SECTION 4

METHODOLOGY FOR PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF

SUB-TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION PROJECT(ST&DP)

4.1 The real performance evaluation of ST&DP based on actual

measurement is a very complex exercise as sub-transmission and distribution
system is a geographically large area. There is inadequate metering system
in the present scenario and the load growth due to large time taken in the
system development.
4.2 In order to meet consumer demand with great reliability it is
recommended that field reality must be assessed every two years by
performance evaluation or whenever a new system is installed. Interaction
among field engineers and design and planning wing is very much essential
for improvement so as to minimize consumers sufferings.
4.3 The performance of a sub-transmission and distribution system can be
assessed by making the assessment of the following :

Measurement of amount of reduction of overloading of

distribution feeders & transformers
Measurement of improvement in voltage in the system
Estimation of reduction of tripping in the system due to
overloading of transformers/feeders
Measurement of reduction of T&D losses
Measurement of improvement of power factor and hence
line losses
 Reduction of failures of distribution transformers.
Additional sale of energy
Improvement in level of service
Enhancement of revenue
Lower cost to consumers
Ratio of cost of input energy to total sales(Billing)
Ratio of the cost of the input energy to total collection
Enhancement in consumer supplied
Enhancement in peak demand/energy supplied
4.4 Before a real time assessment of the performance is made equipment
should be taken for a short planned maintenance and all the bad jumpers,
clamps links should be tightened.
4.5 Following field data is required to be collected and tabulated in
respect of various components of the network
Transformers
Identity of the transformer
Voltage ratio
Rated capacity
Capacity of corresponding sub-station
Transformer loading factor
Load factor (LF)
Loss load factor (LLF)
Transformer connection
Tap changer details
Distribution Feeders
Name of the area
 Identity of the feeder
Voltage Level
Conductor Type (DOG, WEASEL, SQUIRREL)
Feeder length
Safe Current loading
Thermal rating
Shunt Capacitor
Name of S/S
kVAR rating of capacitor
Voltage level
4.6 Guidelines for assessment of Reduction of overloading of
distribution feeders
The following steps must be followed for assessing the overloading
of distribution feeders :
Define the boundary of the area for which performance is to be
evaluated
Identify the network.
Draw a single line diagram on which all the relevant circuits and
equipment appear.
Collect relevant fixed data for each of the feeder/equipment as per
above
Find out the time of peak load conditions of the system
Find current flow during the peak load conditions before the new
system
 Extrapolate the reading by a suitable factor corresponding to the
expected increase in load due to load growth during the period of
installation
Record current flow of the identified feeder during the peak load
condition after the new system
Prepare the table as per Annexure-PEVOL1
Compare the reduction corresponding to extrapolated figure
4.6.1 The following conclusion can be derived
Max % reduction in the overloading of the old feeders is --------.
Min % reduction in the overloading of the old feeders is --------.
Current loading on the old feeders is well within safe loading
Current loading on the new feeder is well within safe limits
4.6.2 In case any of the above condition is not satisfied ,the reason be
investigated and remedial measures taken.
4.6.3 Repeat this exercise for each identified feeder and voltage level

4.7 Guidelines for assessment of Voltage Regulation of distribution

feeders
The following steps must be followed for assessing the
reduction in the voltage regulation of feeders :
Define the boundary of the area for which performance is to be
evaluated
Identify the network
Draw a single line diagram on which all the relevant circuits and
equipment appear.
 Collect relevant fixed data for each of the feeder/equipment as per
above
Find out the time of low voltage conditions in the system
Record % Voltage Regulation before the new system in identified
feeders
Record sending end voltage(KV) after new system is identified
Record receiving end voltage(KV) after new system is identified
Calculate % Voltage Regulation (Vs-Vr)*100/Vr
Prepare the table as per Annexure-PEVVR1
Compare the reduction from specified limits
4.7.1 The following conclusion can be derived
Voltage regulation in feeders is good i.e. within the specified limit
Voltage regulation in feeders is poor i.e. beyond the specified limit
Voltage regulation in existing feeders has improved
4.7.2 In case voltage regulation is poor, the reason be investigated and
remedial measures taken.
4.7.3 Repeat this exercise for each feeder of various voltage levels
4.8 Guidelines for assessment of Reduction in number of Tripping of
distribution feeders and Transformers
4.8.1The assessment of reduction in number of tripping due to overload is
very difficult as segregation of tripping is not possible in the absence of
overload protection in the distribution system. The tripping due to high
winding temperature and buchholz relay can be attributed to tripping due to
overload.
4.8.2 The following steps must be followed for assessing the number of
tripping due to overloading of distribution transformers :
 Define the boundary of the area for which performance is to be
evaluated
Identify the network.
Draw a single line diagram on which all the relevant circuits and
equipment appear.
Collect relevant fixed data for each of the transformer as per above
Find out number of tripping due to overloading of transformer prior to
installation of new system
Find out number of tripping due to overloading of transformer after
installation of new system
Prepare the table as per Annexure-PEVNTR1 & Annexure-PEVEBD1
Compare the reduction
4.8.3 The following conclusion can be derived
% reduction in the tripping is --------
In case above condition is not satisfied ,the reason be investigated.
4.8.4 Repeat this exercise for each transformer
4.9 Guidelines for assessment of T & D Losses of distribution
Transformers & feeders
4.9.1 The following steps must be followed for assessing the losses of
distribution transformers and feeders:
Define the boundary of the area for which performance is to be
evaluated
Identify the network
Draw a single line diagram on which all the relevant lines and
equipment appear.
 Collect relevant fixed data for each of the transformer as per above
Find out the time of peak load conditions of the system
Record the current data of high voltage/low voltage side of
transformer before the new installation and sending and receiving end
of the feeders
Compute transformer and feeder losses in kwh
Compute annual transformer and feeder losses by assuming constant
a,b and load factor(LF) where loss load factor = a(LF)+b (LF)2
Prepare the table as per Annexure-PEVTLS1 & Annexure-PEVFLS1
Repeat this exercise for each identified transformer & feeder for each
voltage level
4.9.2 Summary of reduction in losses can be prepared as per Annexure-
PEVSL1 for further analysis.
4.9.3 The losses in LT feeders (415 Volt) can be directly assessed from the
input to o.415 kV system minus energy supplied to the consumers.
4.10 Guidelines for performance evaluation of newly installed shunt
capacitors
1. In most LT distribution circuits it is found that power factor is also as low
as 0.65 or 0.7. A low power factor contributes to high distribution losses.
Shunt capacitors are connected in following ways :
a) Shunt capacitors are connected on the secondary side (11 kV side) of the
33/11 kV power transformer
The following table can be drawn to see the improvement in the
power factor
Reduction of Line Losses with Improvement in Power Factor
Load(KW) PF KVA Current(A) Line Remark
 Losses(kW)
Before
After

The above exercise can be repeated for each feeder where shunt
capacitors have been installed.
b) Line losses in LT distribution may also be considerably reduced by
installing shunt capacitors of optimum rating at vantage points. The
vantage point is at 2/3rd of the length of the main distributor from the
transformer. The performance can be evaluated when the mVAR drawal
is maximum and the kVAR reduction can be studied.
Reactive requirement (kVAR) Before shunt capacitor
Reactive requirement (kVAR) After shunt capacitor

c) The improvement in power factor by way of installing shunt capacitor

across the terminal of the consumers having high inductive load can also
be measured. The extent of reduction of line losses will depend upon the
extent to which the power factor of consumer is improved.

Reactive requirement (kVAR) Before shunt capacitor

Reactive requirement (kVAR) After shunt capacitor

4.11 Further performance of the new system can be evaluated in terms of

Enhancement in the consumer supplied (Annexure-PEVNC1)
Enhancement in the energy supplied (Annexure-PEVES1)
Enhancement in the peak demand met (Annexure-PEVPD1)
 Enhancement in revenue(Annexure-PEVR1)
Reduction in cost to consumers(Annexure-PEVRC1)
Making assessment of sales and billing and that of input
energy(Annexure-PEVESB1)
4.12 Quality and Reliability of Power Supply and Consumer satisfaction
4.12.1 Reliability of Service has always been of primary importance to electric
utility system. Consumer is least interested about the availability of power sources,
grid conditions but he must be ensured a power supply which is most reliable and
qualitative.
4.12.2 A reporting system for the reliability analysis to log type of
consumers interruption duration ,number of consumer affected and reason
for interruption with a aim to improve the reliability through adequate
measures has become essential.
4.12.3 Reliability analysis requires large amount of data regarding consumer
interruption such as number of consumer affected, duration of interruption
and the type of power cut such as scheduled or unscheduled.The analysis can
be made through a computer based software tool by measuring past
performance, comparing with that of envisaged new system and predicting
future performances. The use of reliability is manifold and is as follows:
i) Furnish management with performance data regarding the
quality of customer service on the electrical system as a
whole and for each voltage level and operating area.
ii) Provide data for an engineering comparison of electrical
system performance among consenting companies.
iii) Provide a basis for individual companies to establish
service continuity criteria. Such criteria could then be used
 to monitor system performance and to evaluate general
policies, practices, standards and design.
iv) Provide data for analysis to determine reliability of service
in a given area (geographical, political, operating, etc) to
determine how factors such as design differences,
environment or maintenance methods, and operating
practices affect performance.
v) Provide reliability history of individual circuits for
discussion with customers or prospective customers
vi) To identify substations and circuits with substandard
performance and to ascertain the causes.
vii) Obtain the optimum improvement in reliability per rupee
spent for design, maintenance and operating programs.
viii) Provide performance data necessary for a probabilistic
approach to reliability studies. This can be done by
comparing and consistently evaluating the effects on a
systems performance of varying the configuration,
protective methods, equipment, structural design and/or
operating and maintenance practices. The purpose is to
determine the design, operating and maintenance practices
that prove optimum reliability per rupee spent and, in
addition, to use this information to predict the performance
of future transmission and distribution system
arrangements.
4.12.4 Assessment of performance:
In order to demonstrate the improvement in quality and reliability of
supply with the implementation of project, following reliability indices are
available for assessing performance :
(i) System Average Interruption Frequency Index.
This index is average number of interruptions per customer served per
year. It is determined by dividing the accumulated number of customer
interruptions in a year by the number of customers served. A customer
interruption is considered to be one interruption to one customer.
System Average Interruption Frequency Index(SAIFI) =
Total number of customer interruptions
Total number of customers served
(ii) Customer Average Interruption Frequency Index.
This index is the average number of interruptions per customer
interrupted per year. It is determined by dividing the number of customer
interruptions observed in a year by the number of customer affected. The
customers affected should be counted only once regardless of the number of
interruptions that they may have experienced during the year.
Customer Average Interruption Frequency IndexCAIFI)=
Total number of customer interruptions
Total number of customers affected
(iii) System Average Interruption Duration Index.
This index is the average interruption duration for customers served
during a year. It is determined by dividing the sum of all customer
interruption duration during a year by the number of customers served
during the year.
 System Average Interruption Duration Index(SAIDI)=
sum of customer interruption durations
Total number of customers.
(iv) Customer Average Interruption Duration Index.
This index is the average interruption duration for customers
interrupted during year. It is determined by dividing the sum of all customer
sustained interruption duration by the number of sustained customer
interruptions over a one year period.
Customer Average Interruption Duration Index(CAIDI)=
Sum of customer interruption durations
Total number of customers interrupted.
(v) Average Service Availability Index.
This is the ratio of the total number of customer hours that service was
available during a year to the total customer hours demanded. Customer
hours demanded are determined as the twelve-month average number of
customers served timed 8760 hours. This is sometimes known as the
Service Reliability Index
The complementary value to this index i.e the Average Service
Unavailability Index may also be used. This is the ratio of the total number
of customer hours that service was unavailable during a year to the total
customer hours demanded
Average Service Availability Index(ASAI)=
Customers hours of available service
Customers hours demanded
 It is also possible to express service interruption statistics in terms of
connected load rather than in term of system customers. A sample of this
form of indeed is as follows.
(vi) Average Load Interruption Index.
This index is the average kVA of connected load interrupted per year
per unit of connected load served. It is found by dividing the annual load
interruptions by the total connected load.
Average Load Interruption Index=
Total load interruptions
Total connected load.
(vii) Average System Curtailment Index.
This index is the kVA hours of connected load interruptions per
customer served. It is the ratio of the total annual curtailment to the number
of customers served.
Average System Curtailment Index=
Total load curtailment
Total number of customers.
(viii)Average Customer Curtailment Index.
This index is the kVA hours of connected load interrupted per
affected customer per year It is the ratio of the total annual curtailment to the
number of customers affected per year.
Average Customer Curtailment Index=
Total load curtailment
Total number of customers affected.

4.12.4 As assessment of reliability and continuity through these indices

require large amount of data ,only following two indices are suggested in the
first instance. To achieve higher standard other indices can be adopted in a
phased manner. An assessment of number of customers interrupted and
duration of their interruption can be prepared as per Annexure-PEVCBD1.
1. Customer Interruption Frequency Index=

Total Number of Customer Interruption

Total Number of Customers Served.

Total Number of Customer Interruptions = Sum of no of Customers

having no power supply in
each interruption.

2. Customer Interruption Duration Index

= Sum of Customer Interruption Duration

Total Number of Customers Served

Sum of Customer Interruption Duration = Sum of no of Customers not

having power supply x
duration of interruption.

4.12.5 Factors Reckoned for Reliability Analysis:

The reliability indices are evaluated considering the following

factors:

33 kV breakdowns
11 kV breakdowns
Incoming supply failure at 132 kV substations.
Daily rostering of 11 kV rural feeders.
Failure of distribution transformers.

The following factors, which affect reliability indices, shall also be

considered subject to availability of data

Momentary interruptions on 33kV and 11kV feeders.

Momentary incoming supply failures
Prearranged shutdowns on lines and feeders
 Breakdown on LT feeders
Blowing of transformer fuses both HV and LV
Individual fuse off calls

4.13 Customer Relationship Management System

In order to attend the customer interruptions promptly with a view to
improve reliability of the power supply and minimise the down time, a
trouble call management facility will be provided to attend fuse off call
promptly and attending the complaints of the customer on quality of supply.
For this purpose a computer based facility will have to be provided in the
sub-station/complaint attending centre.
4.14 Maintenance of History Cards
The maintenance of History Cards containing full particulars for each
transformer is necessary to watch its performance and to ascertain its
working life. The history cards are required to contain information as per
Annexure-PEVFT. Transformer-wise such history cards will help in
assessing the cause of failures, identification of supplier supplying such
transformers and the duration of the interruption etc.

Suitable data base having structure of files is to be created in

such as way so as to retrieve the information of individual transformers,
group of transformers and supplierwise.
 Annexure-PEVFT

ASSESSMENT OF FAILURES OF TRANSFORMERS

1. Name of supplier
2. Capacity (MVA)
3. Voltage Ratio
4. Date of manufacturing
5. Date of issue
6. Date of installation
7. Date of energisation
8. Date of expiry of guarantee/warranty period
9. Date of expiry of normal life of transformer

Sl.No Date of failure Reason of failure Date of repair Details of repair

.

10. Details of movement of transformer

Sl.No. Date of Shifted from Date of Shifted to

movement arrival to new
site