CHNG 1

TONG QUAN VE KIEN TRUC

I. KHAI NIEM VE KIEN TRUC

Co rat nhieu khai niem ve kien truc

Kien truc la nghe thuat to chc khong gian nham:
Thoa man nhng yeu cau sinh hoat vat chat va van hoa ky thuat
ap ng yeu cau kinh te, xa hoi, ky thuat,
Kien truc la nghe thuat va ky thuat xay dng
Kien truc la bieu tng cua s phat trien van minh
Kien truc la mot nganh the hien nhng thanh tu khoa hoc ky thuat, ong thi
cung la mot nganh sang tao nghe thuat chu yeu cua con ngi, nham cai tao thien
nhien, xay dng c s vat chat, mang lai li ch cao nhat cho i song ong loai va
cac chung loai khac.

II. CAC YEU TO TAO THANH KIEN TRUC

1. Yeu to cong nang:

La yeu to tien nghi, la muc ch thc dung, la yeu cau tien li va thch nghi, am bao
cho qua trnh song, qua trnh khai thac s dung cong trnh kien truc thoai mai, thuan tien
va co hieu qua.
Khac vi nhng nghe thuat khac, mot cong trnh kien truc c sang tao ra e cho moi
hoat ong cua con ngi dien ra trong o. Hoat ong cua con ngi rat phong phu va a
dang, cong nang cung phai ap ng c. Chnh cong nang lam cho hnh thc ben ngoai
va khong gian ben trong cua tng loai kien truc khac nhau.
Cong nang chnh la muc ch cua kien truc. Ngay nay, oi hoi s hai hoa gia con
ngi - kien truc thien nhien, bao ve moi trng.
Moi cong trnh kien truc phuc vu mot nhu cau rieng va se co cong nang thch hp. Do o,
xuat hien cac the loai kien truc khac nhau: y te, giao duc, van hoa, thng mai, the duc
the thao, bieu dien nghe thuat,
2. Vat chat ky thuat:
a. Ket cau: La he khung sn chu lc, thng c dau kn vao ben trong, co tac
ong tch cc en viec x ly tao hnh, tao thanh nhng cau truc nghe thuat.
b. Vat lieu xay dng: La nhng chat lieu c ban va tien quyet sang tao nen ket cau,
hnh thanh phong cach, hnh khoi kien truc. Co rat nhieu loai vat lieu xay dng
(phan loai theo tnh chat hay chc nang ).
c. Thi cong: La yeu to cu the hoa va hoan thien cong trnh. (Co 3 loai).
d. Trang thiet b: La yeu to hoan thanh tien nghi cho cong trnh. Gom nhom thiet b
va nhom dung cu.(Thiet b ky thuat, vat ly; dung cu sinh hoat, ve sinh).
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 Sang tac kien truc la tao ra cac gia tr nghe thuat, con vat chat ky thuat la nhng
yeu to. phng tien ho tr va cu the hoa gia tr nghe thuat o.

Chat lieu X ly Cong Cu the hoa

Vat lieu Ket cau Thi cong
xay dng sang tao tao hnh trnh kien & hoan thien
c ban

Hoan thanh
tien nghi

Trang thiet b

3. Hnh tng nghe thuat: La mot phng tien thong tin quan trong, tac ong thng
xuyen en con ngi: la mot phng tien a khang nh mot he t tng nhat nh, la
vu kh au tranh gay gat hien nay ve he t tng.
Moi mot cong trng kiec truc co the thong qua mot hnh tng nghe thuat e bieu hien
ve thanh tu khoa hoc ky thuat, bieu tng cua van minh, hoac thong qua hnh tng
nghe thuat e cai tao va nang cao tam hon con ngi.
Sc truyen cam cua moi cong trnh kien truc rat manh me, tao ra cac cam giac: trang
nghiem, o so, v ai hoac nhe nhang, gan gui, than quen,
Hnh tng nghe thuat the hien qua cac nhan to tch cc cua kien truc nh: noi dung,
hnh khoi, khong gian, vat lieu, trang tr, mau sac,

Tom lai: Cong nang, vat chat ky thuat, hnh tng nghe thuat la ba yeu to gan bo chat che vi
nhau mot cach hu c, moi yeu to eu phai c nghien cu va the hien chu ao.

III. CAC YEU CAU TRONG KIEN TRUC

1. Thch dung: La yeu cau ve s tien nghi. Cu the nh sau:

- Tren mat bang phai bo tr day chuyen hp ly, to chc giao thong ngan gon, ro rang.
Phong oc: kch thc hp ly, bo tr noi that gon, ep.
- am bao cac yeu cau ve vat ly kien truc: am thanh, chieu sang, thong gio, chong
nong, chong on, chong am,
- Co moi quan he hai hoa gia moi trng va canh quan xung quanh.
2. Ben vng: Cong trnh phai chu c tac ong cua tai trong ban than va cac tai trong
khac. am bao chu c anh hng cua kh hau, thi tiet,
o ben gom:
- o vng chac cua cau kien chu lc.
- S on nh cua ket cau, mong.

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 - S ben lau cua cau kien va cua toan bo cong trnh.
o ben phu thuoc vao nhieu yeu to:
- Bien phap bao ve vat lieu, cau kien.
- Bien phap bao ve ket cau.
- Chat lng thi cong.
3. Kinh te: Mot cong trnh phai c:
- au t ung mc, tranh lang ph.
- at c hieu qua s dung.
- Viec to chc thi cong la ngan nhat, co chat lng cao.
- Tong cong trnh bo tr hp ly, tiet kiem nhat.
4. My quan:
- The hien y o t tng.
- Tranh thc dung, cau ky gia doi.
- Co s ket hp gia net truyen thong va hien ai.
- Hai hoa vi canh quan xung quanh.

IV. S LC LCH S PHAT TRIEN KIEN TRUC

1. Kien truc xa hoi Nguyen thuy: Va ap ng nhu cau vat chat va ap ng nhu cau
tinh than, a co nha tho s va nhng cong trnh th cung bang a.
a. Thi ai o a cu: (cach nay tren 120 the ky)
Con ngi song trong hang ong, nha to ong xay tron bang a to ong, leu co
bang canh cay buoc tum hay at set.
b. Thi ai o a mi: (cach nay tren 60 the ky)
Nha co chnh phu, nhieu gian, co chuong nuoi gia suc, Tng bang canh cay
trat at, nen bang at set nung, mai la, co ni dung go lam nha.
c. Thi ai o ong: (cach nay 50 the ky)
Co cong trnh th cung: phong a - ni mai tang; cot a - bia mo; lan can a - e
cung te.
2. Kien truc xa hoi No le:
a. Kien truc co Ai Cap: (cach nay tren 30 the ky)
Chu yeu la lang mo, vi quy mo ln, o so, trang nghiem, than b. Vat lieu chu
yeu la a, gach, 1 so cong trnh n gian dung say, at, at set, gach khong
nung, Ket cau dam cot vi cot a rat ln, khoang cach gia cac cot nho. Cong
trnh tieu bieu: quan the kim t thap Ghide, lang mo cua quy toc Matstaba, lang
mo cua Pharaon Mentuhotep th III.
b. Kien truc co Lng Ha:
Chu yeu la cung ien, en th. Phong lu lut c xay dng tren nen cao (en
15m). Bo cuc thoai mai, nhieu phong dai hep, nhieu san trong. Vat lieu, ket
cau: nguon at set phong phu vo tan nen s dung nhieu gach khong nung, gach

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 nung,, gach op trang tr, ket cau vom gach cuon, dam go,Cong trnh tieu bieu:
ai chiem tinh, vn treo Ba-bi-lon.
c. Kien truc co Hi Lap:
Ngoai kien truc ton giao, en th, con co nhng loai nha , nha cong cong nh:
phong hop, nha hat ngoai tri, san bai te le, san van ong, Phng phap x ly
kien truc, yeu to tham my kien truc a c hnh thanh: cai ep, hai hoa, ty
xch, mo un, Cac loai thc cot: o-rich, I-o-nich, Co-ranh, la 1 nh cao cua
thong nhat hoa hhc, trat t hoa cong trnh, Vat lieu, ket cau: a, tung a,
a cam thach lam cac thc cot, ket cau cot dam c s dung pho bien. Cong
trnh ien hnh: en Pac-te-nong, en E-rech-tay-ong,
d. Kien truc co La Ma:
Kien truc thch ng vi hoan canh kh hau, dan toc. Cong trnh cong cong: nha
hat, au trng, nha tam, thng nghiep, cot ghi cong, khai hoan mon, quang
trng, cung ien, nha , nha th,, cong trnh ky thuat: cau, cong, kenh, ng
xa, Vat lieu chnh la a, a xanh, a hoa, va lien ket. Ket cau khong gian ln,
mai vom cuon, vom ban cau. Co them 2 thc cot na so vi kien truc co Hi Lap
la Tot-xcan va Com-po-dit. Cong trnh ien hnh: au trng Co-li-de, nha tam
Ca-ra-ca-la, en Pac-te-ong,
3. Kien truc xa hoi Phong kien:
a. Kien truc Ro mang Tay Au:
Kien truc Ro mang gay an tng nang ne, be the, co thu. Tng xay day, co bo
tru, mat bang hnh vuong hoac tron, ca so hep. Vat lieu chu yeu la gach, a,
go, Ket cau vom cuon hnh na tru, v keo go. Cong trnh ien hnh: nha th
Si-te-pan Phap, nha th Sanh-sec-hanh Tu-l-v, nha th Pi-d va Mi-vi-a-
to Y. ay la dang kien truc tho s, nang ne, thieu anh sang, thi cong cham,
thng sup o nhng a co nhng bc phat trien nhat nh, gop phan vao viec
hnh thanh kien truc Go-tch.
b. Kien truc Go tch:
T viec chon v tr xay dng en khong gian, ng net, noi that, eu co
nhng net oc ao hn kien truc Ro-mang. Chu yeu xay nha th vi ac iem
chung la uy nghi, thanh thot, vn len cao, Dung kien truc e tuyen truyen ton
giao: the hien noc nhon vn thang len tri, va phu hp x nhieu tuyet va
ngu y keu goi thoat ly tran tuc; hnh mat li tren tran cuon la tng trng cho
hnh anh huyen b: tri, sao; the hien kch thc o so, khien cho con ngi cam
thay nho be roi kinh ngac, mat on nh, mat tin tng, tm ni nng ta tinh
than, Vat lieu chnh: a, gach, va. Ket cau Go-tch cuon nhon hnh mui ten va
cac cuon co mui. Cong trnh ien hnh: nha th No-t-r am Pari, nha th
Xaym-xe (xay dng 100 nam, thay oi 5 cong trnh s), cung tong oc V-ni-
d,
c. Kien truc thi Phuc Hng:

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 4. Kien truc xa hoi T ban:
a. Kien truc T ban can ai:
b. Kien truc T ban hien ai:
5. Kien truc xa hoi Xa hoi chu ngha:

CHNG 2
C S THIET KE

I. PHAN LOAI VA PHAN CAP CONG TRNH KIEN TRUC

1. Phan loai : Co nhieu cach, nhieu hnh thc phan loai.

a. Phan theo chc nang:
Kien truc dan dung: phuc vu nhu cau an , ngh ngi, hoc tap, Gom nha va cong
trnh cong cong.
Cong trnh cong cong: phuc vu cho i song sinh hoat, giai tr cua conn ngi.
Cac lnh vc nh: van hoa, giao duc, bieu dien nghe thuat, thng mai, thong tin,
tru s c quan,
Nha : Biet th, nha pho nha lien ke, chung c, ky tuc xa, khach san,
Kien truc cong nghiep: Phuc vu cho nhu cau san xuat. Tuy theo tng loai san xuat
ma phan thanh tng loai x nghiep khac nhau.
Kien truc nong nghiep
Cac cong trnh o th: ai, thap, cau cong, parking, metro, tram bien the,, nha ch
xe buyt, quay sach bao,
b. Phan loai theo hnh thc:
Phan loai theo o cao:

Cong trnh Viet Nam Cac nc V tr xay dng

Dan dung Cong nghiep phat trien
XD nhieu thanh pho nho, th
t tang 3 tang 1 tang (CN nhe) 5 tang tran, quan huyen, nong thon
Nhieu 4 8 tang 2 5 tang (CN nang) 6 12 tang XD cac o th
tang
Cao tang 8 tang Khong 12 tang XD cac
trung tam o th
Ngoai ra, con co loai nha co so tang hon hp (CTCC & CN) va nha lech tang

Phan loai theo phng phap xay dng va qui mo cong trnh:
Nha xay dng toan khoi
Nha lap ghep

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 Phan loai theo giai phap mat bang va ket cau:
Theo giai phap mat bang
Theo vat lieu va giai phap ket cau chnh: tre, la, go, gach a,..
Phan loai theo gia tr cong trnh:
Chat lng s dung: can c vao thanh phan phong oc, tieu chuan dien tch
va khoi tch, mc o tien nghi, phan loai cong trnh thanh 4 bac:
+ Bac 1: Chat lng s dung cao
+ Bac 2: Chat lng s dung trung bnh
+ Bac 3: Chat lng s dung thap
+ Bac 4: Chat lng s dung toi thieu
Can phan biet: chat lng s dung va chat lng xay dng; chat lng
s dung cao va chat lng s dung toi thieu.
o ben lau: phan loai cong trnh thanh 4 bac
+ Bac 1: nien han s dung 100 nam
+ Bac 2: nien han s dung 70 nam
+ Bac 3: nien han s dung 30 nam
+ Bac 4: nien han s dung 15 nam
Can phan biet khai niem nien han va tuoi tho.
o chu la: phan loai cong trnh thanh 5 bac
+ Bac 1: cong trnh lam bang vat lieu khong chay, khong bien dang,
kha nang chu la: 45ph 4h.
+ Bac 2: cong trnh lam bang vat lieu khong chay, kha nang chu la:
15ph 2h30.
+ Bac 3: cong trnh lam bang vat lieu kho chay, kha nang chu la:
15ph 2h.
+ Bac 4: cong trnh lam bang vat lieu kho chay va de chay, kha nang
chu lay15ph 30ph.
+ Bac 5: cong trnh lam bang vat lieu de chay.
2. Phan cap cong trnh: (phan loai theo gia tr)

Cap Chat lng s dung o ben lau o chu la

CT
I B1- CLSD cao B1- NHSD 100 nam B1,2- khong gii han tang
II B2- CLSD trung binh B2- NHSD 70 nam B3- < 6 tang
III B3- CLSD thap B3- NHSD 30 nam B4- < 3 tang
IV B4- CLSD toi thieu B4- NHSD 15 nam B5- gii han 1 tang

II. TRNH T THIET KE

1. Thiet ke s bo:

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 Yeu cau chung: Can c vao luan chng va hien trang e phac thao ra nhieu phng an,
cuoi cung chon ra 1 phng an toi u. S bo chon cac loai vat lieu se s dung e xay dng
cong trnh. The hien s bo co phoi canh toan CT.
Cac ban ve can thiet: MB hien trang TL 1/1000 1/2000; bao cao ve tham do a chat;
tong MBCT thiet ke TL 1/500 1/1000 (MBTT); cac ban ve chnh: MB, M, MC,TL
1/100 1/200; thuyet minh ve nhiem vu xay dng, c s thiet ke,; ban tien lng va khai
toan.
2. Thiet ke ky thuat:
Yeu cau chung: The hien t m, chnh xac, ro rang. Ve vat lieu xay dng va ket cau can
tnh toan chi li tng bo phan, a vao bang thong ke. Thiet ke ky thuat: nhng thiet b vat
ly, ky thuat,
Cac ban ve can thiet: MB hien trang TL 1/1000 1/2000; MB tong the TL 1/500
1/1000; ban ve san nen; ban ve ky thuat kien truc TL 1/100 1/50; cac ban ve ky thuat,
ket cau TL 1/100 1/200; chi tiet TL 1/1 1/50; ban thuyet minh tng phan ro rang,;
ban tong tien lng, d toan cong trnh (bao gom ca vat lieu, nhan cong.
3. Thiet ke thi cong: oi vi cac cong trnh nho, n gian hay cong trnh sa cha, cai
tao co the bo qua giai oan nay.
Yeu cau chung: Can the hien t m, ghi chu ro rang va co thong ke vat lieu. Xem lai sai
sot va trien khai ro hn. The hien cac phng phap va ky thuat thi cong.
Cac ban ve can thiet: Cac ban ve chi tiet trang tr phc tap TL 1/1 1/20; ban ve ky
thuat thi cong ket cau, cau kien, co thong ke; cac ban ve thi cong thiet b ky thuat; ban ve
tien o thi cong, s o mang; ban thuyet minh thi cong, nhng ieu can chu y trong qua
trnh thi cong.

III. CONG NGHIEP HOA XAY DNG

1. nh ngha: Cong nghiep hoa xay dng la viec san xuat cac cau kien, cac bo phan cua
cong trnh tai nha may roi a ra cong trng xay dng e lap ghep thanh nha.
u iem:
- Nang cao chat lng cong trnh, xay dng nhieu , toc o nhanh, gia thanh giam.
- Khong b anh hng bi thi tiet (a giam bt cac qua trnh t).
- Tiet kiem vat lieu xay dng.
- Giam c nhieu cong lao ong nang nhoc (do c gii hoa), ay nhanh tien o XD.
- Giam bt bo phan gian tiep tai cong trng, tang hieu suat cong tac.
Yeu cau:
- Mat bang, hnh khoi cong trnh phai n gian, gon gang, tranh cau ky gay phc tap
cho qua trnh thi cong song van at y o tham my.
- ien hnh hoa, tieu chuan hoa cac cau kien, s dung t kieu, the loai va kch c cau
kien.

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 - Giam toi a trong lng cua cau kien bang cach s dung hp ly vat lieu va ket cau
tien tien, hieu qua cao ve moi mat.
- Cac bo phan cua cong trnh c cau tao theo nguyen tac lap ghep cang nhieu cang
tot, cac cau kien phai c che tao san nha may, lap dng bang phng tien hien
ai cong trng.
ieu kien:
- ien hnh hoa cac cau kien cua tng bo phan nha hay toan bo cong trnh la tao ra
va s dung nhieu cac cau kien cung kieu c chon e dung rong rai trong viec
xay lap cong trnh.
- Tieu chuan hoa la lam cac cau kien, cac bo phan cua cong trnh theo ung yeu cau
kinh te ky thuat a c quy nh thanh tieu chuan quoc gia va tieu chuan nganh.
Co the ien hnh hoa va tieu chuan hoa t chi tiet nho nhat en tng the loai cong
trnh.
- Thong nhat hoa trong xay dng la lam cho kch thc cua cac bo phan nha ong
nhat, phu hp vi kch thc va hnh dang cua nhng cau kien che tao san tai nha
may.
2. Cac bc tien hanh cong nghiep hoa:

3. He mo un trong kien truc xay dng:

a. nh ngha: Mo un la n v tieu chuan o chieu dai e xac nh t le cua cong
trnh, ieu phoi kch thc cac bo phan kien truc. Tc la chon ra mot n v kch
thc ien hnh va no la c so chung cua tat ca cac kch thc, bo phan chu yeu
cua cong trnh hay cua cac cong trnh vi nhau.
b. Mo un goc: La kch thc qui nh ban au cua he thong mo un, la kch thc c
s e t o nh ra cac kch thc ln hn hay nho hn.
M = 100 mm
c. Mo un m rong: Gom mo un boi so va mo un c so.
Thong dung: 2M, 3M.
d. Mang li mo un va he truc nh v:
Mang li mo un c xay dng trong giai oan thiet ke. Co the la hnh vuong, ch
nhat, tam giac hay hon hp. Thong dung: 3x6; 6x6; 6x9; 6x12;
He truc nh v: He mo un gom nhng truc theo 3 chieu ngang, doc va cao cat nhau,
chia thanh bc, khau o va chieu cao tang nha.
Bc cot: (B) La khoang cach truc mo un gia cac bo phan chu lc chu yeu, theo
chieu vuong goc vi phng lam viec cua ket cau chnh.
Khau o: (Lo) La khoang cach truc mo un gia cac bo phan, ket cau chu lc chnh
cua nha.
Cach anh truc, cach xac nh chieu cao tang nha.

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 CHNG 3
BO CUC KHONG GIAN KIEN TRUC

I. KHAI NIEM VE KHONG GIAN KIEN TRUC

Ch nhng khong gian co ban tay con ngi mi tr thanh khong gian kien truc - c tao
ra e ap ng nhu cau song va hoat ong cua con ngi. Nhu cau xa hoi ngay cang phat
trien, khong gian kien truc cung ngay cang a dang, ap ng theo. Chu anh hng cua
nhng ieu kien vat chat, kinh te, van hoa, khoa hoc cong nghe cua xa hoi.

II. PHAN LOAI KHONG GIAN KIEN TRUC

1. Phan theo gii han khong gian:

Khong gian ben trong: gii han bi tng, mai, ca (noi that)
Khong gian ben ngoai: phan con lai (ngoai that), co the dang lo thien hoac ban lo
thien.
2. Phan theo vai tro cong nang:
Khong gian s dung: Chnh va phu
Khong gian giao thong: Vai tro chnh la loi i, di chuyen cua con ngi trong cong
trnh. Gom giao thong ngang (sanh, hanh lang, tien phong,) va giao thong ng
(cau thang, thang may, thang cuon, doc thoai,).
Cac bo phan lien he gia ben trong va ben ngoai: Gom ca so va ca i. Vai tro:
lien he, lay sang, thong gio, tao tam nhn va yeu to my quan.
Ca i: Nam v tr thuan tien ve giao thong, de bo tr o ac, chu y khi chon
hng m ca.Chon kch thc tuy theo yeu cau s dung va quan niem ve s may
man trong cuoc song.
Ca so: Tuy theo tnh chat cua tng cong trnh, chon ca da vao ty le gia dien
tch ca va dien tch san (phong ngu: 1/7, phong khach hay lam viec: 1/5,1/6,).

III. KHONG GIAN GIAO THONG

1. Khai niem: La khong gian danh cho nhu cau i lai, van chuyen cua con ngi. He
thong giao thong anh hng rat ln en thi gian va nang lng cua con ngi.
Vai tro: La yeu to quyet nh yeu cau tien nghi, chat lng cong trnh. Chiem khoi
lng kinh ph ln ( tong gia tr cong trnh).
Yeu cau: am bao giao thong ngan gon, ro rang, u anh sang va an toan. am bao
kch thc: chieu cao 2,1m (tao cam giac thoai mai); chieu rong 550 600mm / 1
dong ngi (am bao thong suot, tranh hien tng that nut co chai, giao thong phc
tap); chieu dai tuy tng the loai cong trnh.
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 Phan loai: Gom giao thong ng va giao thong ngang.
2. Giao thong ngang:
Hanh lang: HL gia, HL ben (1 ben, 2 ben), HL oi, HL cach, HL cau.
Sanh, tien phong, tien sanh, cac nut giao thong.
Kch thc: Phai co ty le hp ly gia chieu rong, chieu dai va chieu cao.
- Rong: 125 ngi/1m rong hang lang (trung bnh: 2,4m; nha : 1,21,8m).
- Dai: Phu thuoc vao cap cong trnh va ieu kien phong chay cha chay.
- Cao: Nha > 2,2m. Cong trnh cong cong > 3m.
3. Giao thong ng:
a. Doc thoai: i=8-15% (10-12%); o to i=20% (12%).
b. Bac tam cap: H = 150, R 300.
c. Thang cuon (thang t chuyen): =30, can bo tr khoang lui (sanh) thch hp pha
trc thang e khong anh hng en giao thong ngang.
d. Thang may:
- at v tr de tm, thuan tien. oi khi c a ra mat tien e trang tr va pho
trng mc o tien nghi cua cong trnh (khach san, nha hang, khu giai tr,).
- c bo tr kem theo khoi thang bo.
- Khong can to chc thong thoang va chieu sang t nhien.
- Can co sanh nho trc thang 0,5m e khong anh hng en giao thong ngang.
- Kch thc phu thuoc vao lu lng ngi s dung.
- oi vi cong trnh cao tang, c 20 tang oi loc thang 1 lan.
- Thong thng 1 loc thang phai co 2 buong thang.
- Cac bo phan cau tao: buong thang, oi trong, bo phan ong c (ieu khien), bo
phan ham thang va bo phan ham oi trong (nam trong ho pitch).
- oi vi thang nang khong can buong thang kn.
e. Cau thang:
- Ket cau: ban, ban dam (li mong), tru, treo, cong xon,
- Vat lieu: gach, a, go, thep, BTCT, hon hp, chat deo,
- Hnh thc: 1 ve, 2 ve, 3 ve, cau thang xoan, cau thang
- Bo phan: bac thang (mat bac, mui bac, oi bac), than thang,ve thang, lan can,
tay vn, chieu ngh, chieu i, chieu en.

IV. KHONG GIAN S DUNG

1. Yeu cau: Kch thc phai phuh hp vi: Viec bo tr o ac, trang thiet b ky thuat, cac
nhu cau sinh hoat toi thieu cua con ngi, am bao thong thoang, chieu sang t nhien
tot, at c yeu to tham my, kinh te.
2. Kch thc:
Dien tch va khoi tch: tra TCXDVN tuy theo s dung.
Hnh dang: hnh ch nhat (thong dung), a giac eu, , , H, L, E, I,

10
 3. Chc nang s dung:
Cac phong trong nha : khong gian thoang, tam nhn rong, lien he gia trong va
ngoai tot, phu hp vi phong tuc tap quan cua a phng, trang tr am cung, tao
cam giac thoai mai, de chu.
Phong hanh chnh, van th: Thoa man yeu cau thong thoang, chieu sang t nhien,
lien he trong ngoai tot, cach am, cach nhiet, yen tnh,, chu y yeu to mau sac.
Cac phong gia cong san xuat: am bao day chuyen cong nghe, an toan, PCCC,
thong thoang, chieu sang t nhien tot.
Cac phong sinh hoat, giai tr:Yeu cau nghe ro, nhn ro, thoat ngi, ve sinh, phong
hoa, khong gian rong, thoang,
Cac phong phu tr: Khong gian hep, thong thoang tot. Neu to chc tot se khong
anh hng va lam ep hn cho khong gian chnh.

V. NHNG IEU THEN CHOT TRONG BO CUC KIEN TRUC

1. Hng nhn: Thng thc toan canh, noi that va boi canh xung quanh. Yeu cau to
chc c hng nhn khai thac nhieu hng nhn sinh ong.
2. Th sai:
- Sai lech t so lng va chieu hng
- Sai lech t tng quan gia cac vat the
- Sai lech t qui luat xa gan
- Sai lech t mau sac
ng dung trong kien truc: S dung hieu qua bong o, bo cuc trong qui hoach tong the
(quang trng, cong vien,), mau sac trong noi that (anh hng en tam ly con ngi). V
du cu the: thap Effel, en Pacteo,
3. Ly thuyet mau sac: (Mau sac ten mau, o manh va o sang).
a. Ly thuyet 3 mau c ban: o xanh dng vang
Ham lng pha tron la 1:1. Ch neu len moi tng quan gia 2 mau vi nhau. So lng
n sac giai t do o thieu nhieu mau trong t nhien.
b. Ly thuyet 5 mau c ban: trang vang o xanh en
Ham lng uyen chuyen, de tien lng. Mau sac phong phu. Co the ng dung vao thc
te xay dng de dang.

VI. NHNG TNH CHAT BO CUC KIEN TRUC

1. Thong nhat va bien hoa:

a. Tng phan va vi bien:

11
 Tng phan: s khac biet ro rang. Vi bien: gan giong nhau, bien oi rat t, co s lap
lai. Co the tng phan, vi bien ve tam voc (tonho, hnh dang, khoi, phng ng-
ngang); ve o ac rong; ve mau sac, vat lieu, sang toi.
b. Van ieu:
Van ieu lien tuc (ngang hay ng); van ieu tiem tien (tang hay giam dan); van ieu
giao nhau; van ieu t do.
c. Chnh phu:
Lam noi bat chu e, ap ng yeu cau cong nang, s dung. Xac nh tam, truc bo cuc
chnh, phu oi vi 1 cong trnh hay 1 tong the.
2. Can bang: cam thu co tnh tng oi.
a. Can bang oi xng: Cac bo phan trong 1 cong trnh hoac cac cong trnh trong tong
the quy hoach c bo tr oi xng qua 1 hay nhieu truc oi xng tren mat bang
hay hnh khoi mat ng, thng tao ra cam giac trang nghiem, yen tnh, ben vng,
hoanh trang,(nh, chua, nha th,, tru s c quan, tng ai quang trng,).
b. Can bang khong oi xng: Bo cuc t do, co sc hut bang nhau du khong oi
xng, thng tao ra cam xuc manh, vui ti, phong khoang, hap dan, v no gay
nen s ot bien trong bo cuc (nha van hoa, khach san, van hoa cong cong,).
Viec la chon cac cong trnh kien truc theo loai can bang oi xng hay khong oi xng
phu thuoc vao:
- ac iem, tnh chat cua cong trnh.
- Yeu cau cua quy hoach khu vc xay dng.
- ieu kien a hnh, a mao khu at xay dng.
- Day chuyen cong nang va khong gian s dung.
- Hng nhn, goc nhn cua cong trnh.
3. Ty le va tam thc trong kien truc:
a. Ty le kien truc:
- Ty le ban ve (ty le xch) la kch thc quy nh e the hien cac hnh ve trong 1 ban ve.
- Ty le kien truc la tng quan so sanh (thien ve cam xuc) gia cac bo phan kien truc
vi nhau, t tong the en cac chi tiet cua cong trnh.
o Ty le kien truc the hien tren tong the quy hoach: Ban than cong trnh phai co ty
le phu hp vi chnh no (cao, dai, rong, kch thc chi tiet) va cong trnh phai ty
le vi canh quan xung quanh.
o Ty le kien truc the hien trong cong trnh kien truc: T viec la chon hnh khoi
chnh en viec xac nh cac mang ac, rong, sang, toi, ng net, chi tiet va ca
hnh dang, so lng, mau sac, chat lieu.
b. Tam thc kien truc: Tam thc trong kien truc la pham tru tng quan so sanh
gia quy mo cua cac bo phan cong trnh vi kch thc cua con ngi. Mot cong
trnh kien truc phai co ty le tot gia cac bo phan cua no vi nhau, ong thi phai co
ty le vi con ngi.

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 c. Van e phi ty le khong co tam thc trong kien truc: Tc la cac bo phan cua
cong trnh co ty le tot vi nhau nhng khong co ty le vi kch thc con ngi.
V du:
en Parthenon, moi phien a cao gan 1m, tao nen s o so qua mc.
Lang Lenin, Lang Chu tch Ho Ch Minh,

VII. CAC NGUYEN TAC BO CUC KIEN TRUC

1. Bo cuc oi xng: oi xng quay (ng tron, mat phang); oi xng gng; oi xng
tnh tien; oi xng thang xoan.
2. Bo cuc pha v oi xng: Khong oi xng; tng phan; chuyen ong.

CHNG 4
NGUYEN TAC THIET KE KIEN TRUC

I. THIET KE MAT BANG

1. Nhng nhan to c ban:

a. Phan chia chc nang noi dung: Phan phoi chc nang trong tong cong
trnh, phan khu chc nang, phan cum chc nang, t o xac nh chnh
phu, ong tnh, oi noi oi ngoai,
b. Nhan to chnh phu:
c. Nhan to oi noi va oi ngoai: oi noi bo tr v tr u tien, gan cong
chnh, co the gian tiep hay trc tiep. oi ngoai bo tr kn ao, noi bo,
khong anh hng en nhng bo phan khac, khong chong cheo va can tr
giao thong va cac hoat ong oi ngoai.
d. Day chuyen s dung va san xuat:
2. Nhng giai phap phan khu mat bang:
Tong MB MB cong trnh MB cong trnh n v.
a. Phan khu theo toa nha rieng biet:
u iem: Phan khu ro rang, cach ly tot. Thong thoang va chieu sang t nhien
tot. Cau tao oc lap, ket cau n gian. De dang phan t xay dng.
Nhc iem: Chiem nhieu at xay dng, dien tch phu nhieu. Thiet ke ky
thuat ng ong day nhieu. Lien he gia cac khu chu anh hng cua thi tiet.
Cong trnh ri rac, dien tch ket cau ln, vat lieu bao che nhieu.
ng dung: Nhng cong trnh co yeu cau cao ve yen tnh, chieu sang t nhien,
thong thoang t nhien. a hnh phc tap. Mat o xay dng thap. Kha nang
xay dng thap hay XD thu cong. VD: trng hoc, khach san, benh vien,
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 b. Phan khu theo tng nha:
Moi tang la 1 khu chc nang rieng.
u iem: Lien he gia cac phong, khu chc nang de dang, thuan tien, khong
anh hng lan nhau. Xay dng kinh te, tiet kiem. Co the bo cuc hp khoi, hnh
khoi n gian. Phu hp vi cong trnh cao tang.
Nhc iem: Phan khu chc nang trong 1 tang cha hp ly, nhieu chc nang
trong 1 tang hay dien tch khu chc nang va dien tch tang khac nhau. Thong
thoang va chieu sang t nhien kho khan. Phai chu trong ve cong tac thoat
hiem va phong hoa.
ng dung: trng hoc, ky tuc xa, khach san, chung c.
c. Phan khu theo canh nha, n nguyen:
Phan chia chc nang, phan oan theo chieu ng thanh tng toa nha rieng biet
ghep lai vi nhau.
u iem: Phan khu ro rang, cach ly tot, chieu sang va thong thoang t nhien
tot hn phng an hp khoi. Tiet kiem dien tch at xay dng va ng ong ky
thuat. Hnh thc cua mat ng kien truc de hai hoa.
Nhc iem: Kho hnh thanh khong gian ln. S dung nhieu khoi thang khong
het cong suat.
ng dung: Nha n nguyen nhieu tang.
d. Phan khu uyen chuyen theo tnh chat cong trnh:
ng dung: Trng hoc, cung van hoa, giai tr, vien nghien cu,, nha thi
au,
3. Nhng nguyen tac bo cuc mat bang:
a. Kieu khong gian ln: Ch co mai che, trien lam, san van ong, be bi co
mai,
b. To hp tap trung: Cac phong nho xung quanh 1 phong ln: nha hat, nha
thi au, rap chieu phim, Co the tan dung c khong lam viec cua ket
cau, day chuyen chat che. Ket cau phc tap, thong thoang va chieu sang
nhan tao.
c. To hp kieu xuyen phong: Cac phong lien he vi nhau trc tiep khong
can hanh lang: trien lam, bao tang, ca hang, th vien, Dien tch giao
thong t, khong gian trang nghiem nhng sinh ong, thong gio va chieu
sang t nhien tot. Ch phuc vu mot so t cong trnh co yeu cau rieng.
d. To hp kieu lien he hanh lang: Nhng phong co dien tch gan bang nhau
nhng co nhiem vu khac nhau, can co s cach ly nh ; trng hoc, benh
vien, hanh chnh, Thong gio va chieu sang t nhien tot. Chiem dien tch
xay dng, quan he khong chat che, giao thong dai.
e. To hp kieu phan oan: Cac phong quan he vi nhau theo nhom va cac
nhom cach ly nhng at ke nhau tren 1 tong the: nha tre, trng hoc, chung
c,
14
 f. To hp kieu phan khu: Nham lam noi bat chnh - phu.

II. THIET KE HNH KHOI - MAT NG

1. Nhng iem can chu y:

- Bo cuc kien truc phai xuat phat t hnh khoi (khoi hnh hoc n gian, khoi hnh hoc
khong gian, cac hnh dang sinh thc vat); t o tao nen cac thanh phan ac rong, nang
nhe, ong tnh, hnh phang hay khong gian, he khung va cot, chieu ng hay ngang.
- S dung vat lieu xay dng thch hp, tham my.
- Ket hp hnh khoi vi thong gio, chieu sang, kh hau.
- S dung nhng nguyen tac bo cuc kien truc.
2. Yeu cau chung:
- Bieu hien c ac iem noi dung va tnh chat cua cong trnh, gay c an tng, cam
xuc va y o sang tac nh trc.
- The hien trung thc c cau mat bang, to hp khong gian ben trong cua cong trnh,
tranh pho trng, hnh thc gia doi,
- Hoa nhap c vi canh quan va moi trng xung quanh, co chu y en ac thu kei61n
truc, phong tuc tap quan, quan niem tham my cua ngi dan a phng.
- ong bo vi he thong ky thuat.
3. Cac bc tien hanh:
Phan chia cac khoi, mang chung: ac rong, sang toi, bong o. Phan mang chnh
phu, tao cam giac nang nhe,
Thiet ke cac ng net, chi tiet.
La chon mau sac, vat lieu.

CHNG 5
GII THIEU KET CAU, CAU TAO VA VAT LY KIEN TRUC

I. CAC HE KET CAU TRONG KIEN TRUC

1. Ket cau tng chu lc: la dang ket cau n gian va co ien nhat, vat lieu chu yeu la
gach, a, vi tnh nang chu lc tai phan bo eu theo chu vi. Trc kia dung tng gach a
ket hp vi go lam san va mai lp la hoac ngoi, co khi dung gach a theo dang cuon vom
e tao thanh khong gian s dung tng oi ln. Hien nay, dung tng chu lc ket hp vi
cac dam, san be tong cot thep e xay dng nhng cong trnh co khong gian tng oi ln
hoac nha cao 5, 6 tang.
ac iem chung:
- Khau o va khong gian nho, thng 4m.

15
 - Thi cong bang phng phap thu cong, toc o xay dng cham, nhng ay la cach
xay dng pho bien, de dang va re tien.
- Xay dng nha cao 5 tang th tng tang 1 va 2 day 330mm.
- Ca so m nho, mang tng nhieu, thng co phan v ng va hnh thc kien truc
thng la nang ne.
2. He ket cau khung: Cot chu lc nen va dam hay gian chu lc uon, cat lien ket vi nhau
bi cac goi ta, hay nut lien ket ngam hoac khp.
Phan loai theo vat lieu:
- Khung be tong cot thep: cot dam, san eu bang be tong cot thep.
- Khung thep: cot, dam, gian eu bang thep.
- Khung hon hp: cot chu nen bang be tong cot thep, dam hay gian bang khung hon hp
go thep hay be tong cot thep.
Phan loai theo cau truc:
- Khung phang: cot, dam hoac gian chu lc theo trong mat phang c gi bang lien ket
ngang.
- Khung khong gian: chu lc theo hai hoac nhieu chieu khac nhau, o on nh chu lc
ben vng hn, vt c nhng khau o va khong gian ln, so tang nhieu hn.
ac iem chung:
- Co khau o va khong gian ln, so tangnhieu.
- Thi cong bang phng phap cong nghiep hoa, t che tao en lap dng, tao nen toc o
xay dng nhanh, tiet kiem.
- Tao c mat ng thoang nhe, thanh thoat, ca so m rong; hnh thc kien truc phong
phu, a dang.
3. Ket cau vom vo: Ra i t thi co Hi Lap, La Ma, dung vat lieu gach a co truyen va
chat ket dnh, xay dng theo khuon hnh khum khum ng cong bac 2 va tao c cac
khong gian ln cho nha th, nha hoi hop. Cau truc vom co chieu day kha ln (30 40cm),
tai trong ln, lc ap don xuong mong chan vom cung rat ln nen phai phan lc bang he
chu lc co cac chieu khac nhau khu vc quanh cac chan vom cua vom cuon.

4. Vom 3 khp:
5. He ket cau day treo:
6. He ket cau tam gap:
7. He ket cau hon hp ac biet:

II. CAC BO PHAN CAU TAO TRONG MOT CONG TRNH KIEN TRUC

III. VAT LY KIEN TRUC

16
 CHNG 6
NGUYEN TAC THIET KE NHA

I. PHAN LOAI NHA

Nha

Nha ho gia nh Nha phi gia nh

Nha nong thon Biet th Nha pho, lien ke Chung c Khach san KTX,

n Song T Thap Cao

lap lap lap tang tang

II. THANH PHAN PHONG OC VA NGUYEN TAC THIET KE

1. Bo phan :
- Chiem v tr chu yeu cua nha , gom cac phong: ngu, sinh hoat chung, lam viec.
- Yeu cau cua bo phan : Hng nha tot, can ay u anh sang t nhien, mua ong
am, mua he mat, tranh on ao, anh hng lan nhau. Chieu cao thng la 3m. Yeu cau
ve sinh ve san nha phai bang vat lieu sach se, an hoi tot.
a. Phong ngu: (bo me, tre em, con cai, ong ba, khach, ngi giup viec)
- u tien nhat trong nha . ay la ni ngh ngi chu yeu, can am bao ve
sinh, yen tnh, thoang mat, co bien phap cach am thch ang, to chc i lai
thuan tien.
- Phong ngu can bo tr tiep xuc c vi thien nhien nhng van kn ao.
- Phong ngu co the lien he trc tiep vi tien phong hoac phong sinh hoat
chung, khong i qua phong ngu e sang phong khac.
- Dien tch phong tuy thuoc vao so ngi, la tuoi, oi tng s dung, thiet
b noi that va cach sap xep chung cung nh dien tch giao thong can thiet.
- Phong ngu bo me co dien tch ln nhat (15 18m2), can rieng, biet kn ao,
co ve sinh rieng. Phong ngu tre em at canh phong bo me, trang tr mau
sac ti vui, kch thc vat dung phu hp. Phong ngu con cai co dien tch
khoang 10 14m2. Phong ngu ong ba bo tr tang tret, chu y tranh gio
lua.

17
 - Thiet b noi that gom: ging, tu, co the co ban ghe lam viec. V tr gia
ca so va ging can chu y tranh anh sang roi vao mat. au ging tranh
ke sat tng hng nang nong.
- Can am bao he so chieu sang K = 1/7 1/8.
b. Phong sinh hoat chung:
- La ni ngh ngi, oan tu, trao oi sinh hoat hang ngay cua gia nh. Can
ay u anh sang va mat me, he so chieu sang K = 1/6 1/7.
- Thiet ke va trang tr noi that sao cho tao c khong gian phong phu, am
cung va than mat.
c. Phong lam viec:
- Ch bo tr oi vi nha co tieu chuan cao hoac nha cho mot so oi tng
nhat nh. Thng lien he trc tiep vi phong khach, phong sinh hoat.
- Can am bao anh sang, yen tnh. He so chieu sang K = 1/6 1/7.
2. Bo phan phuc vu:
a. Bep:
- ap ng c yeu cau cua cong viec noi tr, thuan tien, t ton thi gian i
lai, co khoang cach ngan en cho an.
- am bao yeu cau ve sinh, thong thoang (anh sang, thoang gio, thoat khoi,
thoat rac ban,), de lau chui. Thiet b bo tr gon gang, phu hp.
- Thng nam gan khu ve sinh e dung chung ng ong cap thoat nc.
- Co the ket hp vi cho an, co kho va san nc.
- Dien tch phu thuoc vao phng thc un, kch thc, cach sap xep o ac
va so ngi trong gia nh.
b. Phong an:
- oi vi nha tieu chuan cao mi tach rieng ra. Thng gan lien vi bep, oi
khi ch la 1 goc nha.
- Trang tr khong gian an phong phu, am cung, u anh sang, de s dung. Ban
an phai u rong, ghe phai nhe nhang e de di chuyen.
c. Khoi ve sinh:
- Co the gop thanh mot phong chung gom tam, ra, x, tieu hoac tach rieng
phan tam (gia nh ong ngi).
- am bao yeu cau s dung thuan tien, thng nam gan phong ngu, bep.
ap ng yeu cau tam ly cua con ngi. Thiet b ve sinh phai ben chac.
am bao cac yeu cau ve chieu sang, ve sinh.
- Phai nam cuoi hng gio, co bien phap tranh am t, de co ra (san co
o doc thch hp, san at thap hn san cac phong khac 10 15cm, co bien
phap chong tham, tng op gach men 1,6m,..).
- Ca so at 1,2m. Chieu cao t san en tran 2,2 2,4m, khong gian tha
tren tran co the lam kho phu.
- Chu y tranh gio lua oi vi ngi gia va tre em.

18
 - Nha co lau nen gom ve sinh thanh 1 khoi, at chong len nhau theo chieu
ng e thuan li cho viec s dung chung ng ong cap va thoat.
- Cac thiet b ve sinh: Lavabo 500x650 (S: 900x1000), x xom 600x600, x
bet 450x700 (S: 900x1200), tam ng 900x900, bon tam 750x1700,
1250x1250, 1450x1450,
3. Bo phan giao thong va nhng bo phan phu khac:

CHNG 7
NGUYEN TAC THIET KE MOT SO CONG TRNH CONG CONG

I. MOT SO NGUYEN TAC CHUNG

II. THIET KE TRNG HOC
III. THIET KE TRU S C QUAN
IV. THIET KE TRAM XA
V. THIET KE KHACH SAN

19