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Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Belgrade. All rights reserved FME Transactions (2013) 41, 222-22 222
The strain energy accumulates as the column is l
M 2 dx
being bended. At the same time, the potential energy V . (6)
decreases due to certain lowering of acting point of the 2 EI
0
force. If V represents strain energy and T the work
2. METHODOLOGY OF THE ANALYTICAL MODEL
of force P while lowering its acting point, then the
elastic stability will be maintained if V T 0 , or
The case being considered is a three-segment cantilever
violated for V T 0 . The eigenvalue Pcr, called
stepped column subjected to axial compressive force
the critical load, which denotes the value of load P for acting at the top. The line that goes through the
which a nonzero deflection of the perfect column is centroids of all cross-sections is straight. In addition, the
possible, can be determined from the following following assumptions are made: the column is assumed
condition: to be made of homogeneous material that obeys
V T . (1) Hookes law, the load P is concentrated and the
deformations of the column are small. Self-weights
The displacement of acting point of force P is were also taken into account, which are considered to
theremainder between bended column elastic line length act at the middle of segments lengths. The model of the
and column height. To determine the total displacement, considered case is shown in Fig. 2.
the relation upon an elementary portion of the elastic
line is established (Fig. 1b):
dy 2
ds dx dx 2 dy 2 dx dx ( 1 ( ) 1) . (2)
dx
By expanding the function into Maclaurin serie, it is
derived:
1 dy 1 dy
ds dx dx 1 ( )2 1 ( )2 dx . (3)
2 dx 2 dx
The total displacement of force P acting point is As approximate function that satisfies the boundary
obtained by integration [2]: conditions of support and deflection at the top, the
l following expression can be adopted:
1 dy 2
2 dx
( ) dx . (4) x
0 y ( x) (1 cos ) (7)
2l
Work of force P along displacement is:
l where is deflection at free end of the column and l is
1 dy
T P P ( )2 dx . (5) overall column length.
2 dx Deflection values at points of forces action,
0
Strain energy is calculated as follows: according to adopted approximation of elastic line are:
a1 sin 0.25 s1
a2 sin 0.5 s1
a3 sin 0.5 s1 0.5s2
a4 sin 0.5 s1 s2
a5 sin 0.5 s1 s2 0.5s3
b1 sin 0.5 s1
b2 sin s1
b3 sin s1 0.5s2
b4 sin s1 s2
b5 sin s1 s2 0.5s3
c1 cos 0.25 s1 Figure 3. Verification model for analytical solution:a)
stepped column with cross-sections; b) FE model and
c2 cos 0.5 s1 0.5s2 result for well-known case of cantilever column with
uniform cross-section.
c3 cos 0.5 s1 s2 0.5s3
Wall thickness of pipes is w=5[mm] and overall
p1 m1 m2 m3 1 height of column is l=3000[mm]. In all cases, the
diameter of first (lowest) segment is D1=100[mm],
p2 m2 m3 1 while the diameters of second and third segment D2 and
p3 m3 1 D3 are varied. Youngs modulus of elasticity for steel is
taken to be E=2.1104[kN/cm2]. In all cases, the
r1 m1c1 m2 c2 m3c3 compressive axial force P=1000[N] is applied at the top
of the column, while its bottom end is fixed.
r2 m2 c2 m3c3
Since the results of an analytical model are to be
r3 m3c3 compared with FEM results that are considered as true,
a preliminary test was done in order to verify the FEM
By varying the values of dimensionless load ratios
model. A well-known case of cantilever column with
and segments stiffness and lengths ratios, the influence
uniform cross-section with pipe diameter of
coefficient can be defined for any combination of the
D=100[mm], wall thickness w=5[mm] and height
parameters. On the other hand, segments lengths ratios
l=3000[mm] was discretized by 9644 20-node
have the limitation s1+s2+s3=1. If in expression for hexagonal finite elements and 64718 nodes, Fig. 3b.
influence parameter q are put the values m1=m2=m3=0, Analytical solution is well-known Eulers formula:
NOMENCLATURE
V strain energy
T deformation work
lowering of columns free end
P compressive force
E Youngs modulus , ,
free end deflection
l overall column length
l1 , l2,l3 segments lengths
.
hi , i 1,..., 6 sections heights
M i ( x) , i 1,..., 6 sections bending moments
G1 , G2,G3 segments self-weights
payload - compressive force . ,
G4
,
I1 , I 2, I 3 sectional moments of inertia
i , i 1,3,5 deflections at acting points .
loads ratios
m1 , m2, m3
.
n2, n3 bending stiffness ratios
s1 , s2, s3 lengths ratios
. ,
q elastic buckling dimensionless
influence parameter
.
D1 , D2, D3 sections diameters
w pipe wall thickness
Table 4. Comparative results from analytical model and FEM for the regime of variable segment lengths for some
combinations of pipe diameters (fixed bending stiffness)
Segment Segment
Segment I Pcr for Pcr Pcr Point Relative
I1 II I2 III I3
diameter D1 n =n = n =I /I n =I /I s s2 s3 theory FEM designation error
[cm4] 2 3 diameter [cm4] 2 2 1 diameter [cm4] 3 3 1 1
[cm] 1 [kN] [kN] in diagram [%]
D2 [cm] D3 [cm]
0.60 0.20 0.20 95.29 96.00 R1 -0.74%
0.50 0.25 0.25 93.69 94.36 R2 -0.71%
9.50 143.58 0.85 9.00 121.00 0.72 0.40 0.30 0.30 91.56 92.10 R3 -0.59%
0.30 0.35 0.35 88.99 89.81 R4 -0.91%
0.20 0.40 0.40 86.10 86.56 R5 -0.53%
0.60 0.20 0.20 93.33 93.49 G1 -0.17%
0.50 0.25 0.25 90.19 90.41 G2 -0.24%
9.00 121.00 0.72 8.50 100.92 0.60 0.40 0.30 0.30 86.21 86.32 G3 -0.13%
0.30 0.35 0.35 81.64 81.88 G4 -0.29%
0.20 0.40 0.40 76.81 76.99 G5 -0.23%
10.00 168.81 97.19
0.60 0.20 0.20 90.86 91.11 B1 -0.27%
0.50 0.25 0.25 85.97 85.49 B2 0.56%
8.50 100.92 0.60 8.00 83.20 0.49 0.40 0.30 0.30 80.05 79.58 B3 0.59%
0.30 0.35 0.35 73.64 73.14 B4 0.68%
0.20 0.40 0.40 67.26 66.91 B5 0.52%
0.60 0.20 0.20 87.78 87.26 M1 0.60%
0.50 0.25 0.25 80.95 80.12 M2 1.04%
8.00 83.20 0.49 7.50 67.69 0.40 0.40 0.30 0.30 73.14 72.14 M3 1.39%
0.30 0.35 0.35 65.18 64.60 M4 0.90%
0.20 0.40 0.40 57.76 57.21 M5 0.96%