Introduction
criminology and explain the emergence of
Enlightenment and Classical theory
Positivism Criminology
Criminal Anthropology
Students are expected to give definition of
several theories to understand crimes,
criminal behaviours, and determining
sanction in criminal cases.
Students are expected to explain:
Classical criminology theory took
place in the Enlightenment period, i.e.,
in the 18 century. The Age of reason.
Classical criminology is initiated by
Cesare Beccaria.
The classical school followed
Beccarias ideology which focused on
crime, not the criminal.
Jeremy Bentham- punishment should
be greater than the reward of crime.
Explain the concept of utility.
Theories: 2) Rational Choice Theory
b)Routine Activities Theory c)
Situational choice Theory
Student are expected to explain:
Early figures of positivist criminology
like Cesare Lombroso and Charles
Darwin.
The Positivist School of Criminology
linked biological, psychological, and
sociological theories to criminal
behaviour.
Biological theory
Psychological theory
Sociological theory.
Explain Cesare Lombroso theory :
Introduces biological criminology
theories. Student need to list down all
the criminal features deduced by
Lombroso.
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 According to Lombroso, persons who
have five or more biological traits are
born criminals. Beside physical traits
Lombroso introduces some other
traits of born criminal.
This theory has been debunked by
Charles Buckman Goring.
Goring didn't find any physical
abnormalities or traits on criminals.
He criticized Lombroso on the issue
of born criminal and found that such
thesis is inaccurate as well as
dangerous.
Goring concluded that no one is
criminal until he or she commits a
crime.
Neoclassical Criminology Students are expected to explain:
The Neo-Classical School of
Criminology allowed for mitigating
factors to be reviewed by a judge and
allowed for discretion to be used.
Before the Neo-Classical School, all
offenders were treated the same.
The Neo-Classical School was also
able to blend the Classical School of
Criminology with the Positivist
School of Criminology.
Deterrence theory. There are 2 types
of deterrence: - a) General Deterrence
b) Specific deterrence.

Conclusion Students are expected to conclude the

assignment by identifying implementation of
these theory in current theories. i.e trait theory
and so on.`

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