Tests on Bricks

Tests on bitumen

Tests on Tiles

Experiment No.12

TESTS ON FLOORING AND ROOFING TILES

TEST ON CLAY ROOFING MANGALORE TILES

Aim:

To conduct (a) Water Absorption test (b) Breaking load test on Mangalore pattern clay roofing
tiles.

Apparatus:

Balance, scale, water tank, oven, loading machine, damp cloth.

Sample:

Six tiles examined for shape, dimension and weight.

Dimensions:

There shall be three sizes of tiles with principle dimensions given below:

Sl. No. Overall length (mm) Overall width (mm)

1 410 235
2 420 250
3 425 260
The minimum overlap shall be 60 mm lengthwise and 25 mm widthwise for each type of tiles.

Tolerance:

For measurement of variation In length/width of tiles the difference between:

a) Overall length/width of three tiles, measured after arranging them upon a level surface
interlocked length/widthwise on straight line in tight position (Fig.).and
b) length/width of a tile, is calculated and this value shall be within the limits mentioned
below:
For tile sizes (mm) Value for length Value for width
(mm) (mm)
410 x 235 630 to 650 410 to 430
420 x 250 670 to 690 420 to 440
425 x 260 690 to 710 430 to.450
Observations:

Sl.No. Dry weight of Weight of the specimen Percentage water Average

the specimen after 24 hours immersion absorption
(W1) (gm) in cold water (W2)(gms) ((W2-W1)/W1)x100

Shape:

When roofing tile is placed on either face on a plane surface, the gap at the corner shall
not be more than 6mm.

Weight:

The average weight of six tiles, when dried at 105 to 110C and weighed, shall not be
less than 2 kg and not more than 3 kg. The weight of the tile shall be noted to nearest 0.01 kg.
A) WATER ABSORPTION TEST

Procedure:

Six tiles selected are dried in an oven at a temperature of 105C to 110C till they attain
constant weight. Then they are cooled and weighed. The specimens are then completely
immersed in clean water at 24 to 30C for 24 hours. After 24 hours each specimen is removed,
surface is wiped with damp cloth and weighed, within 3 minutes after taking out of tank.

Result:

IS Specification:

According to IS:654-1972 maximum percentage of absorption by weight of dry tile shall

be as follows:

1. CLASS AA 19
2. CLASS A 24

Conclusion:

Observation:
 Sl. No. Breaking load (kg) Average (kg)

B) BREAKING LOAD TEST

Loading Apparatus:
The apparatus shall consist of two parallel self aligning cylindrical steel bearers, with bearing
surface rounded to 40 mm diameter, so placed that the distance between them could be
altered. The load is applied through a third steel bearer of similar shape placed midway
between and parallel to the supports. The length of all bearers shall exceed the maximum
width of tile under test.
Procedure:
Three tiles have to be tested, which are soaked in water at a temperature of 27.t2C for
24 hours, in wet condition. The tile is supported evenly flat wise on the bearers, setting a
span of 25 cm and resting on bottom surface. Load is applied with the direction of load being
perpendicular to span, at a uniform rate of 45 to 55 kg/minute. The individual breaking load
of each of three tiles are recorded.
Results:

Conclusion:

IS Specification:

According to IS: 654-1972, the minimum breaking load shall be as follows:

Minimum breaking load in kg

Size of Tiles
Class AA Class A
 Average Individual Average Individual
breaking breaking breaking breaking
load load load load
410 x 235 100 90 80 68
420 x 250 110 100 90 78
425 x 260 110 100 90 78

Reference Code:

IS: 654 - 1972: Specification for clay roofing tiles, Mangalore pattern.

Questions:

1. How do you check the tolerance for length/width of tiles?

2. What are the requirements of good tile?
3. How do you select the specimen from the lot for the test?
4. Describe briefly the laboratory method of conducting break load test on tile.
5. Differentiate between Class AA and Class A tiles.
6. Direction of load is perpendicular to span while testing. Why?
TEST ON CEMENT CONCRETE FLOORING TILES

Object:

To conduct (a) Water absorption test (b) Wet transverse strength test on cement
concrete flooring tiles.

Apparatus:

Balance, scale, water tank, oven.

Sample:

Six full size tiles for each test from the lot manufactured by a single manufacturer
from identical raw materials, under identical conditions of manufacture and of same type,
class, shape and size.

Significance:

Absorption capacity of concrete flooring tiles affects the bond strength. Cement
flooring tiles are laid on bed of mortar. If tile is highly absorptive, it will absorb the water from
mortar and bond strength weakens.

Floor tiles which are placed on slabs will be subjected to bending. Hence flooring
tiles should possess considerable strength in bending which is expressed as transverse
strength. This can be derived from a simple bending equation and. given by

3 PL

2bt2

Where, P, L, b, t are breaking load, span, width of tile and thickness of tile respectively.

(A) WATER ABSORPTION TEST

Procedure:

Six full size tiles are selected and they are immersed in water for 24 hours. After
24 hours they are taken out, wiped dry and weight of each tile is noted. Then the tiles are
kept in an oven for drying at a temperature of 65:1Cfor a period of 24 hours. Then each
tile is weighed and weights are noted down.

Result:

IS Specification:
 The average percentage of water absorption shall not exceed 10.

Conclusion:

Observation:

Length of the tile = mm Breadth of the tile = . mm

Sl. No. Weight of the saturated tile Weight of oven dried tile Water absorption,
(W1) (kg) (W2) (kg) percent by weight
W 1W 2
= x 100
W2

1
2
3
4
5
6

Average water absorption =

Observation:

Sl. Width Thickness Span Breaking Transverse strength

N b (mm) t (mm) I(mm) load
o P (N) 3 PL

2bt2
.

4
5

6
(B) WET TRANSVERSE. STRENGTH

Procedure:

Six full size tiles are selected and are immersed in water for 24 hours. They are, then
taken out and are tested for transverse strength as explained below:

Specimen is placed horizontally on two parallel supports with wearing side upwards and
sides parallel to supports. Span between supports depends on size of tiles and is decided
according to following table.

Size of the tile (mm) Span (mm)

200 x 200 150
250 x 250 200
300 x 300 250

Then the load is applied mid way between the supports by means of steel rod placed
parallel to support. Length of supports and loading rod is kept more than the width of the tile and
diameter of each is 12 mm. A plywood packing of about 3 mm thick and 20 mm wide is given
between tile and supports and tile and loading rod.

Result:

Average transverse strength = .................................. N/mm2

IS Specifications:

Average wet transverse strength shall not be less than 3 N/mm2.

Conclusion:

Reference Codes:

IS: 1237-1980: Specification for cement concrete flooring tiles.

Question:

1. Explain the requirements to be satisfied for a good cement concrete flooring tile.
Compression Test on Timber and Laterite Stone

Tests on bitumen
SPECIFIC GRAVITY

AIM

To determine the specific gravity of semi-solid bitumen road tars, creosote and
anthracene oil as per IS: 1202 - 1978.

PRINCIPLE

It is the ratio of mass of a given volume of bitumen to the mass of an equal volume
of water, both taken at a recorded/specific temperature.

APPARATUS
i) Specific gravity bottles of 50ml capacity
ii) Water bath
iii) Bath thermometer - Range 0 to 44oC, Graduation 0.2oC
SAMPLE
Take the sample (half the volume of the specific gravity bottles).
PROCEDURE
i) Clean, dry and weigh the specific gravity bottle along with the stopper (Weight
'A').
ii) Fill the specific gravity bottle with freshly boiled distilled water and insert the
stopper firmly. Keep it in the water bath having a temperature of 27.0 + 1oC for not
less than half an hour and weigh it (Weight 'B').
iii) Weigh the specific gravity bottle about half-filled with the material (Weight 'C').
iv) Weigh the specific gravity bottle about half-filled with the material and the other
half with distilled water (Weight 'D').
v) Weigh the specific gravity bottle completely filled with the material (Weight 'E').
Calculation:
A = mass of Pycnometer
B = mass of Pycnometer filled with water
C = mass of Pycnometer partially filled with asphalt
D = mass of Pycnometer + asphalt + water

RESULTS
The study to determine the specific gravity of bitumen is completed.

VISCOSITY TEST

AIM

To determine the viscosity of bitumen.

PRINCIPLE

Viscosity denotes the fluid property of bituminous material and it is a measure of

resistance to flow. At the application temperature, this characteristic greatly
influences the strength of resulting paving mixes. Low or high viscosity during
compaction or mixing has been observed to result in lower stability values. At high
viscosity, it resist the compactive effort and thereby resulting mix is heterogeneous,
hence low stability values.
And at low viscosity instead of providing a uniform film over aggregates, it will
lubricate the aggregate particles.Orifice type viscometers are used to indirectly find
the viscosity of liquid binders like cutbacks and emulsions.

The viscosity expressed in seconds is the time taken by the 50 ml bitumen material
to pass through the orifice of a cup, under standard test conditions and specified
temperature. Viscosity of a cutback can be measured with either 4.0 mm ori_ce at
25o C or 10 mm ori_ce at 25 or 40o C.
RESULTS
The study to determine the viscosity of bitumen is completed.

7.4 PENETRATION
AIM
To determine the penetration of bitumen as per IS: 1203 - 1978.
PRINCIPLE
The penetration of a bituminous material is the distance in tenths
of a mm, that a standard needle would penetrate vertically, into a
sample of the material under standard conditions of temperature,
load and time.
APPARATUS
FIG. 23 : PENETROMETER
i) Penetrometer
ii) Water bath
iii) Bath thermometer - Range 0 to 44oC, Graduation 0.2oC
78
SAMPLE
Bitumen should be just sufficient to fill the container to a depth
of at least 15mm in excess of the expected penetration.
PROCEDURE
i) Soften the bitumen above the softening point (between 75
and 100oC). Stir it thoroughly to remove air bubbles and
water.
ii) Pour it into a container to a depth of at least 15mm in
excess of the expected penetration.
iii) Cool it at an atmospheric temperature of 15 to 30oC for
2
1
1 hrs. Then place it in a transfer dish in the water bath at
25.0 + 0.1oC for 2
1
1 hrs.
iv) Keep the container on the stand of the penetration
apparatus.
v) Adjust the needle to make contact with the surface of the
sample.
vi) Adjust the dial reading to zero.
vii) With the help of the timer, release the needle for exactly
5 seconds.
viii) Record the dial reading.
ix) Repeat the above procedure thrice.
REPORTING OF RESULTS
The value of penetration reported should be the mean of not less
than three determinations expressed in tenths of a mm.
79
SOFTENING POINT
AIM
To determine the softening point of asphaltic bitumen and fluxed native asphalt,
road tar, coal tar pitch and blown type bitumen as per IS: 1205 - 1978.
PRINCIPLE
It is the temperature at which the substance attains a particular degree of softening
under specified condition of the test.

APPARATUS

i) Ring and ball apparatus

RING AND BALL APPARATUS

ii) Thermometer - Low Range : -2 to 80oC, Graduation 0.2oC
- High Range : 30 to 200oC, Graduation 0.5oC

PREPARATION OF SAMPLE
i) The sample should be just sufficient to fill the ring. The excess sample should be
cut off by a knife.
ii) Heat the material between 75 and 100oC. Stir it to remove air bubbles and water,
and filter it through IS Sieve 30, if necessary.
iii) Heat the rings and apply glycerine. Fill the material in it and cool it for 30
minutes.
iv) Remove excess material with the help of a warmed, sharp knife.

PROCEDURE
A) Materials of softening point below 80oC:
i) Assemble the apparatus with the rings, thermometer and ball guides in position.
ii) Fill the beaker with boiled distilled water at a temperature5.0 0.5 oC per minute.
iii) With the help of a stirrer, stir the liquid and apply heat to the beaker at a
temperature of 5.0 0.5oC per minute.
iv) Apply heat until the material softens and allow the ball to pass through the ring.
v) Record the temperature at which the ball touches the bottom, which is nothing
but the softening point of that material.
B) Materials of softening point above 80oC:
The procedure is the same as described above. The only difference is that instead of
water, glycerine is used and the starting temperature of the test is 35 oC.
RESULTS

The study to determine the softening point of bitumen is completed.

FLASH POINT AND FIRE POINT

AIM
To determine the flash point and the fire point of asphaltic bitumen and fluxed
native asphalt, cutback bitumen and blown type bitumen as per IS: 1209 - 1978.

PRINCIPLE
Flash Point - The flash point of a material is the lowest temperature at which the
application of test flame causes the vapours from the material to momentarily catch
fire in the form of a flash under specified conditions of the test.
Fire Point - The fire point is the lowest temperature at which the application of test
flame causes the material to ignite and burn at least for 5 seconds under specified
conditions of the test.

APPARATUS

PENSKY - MARTENS APPARATUS

i) Pensky-Martens apparatus
ii) Thermometer- Low Range : -7 to 110oC, Graduation 0.5oC
High Range : 90 to 370oC, Graduation 2oC
SAMPLE
The sample should be just sufficient to fill the cup upto the mark given on it.
PROCEDURE
A) FLASH POINT
i) Soften the bitumen between 75 and 100 oC. Stir it thoroughly to remove air
bubbles and water.
ii) Fill the cup with the material to be tested upto the filling mark. Place it on the
bath. Fix the open clip. Insert the thermometer of high or low range as per
requirement and also the stirrer, to stir it.
iii) Light the test flame, adjust it. Supply heat at such a rate that the temperature
increase, recorded by the thermometer is neither less than 5 oC nor more than 6oC
per minute.
iv) Open flash point is taken as that temperature when a flash first appears at any
point on the surface of the material in the cup. Take care that the bluish halo that
sometimes surrounds the test flame is not confused with the true flash.
Discontinue the stirring during the application of the test flame.
v) Flash point should be taken as the temperature read on the thermometer at the
time the flash occurs.
B) FIRE POINT
i) After flash point, heating should be continued at such a rate that the increase in
temperature recorded by the thermometer is neither less than 5 oC nor more than
6oC per minute.
ii) The test flame should be lighted and adjusted so that it is of the size of a bead
4mm in dia.
REPORTING OF RESULTS
i) The flash point should be taken as the temperature read on the thermometer at
the time of the flame application that causes a distinct flash in the interior of the
cup.
ii) The fire point should be taken as the temperature read on the thermometer at
which the application of test flame causes the material to ignite and burn for at
least 5 seconds.

7.7 DUCTILITY
AIM
To determine the ductility of distillation residue of cutback
bitumen, blown type bitumen and other bituminous products as
per IS: 1208 - 1978.
PRINCIPLE
The ductility of a bituminous material is measured by the
distance in cm to which it will elongate before breaking when a
standard briquette specimen of the material is pulled apart at a
specified speed and a specified temperature.
APPARATUS
FIG. 26 : TESTING MACHINE
i) Standard mould
ii) Water bath
iii) Testing machine
iv) Thermometer - Range 0 to 44oC, Graduation 0.2oC
86
PROCEDURE
i) Completely melt the bituminous material to be tested by
heating it to a temperature of 75 to 100oC above the
approximate softening point until it becomes thoroughly fluid.
Assemble the mould on a brass plate and in order to prevent
the material under test from sticking, thoroughly coat the
surface of the plate and the interior surfaces of the sides of
the mould with a mixture of equal parts of glycerine and
dextrin. While filling, pour the material in a thin stream back
and forth from end to end of the mould until it is more than
level full. Leave it to cool at room temperature for 30 to 40
minutes and then place it in a water bath maintained at the
specified temperature for 30 minutes, after which cut off the
excess bitumen by means of a hot, straight-edged putty
knife or spatula, so that the mould is just level full.
ii) Place the brass plate and mould with briquette specimen in
the water bath and keep it at the specified temperature for
about 85 to 95 minutes. Remove the briquette from the
plate, detach the side pieces and the briquette immediately.
iii) Attach the rings at each end of the two clips to the pins or
hooks in the testing machine and pull the two clips apart
horizontally at a uniform speed, as specified, until the
briquette ruptures. Measure the distance in cm through
which the clips have been pulled to produce rupture. While
the test is being done, make sure that the water in the tank
of the testing machine covers the specimen both above and
below by at least 25mm and the temperature is maintained
continuously within 0.5oC of the specified temperature.
REPORTING OF RESULTS
A normal test is one in which the material between the two clips
pulls out to a point or to a thread and rupture occurs where the
cross-sectional area is minimum. Report the average of three
normal tests as the ductility of the sample, provided the three
determinations be within 0.5 percent of their mean value.
87
88
If the values of the three determinations do not lie within 0.5
percent of their mean, but the two higher values are within 0.5
percent of their mean, then record the mean of the two higher
values as the test result.

Viscosity test
Viscosity denotes the uid property of bituminous material and it is a measure of
resistance to ow. At the
application temperature, this characteristic greatly inuences the strength of
resulting paving mixes. Low or
high viscosity during compaction or mixing has been observed to result in lower
stability values. At high
viscosity, it resist the compactive e_ort and thereby resulting mix is heterogeneous,
hence low stability values.
And at low viscosity instead of providing a uniform _lm over aggregates, it will
lubricate the aggregate particles.
Ori_ce type viscometers are used to indirectly _nd the viscosity of liquid binders like
cutbacks and emulsions.
The viscosity expressed in seconds is the time taken by the 50 ml bitumen material
to pass through the ori_ce
of a cup, under standard test conditions and speci_ed temperature. Viscosity of a
cutback can be measured
Introduction to Transportation Engineering 23.5 Tom V. Mathew and K V Krishna Rao
CHAPTER 23. PAVEMENT MATERIALS: BITUMEN NPTEL May 24, 2006
with either 4.0 mm ori_ce at 25o C or 10 mm ori_ce at 25 or 40o C.