CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

I.I Background of Study

Language can be described as a means of communication that is acquired

by humans to converse with one another. It is human nature to communicate

between ourselves in order to get information across. The desire to interact

with another person through vocal and body language exists in our daily lives. It

is done by using vocal sounds, gesture or writing. The words that we use in our

sentences are crucial and must be thought out sequentially to get its precise

meaning. People wonder how the power of language is expressed in the roles

of leadership. Language can be used to make power itself be powerful through

the words that one utters. These words, if formulated in a certain positive way,

can attract the intended audience and lead them. Usually these words are

grouped into speeches. A leader must have a reason or goal to bring people

together. The leader's words must be gratifyingly enrapturing to draw and

engage the audience. A leader can lead well if he or she can speak well. And

this must be followed by strong language skills and effective presentation.

There are various methods of successfully getting the point through to the

audience such as thinking about the words before saying it, adjusting the

speech according to the demographic present, using time and effective media

so the information is successfully absorbed, keeping the audience engaged at

all times by giving them opportunity to ask questions and by staying polite and

appropriate throughout the speech to keep the audience from being offended.

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 Leadership is about communication. The words people use can perhaps

make the difference between effective and ineffective leadership. Good leaders

know how to motivate and inspire; bad leaders excel at criticism and negativity.

Words that can be absorbed positively by subordinates or audience include;

encourage, inspired, jubilant, forgive, sorry, rigor, engaged, excited, success,

care, focused, and many more. If we were to take one word for example, 'thank

you', this itself has a powerful meaning. This word is very underestimated. It

does not emit weakness upon the leader, instead, a 'thank you' displays

evidence of a leader appreciating a subordinate's effort and that the leader is

grateful for the cooperation. In other words; if a person want to be treated fairly

and with respect, then pay it forward by saying 'thank you' to the subordinates,

this can motivate them in a huge way. Leaders imagine an exciting, attractive

future, and have personal belief in those dreams and their abilities to make

extraordinary things happen. Their clear vision or dream of the future pulls

them forward. They are also able to inspire their followers and bring them with

them. They do this by knowing their people, speaking their language, and

having an intimate knowledge of their people's dreams, aspirations and values.

Leadership is created, not trained. Because all of us have influence, we are all

leaders. The difference between leaders with average influence and those who

catalyze transformational results around them is that transformational leaders

learn how to connect with their listeners, and inspire them internally, rather than

relying on positions, titles, or external control.

Nowadays, people can communicate with each other through language not

only by speaking face to face, but also by communicating through media, such

as phone, letter, book, song, and movie. By making a song, book or movie,
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people can communicate to others to transfer their idea or to share what their

feeling without moving one single step. Media helps people to communicate

easier. The 21st century has seen technological revolution, and the explosion

of social media, online video, mobile computing and other innovations mean

many of us are assailed with more information than ever - and have shorter

attention spans. That means we all need to work harder to engage our

audience with stimulating and varied content.

Leadership can be difficult, time-consuming, uncomfortable and lonely.

Regardless of their position, people need to choose to lead - to take actions to

make a difference. Movies can be powerful allies in inspiring people to make

that choice. They resonate because, as stories, they engage people at an

emotional level rather a rational one. They can demonstrate great leadership

behaviour, act as a focal point for discussion and help leaders get excited about

how they can improve their leadership. Movies can help with that, by inspiring

viewers and helping great leadership practice come alive. Emotionally involving

the viewers, connecting them more deeply to the message. When people are

emotionally involved, they are far more likely to be engaged. Movies provide a

source of visual case studies, which can often be difficult to find in real life.

Stimulating viewers into thinking about how they would have approached

different situations, or how the characters themselves could have handled their

situations better.

By making a movie, people can demonstrate the qualities of some of

history's most famous leadership role models, such as; Nelson Mandela,

Mahatma Gandhi, John F. Kennedy and others. Modelling complex leadership

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ideas through movies is particularly effective for people with a more visual

learning preference.

The relationship between the power of language and leadership

encouraged the writer to analyze how language can influence people to be a

leader. Leadership and effective communication techniques are able to draw in

and convince the population. As mentioned above, different leaders have

different ways of guiding their men. By using words like encourage, inspired,

need, can give a positive outcome, while words like sword, fire, blood, can

result reciprocally. However, not only does leadership appear in real life, it can

also be found in media. Media such as movies, advertisements, internet, etc,

shows a more implicit way of portraying leadership, and each person in the

audience would have a different interpretation of what message has been

crossed. The writer wants to analyze the communication techniques and

leadership styles that will be found and also to explore the functions of each

techniques and style through the words or speeches made by the characters

act as a leaders in the the third sequel movie of the Lord of The Rings: 'The

Return of the King', a story about Gandalf and Aragorn lead the World of Men

against Sauron's army to draw his gaze from Frodo and Sam as they approach

Mount Doom with the One Ring. The Return Of The King was the last sequel of

world phenomenon movie. The final confrontation between the forces of good

and evil fighting for control of the future of Middle-Earth.

I.2 The Problem of Study

The problem of this study are formulated as follows:

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1. What are the communication techniques used by the leader characters in

The Lord of The Rings Trilogy: The Return of The King movie?
2. What are the styles of leadership, resulted from the communication

techniques, demonstrated by the leader characters in The Lord of The Rings

Trilogy: The Return of The King movie?

3. How is the most dominant communication technique used by the leader

characters affects The Lord of The Rings Trilogy: The Return of The King

movie?

I.3 The Objectives of Study

The objectives of this study are formulated as follows:
1. To state the communication techniques utilized by the leader characters in

The Lord of The Rings Trilogy: The Return of The King movie.
2. To establish the styles of leadership, resulted from the communication

techniques, demonstrated by the leader characters in The Lord of The Rings

Trilogy: The Return of The King movie.

3. To describe and clarify how the most dominant communication technique

used by the leader characters affects The Lord of The Rings Trilogy: The

Return of The King movie.

I.4 The Scope of Study

This study is limited only to characters that act as leaders in this movie.

Only these five characters show leadership through their words and speeches

that will be analyzed by the writer.

I.5 The Significance of Study

This study would be useful for:
1. To whom are interested about communication techniques and leadership

styles and how it differs from one leader to another.

2. To students who are interested in words or speeches that illuminate the

power of leadership.

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3. To audiences who are interested in the movie 'The Lord of the Rings; The

Return of The King'.

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 CHAPTER II

THEORY OF LITERATURE

I. Language

Language is a system of communication which consists of sounds, words.

grammar or the system of communication used by people in a particular

country or type of work, (Cambridge English Dictionary). Language can be

described as a means of communication that is acquired by humans to

converse with one another. It is human nature to communicate between

ourselves in order to get information across. Oxford Student's Dictionary (2002)

stated that the Latin word 'communicare', from which 'communicate' is derived,

means 'to tell or share'. Consequently, the communication process can be

portrayed as a process where the user can tell, share, transmit or transfer

information. Words make noise or sit on a page, for all to hear or see.

Thoughts are trapped inside the head of the thinker. To know what someone

else is thinking or to talk to each other about the nature of thinking, or about

anything else, for that matter, we have to use words (Pinker, 1994:67). In order

to communicate, people use language. But when language is uttered by a

person, language can have multi-dimensional aspect for other people to

understand the meaning. In accordance to Kretzmann (1980), communication

is a process by means of which 'something that is in my head gets into your

head'. By implication, the process requires at least a sender (the person who

initiates communication), a receiver (the person with whom communication is

taking place), a message (that whhich is being communicated), a code (the

way in which the messages is structured), and a channel (the means/route by

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which the message is conveyed). The sender encodes the message, and

sends it via a communication channel to the receiver who decodes it and gives

feedback to the sender, using the same code and channel. Breakdowns in

communication occurs because there is a problem caused by any of these -

the sender, receiver, code, channel or medium. Culture, language, gender

and/or age could, for example, could create barriers between the sender and

receiver, while friction, damage, distance, etc. could create barriers in the

channel. The spoken word belongs half to those who speak, and half to those

who hear (French proverb). It means to transfer the idea or share the feeling,

people need to master the language. According to Pinker (1994:17), language

is as natural to human beings as spinning a web is to spiders. Not only do

language knowledge and skills develop spontaneously but people also use

language without thinking consciously about its underlying grammar and

vocabulary. This natural phenomenon is called acquiring language, it occurs

when we are very young and sustainably develops.

II. Leadership

Leadership is the art of influencing and directing meaning such a way to

obtain their willing obedience, confidence, respect, and loyal cooperation in

order to accomplish the mission (Field Manual: 22-100). Leadership is about

communication. The words that a leader uses can perhaps make the difference

between effective and ineffective leadership. Leaders are expected to have and

to communicate their visions, yet are not provided sufficient guidance on the

use of the linguistic resources to articulate those visions. The ability to use

language is especially important in communicating vision. Charteris - Black

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(2005) argued that the most important type of behaviour [through] which

leaders mobilize their followers is their linguistic performance. Leaders

imagine an exciting, attractive future, and have personal beliefs in those

dreams and their abilities to make extraordinary things happen. Their clear

vision or dream of the future pulls them forward. They are also able to inspire

their followers and bring them to them. They know this by knowing their people,

speaking their language, and having an intimate knowledge of their people's

dreams, aspirations and values. Leadership are created, not trained. John

Maxwell once said, "the only way that I can keep leading is to keep growing.

The day I stop growing, somebody else takes the leadership baton. That is the

way it always is". Focus on practice rather than entitlement as a leadership

concept. If you do not listen and practice new skills, youll lose your audience.

Musicians who do not practice lose their talent and grow stale. The essence of

practice for leaders and performing artists is the same: to constructively

provoke thought and evoke emotion in their audiences. A leader has to know a

few tricks to achieve intimacy of their followers. Not only communication

techniques, there are other ways to gain their attention, their confidence. Zelfis

(The Secret of Public Speaking: 45-64) created six ways to grasp and

enrapture your audience. These include; knowing your focus group, excite your

audience, have a sense of humour, have a warm personality, give compliments

to the audience and lastly, be the center of attention.

Leaders marked in history have used effective language in their speeches

in order to gain numerous following and thereby making impact on the state of

society. An example of this is Mahatma Gandhi. Known as the democratic

leader of the Indian Independence Movement, Gandhi made use of persuasive

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communication techniques in order to convince the Indian people to free

themselves from British rule through non-violent movements. Gandhi made

sure to keep his speeches simple, well thought-out and calm so that it will

appeal to most of India's population, coming from all walks of life. Some of the

techniques he used to deliver successful speeches include ethos, pathos and

figurative language. Ethos refers to establishing one's character and pathos

means to appeal to and evoke people's emotions. Even though Gandhi

considers himself a man of peace, several attempts to end his life have been

made by people who disagree with his political views. This shows that even

when leaders have good intentions and act through non-violence, there will

always be critics who will oppose their views. Every leader must know how to

solve problems or conflicts when it approaches them. It is their job to find

solutions to deal with their conflicts to facilitate the gaining of trust of their

people. Krogerus and Tschpeler (2008 or 2011: 36-37) created a modelThe

Conflict Resolution Model, where it stated that conflicts have to be dealt with in

order to prevent deadlock and recrimination and restore stability and

communication. They are as follows:

1. Flight

Escaping is the same as avoiding. The conflict is not dealt with, and the

situation remains the same. This is a lose-lose situation.

2. Fight

This approach is about conquering the opponent, and asserting one's own

position in the face of resistance from others. The result is a win-lose situation.

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3. Give up

Those who give up their own position in a conflict solve it by retreating, i.e.

they lose. The result is a lose-win situation.

4. Evade Responsibility

Those who feel overwhelmed by a conflict often delegate the decision - and

thus also the confrontation - to another authority, usually a higher one. There is

a risk that the parties on both sides of the conflict will lose (lose-lose situation).

5. Compromise

Depending on how it is perceived, a compromise is a solution acceptable to

both parties. It is often felt that although the solution isn't ideal, it is reasonable

in the circumstances (win-lose/win-lose).

6. Reach a Consensus

A consensus is based on a new solution that has been developed by both

parties, because nobody has to back down. Instead, both parties develop a

'third way' together.

Other examples of well-spoken leaders would be Nelson Mandela and

Martin Luther King. Both known as important and revered political figures of all

time, Mandela and King were no strangers to effective communication

techniques to conquer the crowd. The style most prevalent in Mandela's

speech is ethos, in which he gives his fellow South Africans a sense of hope,

pride and assurance. He concludes most speeches with plans for change, unity

and most of all, freedom. Mandela also uses the technique of repetition, his
11
favorite word being "need". This particular word in his speeches highlights

South Africa's current lack of familiarity with social and democratic

requirements. Similar to Mandela, Martin Luther King also uses repetition in

order to emphasize the pattern in his speeches. For example, in his most

famous speech "I have a dream", the stated phrase was repeated in eight

successive sentences to increase the rhetorical effect.

Although leadership and effective communication techniques are able to

draw in and convince the population, this does not always lead to positive

changes. A prime example of this is Adolf Hitler. Hitler managed to gain support

from a country of relatively non-violent people to exterminate the entire Jewish

race. According to Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, crowds often

demand "strength or even violence" from their leaders. Hitler fulfills this

psychological need by conveying a sense of strength and power through his

speeches. He achieved this through various methods such as yelling and

waving his arms violently when speaking to his audience. Some of the more

subtle ways that strength and power was portrayed was through the repetitive

use of trigger words such as "sword", "fire", and "blood". These trigger words

also helped him to keep the audience's attention and to engage them further.

A leader must be able to carry out three main roles namely; interpersonal

role, the role of information processing, as well as the role of decision-making

(Gordon, 1996: 314-315). Furthermore, Gordon explain that a leader should

have three specific ability which are analytical skills, flexibility skills and

communication skills. Analytical skills are the ability to assess the level of

experience and motivation of subordinates in carrying out the task. Flexibility or

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 adaptability skills are the ability to apply the most appropriate leadership style

based on the analysis of the situation. Communication skills are the ability to

explain to subordinates about changes in leadership style that we apply.

Every now and then, our own personalities and behaviours separate us

from others. And through our principles, we can be seen and respected as a

person who can lead. Covey (Principle-Centered Leadership: 33-39)

constructed eight characteristics of people who are principle-centered leaders.

1. They are Continually Learning

They read, they seek training, they take classes, they listen to others, they

learn through both their ears and their eyes. They are curious, always asking

questions. They continually expand their competence, their ability to do things.

They develop new skills, new interests.

2. They are Service-Oriented

Those striving to be principle-centered see life as a mission, not as a

career. Their nurturing sources have armed and prepared them for service. In

effect, every morning, they "yoke up" and put on the harness of service,

thinking of others.

3. They Radiate Positive Energy

Principle-centered people are cheerful, pleasant, happy. Their attitude is

optimistic, positive, upbeat. Their spirit is enthusiastic, hopeful, believing. They also

attract and magnify smaller positive energy fields.

4. They Believe in Other People

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 They believe in the unseen potential of all people. They feel grateful for their

blessings and feel naturally to compassionately forgive and forget the offenses of

others. They don't carry grudges. They refuse to label other people, to stereotype,

categorize, and prejudge.

5. They Lead Balanced Lives

[They] keep up with current affairs and events. They are active socially, having

many friends and a few confidants. They are active intellectually, having many

interests. They read, watch, observe, and learn. They have a lot of fun. They are

open in their communication, simple, direct, non-manipulative. They fully recognize

absolutes and courageously condemn the bad and champion the good. They don't

brood about yesterday or daydream about tomorrow. They live sensibly in the

present, carefully plan the future, and flexibly adapt to changing circumstances.

6. They See Life as an Adventure

Principle-centered people savor life. They are like courageous explorers going

on an expedition into uncharted territories; they are really not sure what is going to

happen, but they are confident it will be exciting and growth producing and that they

will discover new territory and make new contributions. Their security lies in their

initiative, resourcefulness, creativity, willpower, courage, stamina, and native

intelligence rather than safety, protection and abundance of their home camps, of

their comfort zones. They ask questions and get involved.

7. They are Synergistic

Synergy is the state in which the whole is more than the sum of the parts.

Principle-centered people are synergistic. They are change catalysts. They improve
14
almost any situation they get into. When principle-centered people negotiate and

communicate with others in seemingly adversarial situations, they learn to separate

the people from the problem. They focus on the other person's interests and

concerns rather than fight over positions.

8. They Exercise for Self-Renewal

They regularly exercise the four dimensions of the human personality:

physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual. They participate in some kind of balanced,

moderate, regular program of aerobic exercise, meaning cardiovascular exercise.

They exercise their minds through reading, creative problem-solving, writing, and

visualizing. Emotionally they make an effort to be patient, to listen to others with

genuine empathy, to show unconditional love, and to accept responsibiity for their

own lives and decisions and reactions. Spiritually they focus on prayer, scripture

study, meditation, and fasting.

In the business world, much attention is focused on leader

communicationhow such communication affects workplace outcomes, what

makes for better leader communication, and how to improve leader

communication. Chief among these aspects is the theorys contention that

leader communication must be congruent with leader behaviour (J. R.

Mayfield :1993). To be a leader, you have to be exceptional in both

communication and action. As a leader, it is necessary to be able to deliver

motivating language in order to inspire audiences and also be the first person

who takes action in order to make people follow. Hersey and Blanchard

(Language Style in Leadership: 1996) introduced communication techniques

formed into four ways on how to communicate to audience as a leader. These

15
styles are influenced by how a leader gives orders, and the other side is the

way they help their subordinates. The four techniques are directing, coaching,

supporting and delegating. therefore

1. Directing Technique

This style is appropriate if the leader is faced with the tricky task and the

staff that does not yet have the experience and the motivation to do the work.

Or if the leader is under pressure settling time. We explain what to do and

what not to do. In such a situation, there is usually over-communicating

(redundant explanation which can cause confusion and waste of time). In the

process of decision-making, the leader gives rules and process details to

subordinates. Implementation in the field must adjust to detail that has been

done.

2. Coaching Technique

Leaders not only provide details of the processes and rules to

subordinates but also explain why a decision was made, supporting the

development process, and also receive feedback from subordinates. This is the

right style when the leader has more staff motivated and experienced in the

face of a task. In here, the leader needs to give the subordinates the

opportunity to understand more about the work, by taking time to build

relationships and good communication with them.

3. Supporting Technique

A style where leaders facilitate and helping subordinates in performing

the task. In this case, the leader does not provide direction in detail, but the
16
responsibility and decision-making process are shared with subordinates. This

style will be successful if employees have to know the techniques - techniques

that are required and have developed a closer relationship with the leader. In

this case, the leader spend time to talk - to involve the subordinates more in

decision making about work, and listen to their advice on improving

performance.

4. Delegating Technique

A style in which a leader delegates all of the powers and responsibilities to

subordinates. Delegating style will work well if the staff fully understands and

has efficient performance of the work, so that the leader can take them to

perform tasks or the work of the capabilities and own initiative.

However, these four forces have its weaknesses and strengths, as well

as highly dependent on the environment in which a leader is, and also the

readiness of subordinates. This is what is known as "situational leadership".

Situational leadership indicates how a leader should adjust the state of people -

the people he leads.

In this millennium era, there are hundreds of studies of leadership styles,

Goleman (Leadership That Gets Results: 2000) stated that there are six

leadership style; Pace-setting leader, Authoritative leader , Affiliative leader,

Coaching leader, Coercive leader and Democratic leader. Each of these styles

have strengths and weaknesses, it means if a leader is to apply the six

leadership style of Golemans, he/she must depend on situation and problem.

1. The Pace-setting Leader

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 A pace-setting leader expects and models excellence and self-direction. If

this style were summed up in one phrase, it would be "Do as I do, now." The

pacesetting style works best when the team is already motivated and skilled,

and the leader needs quick results. Used extensively, however, this style can

overwhelm team members and squash innovation.

2. The Authoritative Leader

An authoritative leader mobilizes the team towards a common vision and

focus on end goals, leaving the means up to each individual. If this style were

summed up in one phrase, it would be "Come with me." The authoritative style

works best when the team needs a new vision if circumstances have changed,

or when explicit guidance is not required. Authoritative leaders inspire an

entrepreneurial spirit and vibrant enthusiasm for the mission. It is not the best fit

when the leader is working with a team of experts who know more than him or

her.

3. The Affliative Leader

An affiliative leader works to create emotional bonds that bring a feeling

of bonding and belonging to the organization. If this style were summed up in

one phrase, it would be "People come first." The affiliative style works best in

times of stress, when teammates need to heal from trauma, or when the team

needs to rebuild trust. This style should not be used exclusively, because a sole

reliance on praise and nurturing can foster mediocre performance and a lack of

direction.

4. The Coaching Leader

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 A coaching leader develops people for the future. If this style were

summed up in one phrase, it would be "Try this." The coaching style works best

when the leader wants to help teammates build lasting personal strengths that

make them more successful overall. It is least effective when teammates are

defiant and unwilling to change or learn, or if the leader lacks proficiency.

5. The Coercive Leader

A coercive leader demands immediate compliance. If this style were

summed up in one phrase, it would be "Do what I tell you." The coercive style is

most effective in times of crisis, such as in a company turnaround or a takeover

attempt, or during an actual emergency like a tornado or a fire. This style can

also help a teammate when everything else has failed. However, it should be

avoided in most cases because it can alienate people and stifle flexibility and

inventiveness.

6. The Democratic Leader

A democratic leader builds consensus through participation. If this style

were summed up in one phrase, it would be "What do you think?" The

democratic style is most effective when the leader needs the team to buy into

or have ownership of a decision, plan, or goal, or if he or she is uncertain and

needs fresh ideas from qualified teammates. It is not the best choice in an

emergency situation, when time is of the essence for another reason or when

teammates are not informed enough to offer sufficient guidance to the leader.

III. The Effect of Language in Leadership.

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 Leadership is about communication. The use of language have strong

effects on leadership. How a leader could say the simplest thing and makes

multiple interpretation by their audiences depend on the way they say it.

Similarly, artful leaders come out from behind their job titles and executive

desks to find out whether their audience heard what they intended to say.

Concert pianists must both tune and tone their instruments. Leaders also must

learn to tune and tone their voices and to anticipate and then gauge the impact

of their voices on others. Leaders can dramatically increase their ability to

influence others by aligning what they have to say with their tone of voice and

their actions. For instance, its hard to inspire people to be excited about an

initiative if the leader sounds bored by it. Remember, the audience not only

hear the leaders tune (what he/she saying) but feel the leaders tone (how

he/she says it). Ensure that the leader align the appropriate level of emotional

engagement with the leaders messages and actions. Listen with intention

rather than hear with filters. Listening is an art that requires attentiveness,

openness to new perspectives, and the ability to draw connections among

incongruent elements. Rather than assuming that they understand people,

leaders should learn to question their understanding and actively seek the help

of those who are speaking to make sure that was is being said is being

accurately heard. This must be done in a sensitive way that makes it clear the

leader are learning about and not criticizing what others think. Listening with

intention increases the capacity for emotional intelligence. It engages both the

intellectual and the emotional components of a person and integrates the heart,

head, and soul of leadership.

D. Movie.
20
 However, not only does leadership appear in real life, it can also be found in
media. In medias such as movies, advertisements, internet, etc, shows a more
implicit way of portraying leadership, and each person in the audience would have
a different interpretation of what message has been crossed. For example, in the
third installment of the Lord of The Rings trilogy, 'The Return of The King', there
are five leaders that have their own techniques of leading their men. But
leadership is not only just about the style or technique, it is largely influenced by
the words that we articulate to the people. As mentioned above, different leaders
have different ways of guiding their men. By using words like encourage, inspired,
need, can give a positive outcome, while words like sword, fire, blood, can result
reciprocally.

Movies have been used as educational tools for many years. The principles
of leadership and character development can be brought to life very effectively
through the use of films. Movies are a very appealing way to connect the
student with course material and enrich the learning experience beyond text-
based reading assignments. A well-written and well-acted movie can grip a
student's attention and provide an ideal focal point for discussion. Billsberry
and Edwards (2008) note an explosion of interest in using cinema to
examine management and leadership behaviour because film vividly and
captivatingly brings leadership to life. They speak of the richness and complexity
of the portrayal of leadership that would be difficult to replicate in other
mediums. By providing a common experience that extends beyond the
textbook readings and cases, films are likely to motivate and spark the interest
of students while providing an excellent avenue for interaction among them.
Miller (2009) contends that media such as movies can markedly augment
learning content by way of generating vivid and complex mental imagery. He
asserts that movies help students acquire the mental imagery essential
for conceptual understanding by stimulating learning at both the cognitive and
affective (emotional) levels. This is especially crucial for an online course on
leadership that deals with complex behavior. In such a course, seeing is
believing: when concepts are seen enacted on the screen and manifested in
the context of an unfolding narrative, they will likely become much more
meaningful to students.

Movies can also enhance learner comprehension by employing blends or mixes

of sights and sounds that appeal to variable learning styles and preferences
(Miller, 2009). Within the leadership domain, movies can present a real-time,
multidimensional portrayal of leadership, and show how complex and
challenging leadership is or can be by depicting the leader succeeding as well
as stumbling. Miller suggests the most important function in terms of cognitive
learning is for the film to supply representational applications for key course
ideas. This is a crucial factor in a course on leadership. In particular, the right
movies (such as Twelve O'Clock High, which will be discussed in more detail
later in this paper) can bring to life theories such as Kouzes and Posner's
(2007) five practices of exemplary leadership, Fiedler's (1967) Contingency

21
Theory of Leadership, and Blake and Mouton's (1964) Leadership Grid, among
others.

1. Movie Script

E. The Lord of The Rings: The Return of The King

1. Short Summary of The Lord of The Rings: The Return of The King

22
 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

A. Research Method

To carry out this research, the writer will use descriptive qualitative research in

order to find out the communication techniques and leadership styles in The Lord of

The Rings: The Return of The King movie. Descriptive research entails collecting

the data from books, other media needed to be able to answer the questions with

reference to the subject of the study.

B. The Source of Data

The source of data will be taken from The Lord of The Rings Trilogy: The

Return of The King movie. The data is obtained from the communication

techniques and leadership styles that were expressed and articulated by the

conversations of the characters. The conversations will be collected from the

movie script of The Lord of The Rings: The Return of The King movie.

C. The Technique of Collecting Data

(research documentary technique) To collect data for this research, documentary

technique is applied.

D. The Technique of Analyzing Data

The data collected will be analyzed by the following procedures:

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1. Identify the communication techniques and leadership styles in The Lord of

The Rings Trilogy: The Return of The King movie.

2. Classifying the communication techniques and leadership styles in The Lord

of The Rings Trilogy: The Return of The King movie.

3. Counting out the percentage of the data by using the percentage formula:

X = F/N X 100%, in which:

X = the percentage of the procured items

F = frequency

N = the total number of communication techniques

4. Finding out the most dominant communication technique used by the leader

characters in The Lord of The Rings Trilogy: The Return of The King movie

5. Describe and clarify how the most dominant communication technique used

by the leader characters in The Lord of The Rings Trilogy: The Return of

The King movie, illustrate positive or negative effects on the audience.

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 CHAPTER IV

THE DATA AND DATA ANALYSIS

A. The Data

B. Data Analysis

C. Research Findings

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 CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

A. Conclusion

B. Suggestions

1. d

2. d

3. d

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REFERENCES

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