ELECTRICALPOWERENGINEERING
Protection Techniques
Inelectricalpowersupplysystems,currentsandvoltages
areconstantlymeasuredandmonitoredtoensurethat
theyremainwithincertainlimits.
These values are needed in order to provide constant
informationonthestateofthesystem,tocalculatethe
amountofpowersuppliedtoacustomerandtoswitch
offrapidlyfaultysectionsofanetworkincaseofafault.
In general, the current and voltage values are so high
that they cannot be measured directly and special
transformershavetobeusedtoreducethesevaluesto
alevelwhichcanbemeasuredsafelyandeconomically.
In this laboratory single and threephase current and
voltagetransformersarestudied.
But,averyimportantsubjectmustalsobeconsidered,
the one related to the protection of electrical power
systems, in order to avoid that any fault could spread
through the network and result in a collapse of the
entirepowersupplysystem.Incasesofshortcircuit,for
instance, the very high fault currents produced can
destroy parts of the system and could often even
endangerthelivesofhumans.
For these reasons, special protection systems, which
must react quickly and reliably in the event of faults,
have been developed in the area of electrical power
distribution.
A fundamental task of a protective system is to
recognizethedamagedsystemcomponentand,where
possible,todisconnectonlythiscomponentsothatthe
remainingpowerdistributioncanbemaintained.
In this laboratory a number of protective relays are
analyzed:under/overvoltagetimerelays,definitetime
overcurrent relays, inverse time overcurrent relays,
earthfaultrelays,etc.).
Then, special attention is paid to the problem of high
voltagelineprotection,withdiscussionsonthecriteria
about the most suitable protective system to be used.
Experiments on overvoltage and undervoltage
monitoring, shortcircuit protection and earthfault
monitoringcompletetheanalysisofthisveryimportant
problem.
ProtectionofHVlineGTU103.3
demonstration of how an under/over voltage time relay
monitors the protection of a load against under and over
voltage
demonstration of the protection of a transmission line
connectedinasolidearthednetwork,whenthereisathree
phase,twophaseorsinglephaseshortcircuit
demonstrationofhowanearthfaultwarningrelaymonitors
the transmission line for an earth fault in a network with
isolatedneutralconnection
InstrumenttransformersGTU103.1
determination of the transformation ratio of a current transformer for
variousprimarycurrentsandinvestigationontheinfluenceoftheloadon
thetransformationratio
explanationoftheterms:ratioerror(currenterror),accuracyclassand
ratedaccuracylimitfactor
testontheperformanceofthecurrenttransformeratovercurrent
assemblyofthecommoncurrenttransformercircuitformeasurement
onthreephasenetwork
measurement of the zerophase sequence current of a threephase
system
measurementsonasummationcurrenttransformer
demonstrationoftheprincipleofdifferentialprotection
determinationofthetransformationratioofavoltagetransformerfor
variousprimaryvoltagesandinvestigationontheinfluenceoftheload
onthetransformationratio
explanationoftheterms:ratioerror(voltageerror)andaccuracyclass
assemblyofthecommonvoltagetransformercircuitformeasurements
inthreephasenetwork
measurement of the residual voltage in a threephase system with a
faulttoground
assemblyofavoltagetransformercircuitinopendeltaconnection
measurement of the three conductor voltages on symmetrical and
asymmetricalloads
ProtectiverelaysGTU103.2
connection of an under/over voltage relay in a threephase net work
and investigation on its behaviour with respect to under and over
voltages
determinationoftheresettingratioofanunder/overvoltagerelay
measurementoftheoperatingtimeofanunder/overvoltagerelay
connection of a definite time overcurrent relay in a threephase
network and investigation on its behaviour with respect to different
settings
determinationoftheresettingratioofadefinitetimeovercurrentrelay
measurementoftheoperatingtimeofadefinitetimeovercurrentrelay
connection of an inverse time overcurrent relay in a threephase
network and investigation on its behaviour with respect to different
settings
measurement of the operating time of an inverse time overcurrent
relay
investigationonanearthfaultrelay
checkoftheoperatetimeset
demonstrationofanearthfaultalarminathreephasenetwork
reactiontosocalledtransientearthfaults
investigation on a directional earthfault relay behaviour for effective
currentsandonthedirectionofoperation
investigation on a combined overcurrent and earthfault relay
behaviourconnectedinasolidearthedthreephasenetwork
demonstrationofhowtheexternalblockinginputworks
 ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING
Finally, special attention is given to the issue of Transmission protection - GTU103B
protection of the generation (GTU 103A), of the Overcurrent protection
transmission (GTU 103B) and of transformers (GTU Unbalanced load protection
103C). Directional power protection
Distance protection
Differential protection
Generation protection - GTU103A
Overcurrent protection
Earth fault protection Transformer protection - GTU103C
Unbalanced protection Overcurrent protection
Over voltage/under voltage protection Unbalanced load protection
Frequency protection Directional power protection
Differential protection Differential protection

GTU103.1 GTU103.2 GTU103.3 GTU103A GTU103B GTU103C TOTAL

Variable three-phase power supply DL 1013T1 1 1 1

Variable DC power supply DL 1013T2 1 1
Line model DL 7901TT 1 2 2
Three-phase transformer DL 1080TT 1 1 1 1 1
Resistive load DL 1017R 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Inductive load DL 1017L 1 1
DC motor DL 1023PS 1 1
Three-phase synchronous machine DL 1026A 1 1
Base DL 1013A 1 1
Electronic tachometer DL 2025DT 1 1
Experiment transformer DL 1055TT 1 1
Three-phase power supply DL 2108TAL-SW 1 1 1 1 1 1
Variable DC power supply DL 2108T01 1 1
Power circuit breaker DL 2108T02 1 1 1 2 1 2
CT load DL 2108T10 1 1
VT load DL 2108T11 1 1
Under/over-voltage time relay DL 2108T12 1 1 1
Inverse time over-current relay DL 2108T13 1 1
Definite time over-current relay DL 2108T14 1 1 1
Combined over-current & earth fault relay DL 2108T15 1 1
Single-phase directional relay DL 2108T16 1 1
L/C loads DL 2108T17 1 1
Three-phase over/under voltage relay DL 2108T18 1 1
Differential transformer relay DL 2108T21 1 1
Distance protection relay DL 2108T22 1 1
Feeder manager relay DL 2108T23 1 1 1 1
Generator differential relay DL 2108T24 1 1 1
Moving coil ammeter (100-500-1000mA) DL 2109T1A 4 2 4
Moving coil ammeter (1.25-2.5A) DL 2109T2A5 1 1 1 1
Moving iron ammeter (5A) DL 2109T5A 2 2
Moving iron voltmeter (125-250-500V ) DL 2109T3PV 4 1 1 2 4
Double voltmeter DL 2109T17/2 1 1
Single-phase current transformer DL 2109T21 1 1
Three-phase current transformer DL 2109T22 1 2 2 2 2
Single-phase voltage transformer DL 2109T23 1 1
Three-phase voltage transformer DL 2109T24 1 1 1 1 1
Summation current transformer DL 2109T25 1 1
Acoustic continuity tester DL BUZ 1 1 1
Electronic stopclock DL CRON 1 1
Connecting leads DL 1155GTU 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Table DL 1001-1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Frame DL 2100-3M 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Accessory: Storage cabinet DL 2100TA 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

For Countries with 3-phase mains different

from 380V :
Three-phase transformer DL 2100TT 1 1 1 1 1 1 1