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Research Article
Pleurotus eryngii Ameliorates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced
Lung Inflammation in Mice
Received 2 December 2013; Revised 17 February 2014; Accepted 4 March 2014; Published 1 April 2014
Copyright 2014 Junya Kawai et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Pleurotus eryngii (P. eryngii) is consumed as a fresh cultivated mushroom worldwide and demonstrated to have multiple beneficial
effects. We investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of P. eryngii in mice with acute lung injury (ALI). Intranasal instillation of
lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (10 g/site/mouse) induced marked lung inflammation (increase in the number of inflammatory cells,
protein leakage, and production of nitric oxide in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid) as well as histopathological damage in the lung,
6 h after treatment. Mice administered heat-treated P. eryngii (0.31 g/kg, p.o. (HTPE)) 1 h before LPS challenge showed decreased
pulmonary inflammation and ameliorated histopathological damage. These results suggest that HTPE has anti-inflammatory effects
against ALI. Thus, P. eryngii itself may also have anti-inflammatory effects and could be a beneficial food for the prevention of ALI
induced by bacterial infection.
2.4. LPS-Induced ALI Model in Mice. BALB/c mice were 2.9. Statistical Analyses. Data are presented as the mean
challenged with intranasal instillation (i.n.) of LPS (10 g in standard error of the mean (SEM). Statistical significance
50 L PBS per mouse) to induce lung inflammation. Control between groups was assessed using one-way analysis of
mice were given PBS (i.n.) without LPS. After 6 h, collection variance and post hoc Holm-Sidak multiple comparisons. <
of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was carried out 0.05 was considered significant. Statistical analyses were done
following the method of Chu et al. under anesthesia (sodium using Sigmaplot v11 (Systat Software, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 3
Figure 2: Effect of HTPE on the total number of cells in the BALF of LPS-induced ALI mice. Mice were administered, via the oral and
intraperitoneal routes, HTPE (0.11 g/kg) and dexamethasone (DEX: 5 mg/kg, positive control group), respectively, 1 h before intranasal
administration of LPS (10 g/site). Vehicle (VH: tap water, vehicle for HTPE) was also administered orally 1 h before intranasal administration
of LPS (LPS group) or saline (vehicle for LPS, negative control group). BALF was collected 6 h after LPS challenge to measure the total number
of cells. Values are presented as the mean and SEM ( = 6 for VH or HTPE; = 4 for DEX). # < 0.05 versus negative control group (VH +
saline), < 0.05 versus LPS group (VH + LPS) (Holm-Sidak multiple comparisons).
of the alveolar walls in the lungs of LPS-induced ALI mice. with -(1,6) branching. Lentinan has been shown to sup-
These histopathological changes were also prevented in mice press LPS-induced secretion of NO and tumor necrosis
given HTPE and dexamethasone. These results suggest that factor- from RAW264.7 macrophages [25]. Thus, -(1,3)-
HTPE improves the lung injury induced by LPS in mice (1,6)-glucans in HTPE may have important roles in anti-
through inhibition of the recruitment of inflammatory cells inflammatory actions and NO production in lungs treated
and overproduction of NO. with LPS. In the present study, nitrite concentration was
Mushrooms are low in calories, abundant in amino acids, correlated with total cell numbers in BALF ( = 0.716,
vitamins, and dietary fiber, and are popular foods worldwide. 0.001). However, the decrease in nitrite concentration
It has been reported that some edible mushrooms have a by HTPE was not completely correlated with the decrease
wide range of pharmaceutical properties, including anti- in total cell numbers. -Glucans inhibit LPS-induced NO
inflammatory and antioxidant activities [46, 1820]. production [25]. Thus, it is suggested that the decrease in
It is well known that P. eryngii contains mainly - nitrite concentration by HTPE is associated with the decrease
glucans, including -(1,3)-(1,6)-glucans [21, 22]. The P. eryn- in total cell numbers and inhibition of NO production by
gii (per 100 g of fresh fruiting body) used in the present HTPE in inflammatory cells. The P. eryngii (per 100 g of
study contained -glucan (1.9 g). Polysaccharides such as - fresh fruiting body) used in the present study also contained
glucans are known to be biologically active substances [23 ergosterol (45.5 mg) and vitamin D2 (1.9 g). The fungal
25]. -Glucans have been reported to possess immunomod- sterol ergosterol (known as provitamin D2) is abundant in
ulatory/immunostimulatory activities, and -glucans usu- mushrooms, as is its peroxide [30, 31]. Sterols suppress LPS-
ally have a -(1,3)-linked main chain and -(1,6)-linked induced inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 macrophages
branches [23, 24, 26, 27]. The frequency of branching varies, through inhibition of the transcriptional activity of NF-
and immunomodulatory/immunostimulatory activities are B and CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) as
dependent upon the structure of -glucans [28, 29]. It has well as phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases
been reported that -(1,6) branches could contribute to (MAPKs) [31]. Supplementation with vitamin D results in
the stimulatory activity of -glucans [28]. In the present reductions in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines such
study, we did not have information on the function and as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13 in the BALF of mice
structure of -glucans. However, P. eryngii contains - challenged with ovalbumin [32, 33]. Moreover, it has been
(1,3)-(1,6)-glucans [21, 22]. Lentinan is a -glucan from reported that P. eryngii has a significantly higher amount
the fruiting bodies of Lentinus edodes and a -(1,3)-glucan of total phenolic compounds and has a close relationship
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 5
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e) (f)
Figure 5: Effect of HTPE on histological changes in the lungs of LPS-induced ALI mice. Mice were administered, via the oral and
intraperitoneal routes, HTPE (1 g/kg) and dexamethasone (DEX: 5 mg/kg, positive control group), respectively, 1 h before intranasal
administration of LPS (10 g/site). Vehicle (tap water, vehicle for HTPE) was also administered orally 1 h before intranasal administration
of LPS (LPS group) or saline (vehicle for LPS, saline group (negative control group)). Lungs ( = 3-4) from each experimental group were
processed for histological evaluation 6 h after LPS challenge. The result in each group was almost identical. Lung sections were stained with
hematoxylin and eosin ((a), (b), (e), and (f)). Lung sections in (c) and (d) show the immunoreactivity of myeloperoxidase (a marker of
neutrophils) and Mac-2 (a maker of macrophages). Scale bar: 100 m. (a) Saline group (negative control group); ((b), (c), and (d))LPS group;
(e) HTPE-treated LPS group; (f) DEX-treated LPS group (positive control group).
with antioxidant activity and 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl- be eaten to protect against ALI. We consider that intake of
scavenging activity [6]. Taken together, these findings suggest P. eryngii (which has anti-inflammatory effects and which
that the components of P. eryngii may contribute to the anti- many people can obtain) on a daily basis could be a useful
inflammatory actions of HTPE in vivo. prevention strategy against ALI.
We used HTPE obtained from the whole fresh fruiting
bodies of P. eryngii. HTPE (0.31.0 g/kg) was effective against
ALI in mice. HTPE at 0.31.0 g/kg is equivalent to a fresh 5. Conclusion
fruiting body at 310 g/kg. The effective dose in mice cannot
be applied directly for humans, but a fresh fruiting body of HTPE obtained from the heat-treated fresh fruiting body
P. eryngii (180600 g per person (60 kg body weight)) should of P. eryngii prevented LPS-induced ALI through inhibition
6 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
of infiltration of inflammatory cells, destruction of vascular lavage fluid in LPS-induced acute lung injury, The American
integrity, and overproduction of NO and led to alleviation of Journal of PhysiologyLung Cellular and Molecular Physiology,
histopathological damage. Our study supports the hypothesis vol. 289, no. 5, pp. L807L815, 2005.
that P. eryngii could be a beneficial food for the prevention of [11] L. G. Rochelle, B. M. Fischer, and K. B. Adler, Concurrent
ALI associated with bacterial infection. production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species by airway
epithelial cells in vitro, Free Radical Biology and Medicine, vol.
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Conflict of Interests [12] G. Matute-Bello, C. W. Frevert, and T. R. Martin, Animal mod-
els of acute lung injury, The American Journal of Physiology
The authors state that there is no conflict of interests. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, vol. 295, no. 3, pp.
L379L399, 2008.
Authors Contribution [13] Z. Iliodromiti, D. Zygouris, S. Sifakis et al., Acute lung injury
in preterm fetuses and neonates: mechanisms and molecular
Junya Kawai and Tsugunobu Andoh contributed equally to pathways, Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine,
this work. vol. 26, no. 17, pp. 16961704, 2013.
[14] X. Chu, K. Song, K. Xu et al., Ceftiofur attenuates
lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury, International
Acknowledgment Immunopharmacology, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 600604, 2010.
The authors thank Mr. K. Matsunaga of the University of [15] Y. Fujii, P. Goldberg, and S. N. A. Hussain, Contribution of
Toyama for technical assistance with the preparation of lung macrophages to pulmonary nitric oxide production in septic
shock, The American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care
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