destination. She may also comment on your clothing or
the weather. She tends to be a little grumpy on a Monday but by Friday she's cheerful and
looking forward to her weekend.
So far, much the same as many office receptionists around the world - the big difference is
that this particular receptionist, Inkha, is a robot.
Built by master's students in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inkha (Interactive,
neurotic King's head assembly) handles a third of all front desk enquiries, giving out
directions and event information. Her probation period over, Inkha looks set to be an integral
part of KCL's reception team for the foreseeable future and beyond. (http://www.research-
tv.com/stories/technology/robotics/)
II. Translate into English:
A. tim c ara Soarelui-Rsare este leagnul tehnologiei de ultim generaie i nu ne

mirm s vedem un robot fotomodel creat de ei. HRP-4C este un android construit dup
nlimea i greutatea medie a femeilor japoneze i specializat s imite pasul fotomodelelor.
Dac reuete sau nu s-i duc la ndeplinire scopul, aceasta rmne s decidei
dumneavoastr dup ce vizionai clipul de mai jos. Corpul dispune de 30 de motoare, iar
expresiile faciale sunt controlate de alte opt motoare mai mici. Interesant este faptul c
firma productoare va vinde androidul, fr fa i cteva accesorii de mbrcminte, oricui
dispune de 200.000 $. (http://www.go4it.ro/curiozitati/hrp-4c-robotul-fotomodel-al-japoniei-
4057732/)
B. Asimo, robotul atlet al Honda, a fcut o demonstraie la Bucureti. Roboelul de 50 kg urc
scri, duce cafeaua, danseaz i alearg. Constructorul auto Honda lucreaz de 25 de ani la
acest proiect. inta ar fi ca n 10 - 15 ani un astfel de robot s poat fi comercializat la preul
unei maini de clas medie, iar el s fie folosit ca ajutor la spitale sau n casele oamenilor, nu
pentru a-i nlocui pe acetia, ci pentru a face mai bine anumite munci. La abiliti fizice
Asimo st bine, mai rmne s "nvee" s detecteze emoiile oamenilor i s interacioneze cu
acetia, spun reprezentanii Honda. Astfel, se poate spune c roboii au fcut saltul de la brute
industriale la humanoizi joviali cu glas de copil. n 1986 Honda a nceput s fac cercetri
pentru dezvoltarea de roboi. Primii aveau un aer rece, industrial, erau practic nite picioare cu
alte agregate metalice deasupra. Primii pai au fost fcui extrem de greu, la propriu! fiindc
roboii de la finalul anilor 80' fceau un pas n cinci secunde, cu ncetinitorul practic. Honda a
studiat modul n care merg oamenii i cum i mic articulaiile, calculnd i ce for este
necesar. Progresele s-au vzut iar prin 1993 roboii Honda mergeau mai bine i puteau ine
echilibrul i puteau face civa pai i pe suprafee denivelate. Recrearea mersului oamenilor
s-a fcut greu, primii roboi mergeau doar n linie dreapt, iar Honda a studiat mersul
oamenilor i a observat c atunci cnd merg par s-i piarda echilibrul, ca i cnd ar cdea n
fa. Acest tip de mers dezechilibrat era foarte greu de reprodus la un robot, dar pn la urm
s-a reuit. Totui, progresele cereau sacrificii, iar roboii Honda erau foarte nali (1,80 - 1,90
metri) i extrem de grei (170 - 210 kg). Schimbarea s-a produs n 2000 odat cu prezetarea lui
Asimo care, fiindc tehnologia s-a perfecionat, cntrea doar 52 kg i avea 1,30 metri
nalime. S-a decis c trebuie s fie mic deoarace putea face i activiti de migal i avea
micri de mai mare precizie. n plus, un adult care st pe scaun poate interaciona uor cu
Asimo fiindc ochii i sunt la acelai nivel cu al robotului. Honda a prezentat vineri Asimo i
in Romania fcnd o demonstraie a ceea ce poate face. A dus o tav cu cni i pahare, a urcat
i cobort cteva trepte, a alergat, a dansat i, cum spuneam, s-a jucat cu mingea mpreuna cu
un personaj mult mai cunoscut dect el n Romnia.
Asimo ar putea deveni un real ajutor pe lnga cas, dar nu mai repede de 10 - 15 ani
Poate v vei ntreba ce legtur are Honda cu roboii? Honda face maini, ns evident c
Asimo e un proiect care e gndit s aduc un plus de imagine mrcii, dndu-i un aer high-
tech. ns este i o int practic, spune eful de Corporate PR al Honda Europe, William de
Braekeleer. El spune c obiectivul este ca Asimo s fie vndut peste 10 - 15 ani la un pre
accesibil i s fie folosit ca ajutor n spitale, n cas sau la activiti periculoase, cum ar fi
curarea unor locuri contaminate sau stingerea unor incendii."Scopul este s crem un robot
pe care s-l vindem oamenilor fie pentru a-l folosi acas, fie ca ajutor n spitale (...) poate fi
un bun ajutor de infirmier, spre exemplu ar putea cura camera i pregti medicamentele, n
timp ce infirmiera s-ar putea concentra pe pacient", spune de Braekeleer. Reprezentantul
Honda adaug c abilitile fizice ale lui Asimo sunt ct se poate de bune acum, deci aceasta
etap a fost bine depit, ns urmeaz una mai grea "Acum trebuie s ne concentrm pe
creier, e vorba de interaciunea cu oamenii, trebuie s-i recunoasc i s ia o atitudine cu
mediul n raport cu ceea ce vede". Practic scopul ar fi ca Asimo s i poat da seama cnd,
spre exemplu, un om este trist i s ia atitudine. n prezent se fac progrese la partea de
"inteligen" iar Asimo poate recunoate anumite obiecte pe care nu le-a mai vzut pn
acum, spre exemplu pornind de la informaiile stocate, robotul poate s-i dea seama c un
anumit obiect este un scaun, comparnd cu alte scaune pe care le-a mai vzut. "n 10 - 15 ani
cred c vom comercializa un robot i inta este s-l vindem la preul unei maini de segment
mediu, spre exemplu o Honda Civic", mai spune de Braekeleer care spulber visele celor care
cred c roboii vor domina planeta "Nu va nlocui omul, ci va face anumite munci mai bine",
spune el. Dar Honda vrea s pun pe maini cteva din tehnologiile de la Asimo. Se vor
dezvolta sisteme care detecteaz diverse obiecte pe osea (exist deja la o serie de mrci, dar
devin tot mai performante), iar reprezentantul Honda spune c mainile vor putea face
diferena i ntre obiecte statice i cele mobile pe osea.
(Adapted, http://economie.hotnews.ro/stiri-auto-7274842-video-asimo-robotul-atlet-honda-
facut-demonstratie-bucuresti-robotelul-50-urca-scari-duce-cafeaua-danseaza-alearga.htm)
Topic 4
Pay attention to the difference between:
To teach = to give lessons in a school/ college/ She taught me everything

university; to help somebody by giving I know.
him/her information
To learn = to gain knowledge of a subject by self- I have been learning
study French since I was five.
Activity:
Translate into English using to teach or to learn, as appropriate:
1. El este profesorul care m-a nvat ce nseamn matematica.

2. Vreau s nv s fac programe pentru calculator.
3. Bunica m-a nvat s scriu.
4. Cnd obosesc s nv iau o pauz.
5. A vrea s nv de la tine tot ce tii!
6. Ai putea s m nvei s nstalez aceast imprimant?
7. Chiar dac a nva i ziua i noaptea nu a putea s iau nota 10.
8. Ei nu puteau nva pentru c vecinii fceau un zgomot ngrozitpr.
9. Refuz s te nv ceva dac nu eti cuminte!
10. nvam de 3 ore cnd a nceput s plou.
Answer to Activity:
1. He is the teacher who taught me what mathematics is.
Topic 5
Pay attention to the difference among:

To look -the action is deliberately and implies Look at this statue!
attention on the part of the person that is
looking
to look + an adjective= to appear He looks bad because he is
working too much!
To see - Stative use: the action is involuntary - Her grandmother sees
- Dynamic use: the action is voluntary; for without glasses.
eg. to meet - I am seeing my lawyer
tomorrow.
To watch - to watch something/somebody that is in I have been watching this
motion film for an hour.
To glance/ - to have a quick look She asked me to glance at
to have a her paper.
glance
To - to see somebody/something momentary, I glimpsed him as he
glimpse/ to imperfectly walked past me.
have a
glipmse
To gaze, - to look at somebody/something for a I feel uncomfortable here
To stare long time without moving your eyes because all these people
are gazing at my green
heat.
To peep - to look briefly generally through a hole She punished him because
she caught him peeping
through the keyhole.
Activity:
Translate into English:
1. Privete! Iar se ceart n legtur cu tipul de antivirus care va fi achiziionat.

2. Nu te mai holba la mine! Nu tii c nu-mi place s fiu privit cnd parchez maina?
3. Nu m-a nvat s schimb roata la main aa c evit s ies n afara oraului cu maina.
4. Voi nva s schimb cartuul la imprimant citind aceast carte.
5. M uit la acest calculator de ceva vreme i tot nu neleg de ce cost att.
6. M-a uita i eu la ei cnd joac baschet dar trebuie s introduc aceste date n calculator.
7. Dac te mai prind c te uii prin gaura cheii nu vei mai juca jocuri pe calculator o
sptmn.
8. Te rog mult, arunc o privire peste traduceri, a vrea s tiu ce prere ai despre ele.
9. Dei m-a nvat s folosesc acest program, nici acum nu m descurc foarte bine.
10. I-am vzut cu coada ochiului cnd au trecut pe sub fereastra mea.
Answer to Activity:
1. Look! They are arguing again about the type of antivirus which will be bought.
Topic 6
Pay attention to the various meanings of mood:
Meaning Example
= way you feel One can see that she is in a very good mood today!
= be in a mood I am in one of those moods and I cant pretend I enjoy seeing
them.
= be/feel in the I feel in the mood for shopping!
mood for
something
= be in no mood I was in no mood to solve exercises!
for something
= way a place or The rainy street sets the mood for the whole film.
event feels
= grammar tense The imperative is that mood that expresses a command.
Activity:
Turn the following sentences into English using the appropriate phrases below: in a good
mood; in a bad mood; in a foul mood; in a confident/optimistic mood; to put somebody in a
good/bad mood; mood swings; to lighten somebodys mood; reflect/capture somebodys
mood, to be in a mood for, to be moody.
1. E o persoan cu toane: ceea ce-i place azi s-ar putea s nu-i mai plac mine.
2. Are chef de o vacan n strintate! Ce zici de Paris?
3. Poeziile ei arat dispoziia pe care o avea la acea vrst.
4. L-a fcut s se prost-dispun spunndu-i despre tierea de salariu.
5. Este prost dispus pentru c i-a pierdut cheile de la main.
6. Aceste schimbri brute de dispoziie m-au fcut s o suspectez de depresie.
7. Este ncreztoare n legtur cu succesul noului album.
8. Este foarte bine-dispus n aceast diminea ntruct a aflat asear de prima pe care o va
primi de la eful ei.
9. M-a fcut s m bine-dispun povestindu-mi despre ce a fcut la petrecere. (2 variante)
10. Este foarte prost dispus pentru c habar nu are cum i va achita mprumutul la banc.
Answer to Activity:
1. She is moody: what she likes today she might not like tomorrow.
Abstract:
The present unit deals with presenting an application of AI, namely a baby-robot.At the same
time, it focuses on the following tricky words:
- to teach, to learn;
- to look, to see, to watch, to glance/to have a glance, to glimpse/to have a glimpse, to gaze,
to stare, to peep;
At the same time, it presents the various meanings of mood.
FINAL TESTS
1. Yotaro and Asimo are baby robots.
2. Yotaro moves its limbs when he is touched.
3. Yotaro has a rather small head.
4. Japan faces a demographic crisis.
5. Paro is a robot supermodel.
6. CB2 is Japans first child-robot.
7. Motoman has a body similar to that of a newborn.
8. The chid robots are meant to increase the peoples desire to become parents.
9. Yotaro looks perfectly normal.
10. Yotaros face is made up of a soft material.
Example: 1. Yotaro and Asimo are baby robots. (F)
rattle
a) bell; b) little finger; c) reel; d) toy.
cranky
a) sad; b) irritable; c) disturbed; d) scared.
fickle
a) nice; b) whining; c) inconstant; d) wailing.
fluffy
a) flossy; b) friendly; c) funny; d) frisky.
to deplete
a) to exploit; b) to enhance; c) to exhaust (a epuiza); d) to bleed.
Example:
rattle
a) bell; b) little finger; c) reel; d) toy.
III) Match the following words with the correct definitions:
robot permitting the passage of light;

to wiggle any of numerous carnivorous marine mammals (families Phocidae
and Otariidae) that live chiefly in cold regions and have limbs
modified into webbed flippers adapted primarily to swimming;
to tickle to motion with the hands or with something held in them in signal
or salute;
to cuddle the attribute of colours that permits them to be classed as red,
yellow, green, blue, or an intermediate between any contiguous
pair of these colours;
translucent a flat cake made of thin batter and cooked (as on a griddle) on
both sides;
silicon either of the nares with the adjoining passage on the same side of
the septum;
hue to make a sudden violent spasmodic audible expiration of breath
through the nose and mouth especially as a reflex act;
droplet a precipitous place;
nostril a machine that looks like a human being and performs various
complex acts (as walking or talking) of a human being;
seal to imitate closely;
toil the number of workers potentially assignable for any purpose;
to crawl something that can develop or become actual;
to wave a flexible covering for the head and neck;
hood to remove a veil or covering from;
to flip to touch (as a body part) lightly so as to excite the surface nerves
and cause uneasiness, laughter, or spasmodic movements;
pancake being past middle age;
to boast long strenuous fatiguing labor;
glimpse a tiny drop (as of a liquid);
to sneeze to puff oneself up in speech;
to unveil to hold close for warmth or comfort or in affection;
to mimic to cause to turn and especially to turn over;
potential to get a brief look at;
steep to move to and fro with quick jerky or shaking motions;
elderly to move slowly in a prone position without or as if without the use
of limbs;
workforce a tetravalent nonmetallic element that occurs combined as the
most abundant element next to oxygen in the earth's crust and is
used especially in ferrosilicon for steelmaking, in other alloys, and
in semiconductors.
Example:
Robot a machine that looks like a human being and performs various complex acts (as
walking or talking) of a human being;
Bibliography:

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Partea I



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Unitatea de nvare 1, 2, 3, 4:

NETWORK INTERCONNECTING DEVICES

Previous knowledge required:

List of necessary equipments:

NETWORK INTERCONNECTING DEVICES

lengths and traffic constraints .

- Merge existing networks. This allows connected networks to intercommunicate.

- Switches . These allow simultaneous communication between two or more nodes,

Networks connect to other networks through repeaters, bridges or routers. A repeater

Spanning tree architecture (STA) bridges

implemented as software on STA-compliant bridges. On power-up they automatically

Source route bridging

(known as hops ), up to a maximum of 16, to the destination router (a value of 16

delay (latency) , capacity, reliability and throughput .

each other (known as slow convergence ).

1. Is it convenient that all the nodes in a network share a common connection?

2. Give a synonym of to boost, to propagate, bridge.

3. Give an antonym of convergence, connection, compliant

4. Write down the words pronounced in the Audio File 1:

5. Write down the English words for:

4. a) multiport; b) distended; c) compliant; d) throughput;

5. a) router; b) widespread; c) to boost the power signal; d) to be based on several

6. Nowadays, there is a need for inner peace.

Phrasal verb to look

1. Nu ar trebui s-i dispreuiasc pe sraci.

1. He is looking daggers at his wife. He must be very upset on her.

I) Match the following words with the correct definitions:

II) Underline the right definition according to the text:

subnet, either, paths, following, to interconnect, router, packets, should, to transfer,

A router is a device that two or more computer networks, and selectively

Conceptually, a router operates in two operational (or sub-systems):

Alexander, L. G., Right Word, Wrong Word, Longman, 1996.

Connection with the next unit:

n dorina de ridicare continu a standardelor desfurrii activitatilor dumneavoastra, va rugm s

a) Coninut / Metoda de predare

2. Ce aplicatii/proiecte din activitatea dumneavoastra dorii s imbunatatiti/modificai/implementai n

3. Ce subiecte considerai c au lipsit din acesta unitate de invatare/modul?

6. Timpul alocat acestui modul a fost suficient?

Partea II. Impresii generale

1. Acest modul a ntrunit ateptrile dumneavoastr?

n totalitate n mare msur n mic msur Nu

3) Avei propuneri pentru alte unitati de invatare?

V mulumim pentru feedback-ul dumneavoastr!

WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?

Previous knowledge required:

List of necessary equipments:

WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?

that intelligent robots can completely relieve human being of repetitive or

an incredibly complicated computer: carrying out information processing on a grand

would become electronic brains with genuine intelligence.

In 1950, British mathematician Alan Turing1 devised a scenario involving a

boundaries of artificial intelligence. In 1990, American philanthropist Hugh

RooboCup would undoubtedly be incredible achievements, but not everyone is

These programs, pioneered in the 1970s, are an example of natural language

What Does It All Mean

(grammar) and semantics (meaning). The computer programs manipulate

Searles argument seriously undermines the validity of the Turing Test,

understand Chinese. The debate is still raging.

People who are described as intelligent may be skilful , knowledgeable , alert ,

learning judgement , remembering , emotion , intention , understanding

, common sense and consciousness . Computers can be programmed to learn

true, it may be an insurmountable challenge- it is hard to imagine a soul being

world of unconscious drives and dreams. Intelligent quotient (IQ) tests,

design is a promising approach to artificial intelligence.