Biology 1 Study Guide for Final

Chapter 1 Exploring Life

Be able to recognize different structural levels in biology, and classify them in regard
to their complexity.
o Example from class: The organization of the different structural levels of the
human heart
Be able to distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
o Prokaryotic lack nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles
o Eukaryotic have a nucleus and many membrane-enclosed organelles
Be able to distinguish between qualitative and quantitative data
o Qualitative descriptions (Discovery science)
o Quantitative numerical measurements (Hypothesis-based science)
Be able to distinguish between inductive and deductive reasoning
o Inductive make a general description after observing a specific occurrence
o Deductive make a specific prediction after observing a general occurrence
Be able to distinguish between a hypothesis and a theory
o Theory much broader than hypothesis; many hypotheses can be formed
from one theory

Chapter 2 The Chemical Context of Life

Know the four elements that make up 96% of living matter

Know the difference between atomic number and mass number
Be able to distinguish between nonpolar covalent, polar covalent and ionic bonds
Be able to describe the following weak chemical interactions: a hydrogen bond,
a Van der Waals interaction
Be able to explain WHY weak interactions are very important in biology

Chapter 3 Water and the Fitness of the Environment

Be able to distinguish between a solute, a solvent, and a solution

Be able to recognize a hydrophobic substance
Be able to recognize a hydrophilic substance
Know what amphipathic means
Be able to define pH and know why a low pH means a high H+ concentration
Be able to describe what a buffer is, and explain how it works

1
Biology 1 Study Guide for Final

Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

Be able to recognize the following functional groups

o Hydroxyl
o Carbonyl
o Carboxyl
o Amino
o Sulfhydryl
o phosphate

Chapter 5 The Structure and Function of Macromolecules

Know the four major classes of macromolecules

Know which of these four classes are able to form polymers, and which exist only
as monomers
Be able to explain the reactions that are responsible for making and breaking
polymers (making = condensation; breaking = hydrolysis)
Know the functions of carbohydrates
Know the functions of lipids (compact energy storage as fat, building blocks of
cell membranes, hormones/steroids)
Be able to explain how phospholipids can form a lipid bilayer (aka biological
membrane)
Know the functions of proteins (carry out cellular processes, build biological
structures)
Be able to draw/show/explain how a peptide bond forms between two amino acids
Know what primary protein structure is
Know the three major components of a nucleotide

Chapter 6 A Tour of the Cell

Know what the nucleolus produces

Know the function of a ribosome
Be able to list the components of the endomembrane system
Know the function of the Golgi apparatus
Know the function of the lysosome
Know the function of the mitochondrion

2
Biology 1 Study Guide for Final

Chapter 7 Membrane Structure and Function

Know the functions (6 total) of membrane proteins

Know the function of membrane carbohydrates (cell-cell recognition)
Be able to explain where the plasma membrane originates from, starting at the ER
Be able to define diffusion, and explain how it is different from facilitated
diffusion
Be able to define osmosis
Be able to distinguish between hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic
Know the reason why active transport is required in some cases
Know the energy source for active transport
Be able to give an example of a active transporter protein
Be able to describe co-transport and give an example of a co-transporter protein
Be able to name the processes that allow large molecules to get into and out of the
cell

Chapter 8 Introduction to Metabolism

Metabolism = ____________ + ____________

Be able to identify exergonic and endergonic chemical reactions by looking at the
Change in Free Energy value, G.
List the three main kinds of cellular work
Explain how ATP transfers energy (phosphorylation)
Be able to define substrate
Be able to define active site
Identify how enzymes work

Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration

Describe the role that NAD+ plays in cellular respiration.

Describe the role that the electron transport chain plays in cellular respiration
Know the 3 steps of cellular respiration
Know WHERE in the cell each step of cellular respiration occurs
Be able to name the final product of glycolysis.

3
Biology 1 Study Guide for Final

Chapter 10 Photosynthesis

Know the overall chemical reaction for photosynthesis

o On the reactant side, which reactant gets oxidized? Which gets reduced?
o Remember: the electrons being transferred in a redox reaction are
associated with a hydrogen transfer of H = transfer of electron
Know what an absorption spectrum is what regions (colors) does chlorophyll a
absorb the most?
Know what an action spectrum is
Be able to identify the three main pigments that are used in photosynthesis and
their role
What is the purpose of transferring electrons in the photosystem?
Be able to explain the purpose of the Calvin cycle
Be able to describe the 3 stages of the Calvin cycle
o Carbon fixation
o Reduction
o Regeneration

Chapter 11 Cell Communication

Be able to give the basic definition of a signal-transduction pathway

Give some examples of local signaling
Give an example of long distance signaling
Know the 3 stages of Cell Signaling: Reception, Transduction, Response
Be able to describe what happens in Reception
Where are the receptor proteins for hydrophobic signal molecules, like steroids?
(In the cell membrane, or inside the cell?) Why?
Be able to describe what happens in Transduction
Explain how proteins in the transduction pathway get activated what role does
phosphorylation play?
Be able to describe what happens in Response

Chapter 35 Plant Structure

Name the 3 main organs of plants

Explain the purpose of roots
Describe the basic anatomy of a stem
Describe the basic anatomy of a leaf
Name the 3 main tissues in plants
o Dermal tissue
o Vascular tissue

4
Biology 1 Study Guide for Final

o Ground tissue
Describe what a meristem is
Chapter 36 Transport in Plants

Explain what cotransport across membranes is

Define osmosis
Define water potential
Define solute potential and pressure potential, and explain how they affect the
water potential
Water moves from regions of ______ water potential to regions of _______ water
potential
Explain what happens during transpiration
Explain why we can say that the movement of xylem sap upward is solar
powered
Describe the phloem sap and how it travels through the plant
Define sieve-tube member cell
Explain how sucrose is transported across the cell membrane of the sieve-tube
member

Chapter 37 Plant Nutrition

Define essential element

Define macronutrient
Define micronutrient
Describe the symbiosis between legume plants and nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and
describe how they physically interact
o Nodules
o Bacterioids

Chapter 39 Plant Responses

List the 3 Stages of Signal transduction

List the 2 major mechanisms of response
Define hormone
List the 3 processes hormones affect

5
Biology 1 Study Guide for Final

Chapter 40 Animal Form and Function

List the 4 Main Types of tissue and describe the general form and function of each
Define homeostasis
Describe the 2 facets of homeostasis
Describe the 3 parts of a homeostatic control system
Define thermoregulation
List the 5 adaptations animals use to balance heat loss/gain
o Name of the system that is responsible for insulation?
o Difference between vasodilation and vasoconstriction
o Whats a countercurrent heat exchanger?
o Why do we sweat?
o List some behavioral responses to heat loss/gain
o Why do we shiver?
What does the hypothalamus do in our homeostatic control system?

Chapter 41 Animal Nutrition

Name 4 essential nutrients (Why are they essential?)

Name 4 fat-soluble vitamins why do we need to be worried about taking in too
much of these? Why dont we worry about taking in too much of water-soluble
vitamins?
List the 4 stages of food processing
Name the tube that starts at the mouth and ends at the anus in complex animals
Name 4 accessory glands/organs that secrete digestive juices into our digestive
system
Describe the main function of the small intestine
Explain the main function of the large intestine What is the purpose of the E.
coli that lives in our large intestine?

6
Biology 1 Study Guide for Final

Chapter 42 (Part 1) Circulatory System

Explain the difference between an open circulatory system and a closed

circulatory system
Describe the function of the 3 types of blood vessels
Describe the mammalian heart
Explain the pathway of that the blood takes through the heart, to the body
parts/lungs and back again
o Name important veins/arteries
o Which side of the heart receives oxygen-rich blood
o Which side of the heart receives oxygen-poor blood
Where is the atrioventricular valve located? (between____ and ____)
Where is the semilunar valve located? (between ____ and ____)
Compare and contrast the physical properties of the walls of arteries and veins
Role of hydrostatic pressure on arteriole end
Types of blood cells found in blood

Chapter 42 (Part 2) Gas Exchange

Describe the respiratory surface that fish have (gills) what is countercurrent
exchange?
Explain the pathway of air in the mammalian respiratory system, starting at the
nostrils and ending at the alveoli
How do mammals breathe? What is negative pressure breathing?
Name the 2 areas of the human brain responsible for controlling our breathing
what specific change in the blood do these parts of the brain sense?
Gas diffuses from a ______ partial pressure to a _______ partial pressure
Explain how the partial pressure of oxygen and the pH of the blood affect this
cooperative binding/release of oxygen
Explain how CO2 is transported through the blood some of it binds to
hemoglobin, while most of the remainder combines with water to form _______.

7
Biology 1 Study Guide for Final

Chapter 43 Immune System

Describe the differences between the receptor proteins of the 2 types of

lymphocytes
What is an MHC molecule?
o Name the 2 classes of MHCs
o Name the types of cells that recognize each specific MHC
Describe the difference between the primary and secondary immune
responses
Describe the difference between humoral and cell-mediated immunity
o What type of lymphocytes are involved in each, and what actions to they
perform?
Describe the differences between active and passive immunity
Name the 3 different antigens that can be on the surface of your red blood cells
o Which blood type does not have antigens on its cell surfaces?
o Which blood type does not have antibodies for any of the blood antigens?