Centrifugal pump

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Warman centrifugal pump in a coal preparation plant application
Centrifugal pumps are a sub-class of dynamic axisymmetric work-absorbing turboma
chinery.[1] Centrifugal pumps are used to transport fluids by the conversion of
rotational kinetic energy to the hydrodynamic energy of the fluid flow. The rota
tional energy typically comes from an engine or electric motor. The fluid enters
the pump impeller along or near to the rotating axis and is accelerated by the
impeller, flowing radially outward into a diffuser or volute chamber (casing), f
rom where it exits.
Common uses include water, sewage, petroleum and petrochemical pumping; a centri
fugal fan is commonly used to implement a vacuum cleaner. The reverse function o
f the centrifugal pump is a water turbine converting potential energy of water p
ressure into mechanical rotational energy.
Contents
1 History
2 How it works
2.1 Description by Euler
2.1.1 Euler's pump equation
2.1.2 Velocity Triangle
2.2 Efficiency factor
3 Vertical centrifugal pumps
4 Froth pumps
5 Multistage centrifugal pumps
6 Energy usage
7 Problems of centrifugal pumps
8 Centrifugal pumps for solids control
9 Magnetically coupled pumps
10 Priming
10.1 Self priming centrifugal pump
11 See also
12 References
13 Sources
14 External links
History
According to Reti, the first machine that could be characterized as a centrifuga
l pump was a mud lifting machine which appeared as early as 1475 in a treatise b
y the Italian Renaissance engineer Francesco di Giorgio Martini.[2] True centrif
ugal pumps were not developed until the late 17th century, when Denis Papin buil
t one using straight vanes. The curved vane was introduced by British inventor J
ohn Appold in 1851.
How it works
Cutaway view of centrifugal pump
Like most pumps, a centrifugal pump converts rotational energy, often from a mot
or, to energy in a moving fluid. A portion of the energy goes into kinetic energ
y of the fluid. Fluid enters axially through eye of the casing, is caught up in
the impeller blades, and is whirled tangentially and radially outward until it l
eaves through all circumferential parts of the impeller into the diffuser part o
f the casing. The fluid gains both velocity and pressure while passing through t
he impeller. The doughnut-shaped diffuser, or scroll, section of the casing dece
lerates the flow and further increases the pressure.
Description by Euler
A consequence of Newton s second law of mechanics is the conservation of the angul
ar momentum (or the moment of momentum ) which is of fundamental significance to al
l turbomachines. Accordingly, the change of the angular momentum is equal to the
sum of the external moments. Angular momentums ?Qrcu at inlet and outlet, an exter
nal torque M and friction moments due to shear stresses Mt are acting on an impe
ller or a diffuser.
Since no pressure forces are created on cylindrical surfaces in the circumferent
ial direction, it is possible to write Eq. (1.10) as:[3]

? Q ( c 2 u . r 2 - c 1 u . r 1 ) = M + M t {\displaystyle \rho Q(c_

{2}u.r_{2}-c_{1}u.r_{1})=M+M_{\tau }} \rho Q(c_{2}u.r_{2}-c_{1}u.r_{1})=M+M_{\ta
u } (1.13)
Euler's pump equation
Based on Eq.(1.13) Euler developed the head pressure equation created by the imp
eller see Fig.2.2
Y t h . g = H t = c 2 u . u 2 - c 1 u . u 1 {\displaystyle Yth.g=H_{
t}=c_{2}u.u_{2}-c_{1}u.u_{1}} Yth.g=H_{t}=c_{2}u.u_{2}-c_{1}u.u_{1} (1)
Y t h = 1 / 2 ( u 2 2 - u 1 2 + w 1 2 - w 2 2 + c 2 2 - c 1 2 ) {\di
splaystyle Yth=1/2(u_{2}^{2}-u_{1}^{2}+w_{1}^{2}-w_{2}^{2}+c_{2}^{2}-c_{1}^{2})}
Yth=1/2(u_{2}^{2}-u_{1}^{2}+w_{1}^{2}-w_{2}^{2}+c_{2}^{2}-c_{1}^{2}) (2)
In Eq. (2) the sum of 4 front element number call static pressure,the sum of las
t 2 element number call velocity pressure look carefully on the Fig 2.2 and the
detail equation.
Ht theory head pressure ; g = between 9.78 and 9.82 m/s2 depending on latitude,
conventional standard value of exactly 9.80665 m/s2 barycentric gravitational a
cceleration
u2=r2.? the peripheral circumferential velocity vector
u1=r1.? the inlet circumferential velocity vector
?=2p.n angular velocity
w1 inlet relative velocity vector
w2 outlet relative velocity vector
c1 inlet absolute velocity vector
c2 outlet absolute velocity vector
Velocity Triangle
The color triangle formed by velocity vector u,c,w called "velocity triangle". t
his is an important role in old academic, this rule was helpful to detail Eq.(1)
 become Eq.(2) and wide explained how the pump works.
Fig 2.3 (a) shows triangle velocity of forward curved vanes impeller ; Fig 2.3 (
b) shows triangle velocity of radial straight vanes impeller. It illustrates rat
her clearly energy added to the flow (shown in vector c) inversely change upon f
low rate Q (shown in vector cm).
Efficiency factor
? = ? . g Q H P m {\displaystyle \eta ={\frac {\rho .gQH}{P_{m}}}} \eta ={\frac
{\rho .gQH}{P_{m}}},
where:
P m {\displaystyle P_{m}} P_m is the mechanics input power required (W)
? {\displaystyle \rho } \rho is the fluid density (kg/m3)
g {\displaystyle g} g is the standard acceleration of gravity (9.80665 m/s2)
H {\displaystyle H} H is the energy Head added to the flow (m)
Q {\displaystyle Q} Q is the flow rate (m3/s)
? {\displaystyle \eta } \eta is the efficiency of the pump plant as a decima
l
The head added by the pump ( H {\displaystyle H} H) is a sum of the static lift,
the head loss due to friction and any losses due to valves or pipe bends all ex
pressed in metres of fluid. Power is more commonly expressed as kilowatts (103 W
, kW) or horsepower (hp*0.746 = kW). The value for the pump efficiency, ? p u m
p {\displaystyle \eta _{pump}} \eta _{{pump}}, may be stated for the pump itself
or as a combined efficiency of the pump and motor system.
Vertical centrifugal pumps
Vertical centrifugal pumps are also referred to as cantilever pumps. They utiliz
e a unique shaft and bearing support configuration that allows the volute to han
g in the sump while the bearings are outside the sump. This style of pump uses n
o stuffing box to seal the shaft but instead utilizes a "throttle bushing". A co
mmon application for this style of pump is in a parts washer.
Froth pumps
In the mineral industry, or in the extraction of oilsand, froth is generated to
separate the rich minerals or bitumen from the sand and clays. Froth contains ai
r that tends to block conventional pumps and cause loss of prime. Over history,
industry has developed different ways to deal with this problem. In the pulp and
paper industry holes are drilled in the impeller. Air escapes to the back of th
e impeller and a special expeller discharges the air back to the suction tank. T
he impeller may also feature special small vanes between the primary vanes calle
d split vanes or secondary vanes. Some pumps may feature a large eye, an inducer
or recirculation of pressurized froth from the pump discharge back to the sucti
on to break the bubbles.[4]
Multistage centrifugal pumps
Multistage centrifugal pump[5]
A centrifugal pump containing two or more impellers is called a multistage centr
ifugal pump. The impellers may be mounted on the same shaft or on different shaf
ts. At each stage, the fluid is directed to the center before making its way to
the discharge on the outer diameter.
For higher pressures at the outlet, impellers can be connected in series. For hi
gher flow output, impellers can be connected parallel.
A common application of the multistage centrifugal pump is the boiler feedwater
pump. For example, a 350 MW unit would require two feedpumps in parallel. Each f
eedpump is a multistage centrifugal pump producing 150 l/s at 21 MPa.
All energy transferred to the fluid is derived from the mechanical energy drivin
g the impeller. This can be measured at isentropic compression, resulting in a s
light temperature increase (in addition to the pressure increase).
Energy usage
The energy usage in a pumping installation is determined by the flow required, t
he height lifted and the length and friction characteristics of the pipeline. Th
e power required to drive a pump ( P i {\displaystyle P_{i}} P_{i}), is defined
simply using SI units by:
Single-stage radial-flow centrifugal pump
P i = ? g H Q ? {\displaystyle P_{i}={\cfrac {\rho \ g\ H\ Q}{\eta }}}
P_{i}={\cfrac {\rho \ g\ H\ Q}{\eta }}
where:
P i {\displaystyle P_{i}} P_{i} is the input power required (W)
? {\displaystyle \rho } \rho is the fluid density (kg/m3)
g {\displaystyle g} g is the standard acceleration of gravity (9.80665 m/s2)
H {\displaystyle H} H is the energy Head added to the flow (m)
Q {\displaystyle Q} Q is the flow rate (m3/s)
? {\displaystyle \eta } \eta is the efficiency of the pump plant as a decima
l
The head added by the pump ( H {\displaystyle H} H) is a sum of the static lift,
the head loss due to friction and any losses due to valves or pipe bends all ex
pressed in metres of fluid. Power is more commonly expressed as kilowatts (103 W
, kW) or horsepower (hp = kW/0.746). The value for the pump efficiency, ? p u m
p {\displaystyle \eta _{pump}} \eta _{{pump}}, may be stated for the pump itself
or as a combined efficiency of the pump and motor system.
The energy usage is determined by multiplying the power requirement by the lengt
h of time the pump is operating.
Problems of centrifugal pumps
These are some difficulties faced in centrifugal pumps:[6]
File:Open Type Centrifugal Pump Impeller.ogvPlay media
Open Type Centrifugal Pump Impeller
Cavitation the net positive suction head (NPSH) of the system is too low for t
he selected pump
Wear of the impeller can be worsened by suspended solids
Corrosion inside the pump caused by the fluid properties
Overheating due to low flow
Leakage along rotating shaft.
Lack of prime centrifugal pumps must be filled (with the fluid to be pumped) i
n order to operate
Surge
Pie chart showing what causes damage to pumps.
Centrifugal pumps for solids control
An oilfield solids control system needs many centrifugal pumps to sit on or in m
ud tanks. The types of centrifugal pumps used are sand pumps, submersible slurry
pumps, shear pumps, and charging pumps. They are defined for their different fu
nctions, but their working principle is the same.
Magnetically coupled pumps
Main article: magnetic coupling
Magnetically coupled pumps, or magnetic drive pumps, vary from the traditional p
umping style, as the motor is coupled to the pump by magnetic means rather than
by a direct mechanical shaft. The pump works via a drive magnet, 'driving' the p
ump rotor, which is magnetically coupled to the primary shaft driven by the moto
r.[7] They are often used where leakage of the fluid pumped poses a great risk (
e.g., aggressive fluid in the chemical or nuclear industry, or electric shock -
garden fountains). They have no direct connection between the motor shaft and th
e impeller, so no gland is needed. There is no risk of leakage, unless the casin
g is broken. Since the pump shaft is not supported by bearings outside the pump'
s housing, support inside the pump is provided by bushings. The pump size of a m
agnetic drive pumps can go from few Watts power to a giant 1MW.
Priming
Most centrifugal pumps are not self-priming. In other words, the pump casing mus
t be filled with liquid before the pump is started, or the pump will not be able
to function. If the pump casing becomes filled with vapors or gases, the pump i
mpeller becomes gas-bound and incapable of pumping. To ensure that a centrifugal
pump remains primed and does not become gas-bound, most centrifugal pumps are l
ocated below the level of the source from which the pump is to take its suction.
The same effect can be gained by supplying liquid to the pump suction under pre
ssure supplied by another pump placed in the suction line.
Self priming centrifugal pump
Enough liquid for priming can be stored in a specially designed pump casing, res
ulting in a centrifugal pump that is self-priming. During priming the liquid is
recirculated within the casing. Gas from the suction port mixes with the liquid
in the pump. The impeller repeatedly ejects the mixture back into the casing. Th
e liquid sinks to the bottom of the casing, where it reenters the pump along wit
h more gas from the suction port. Gradually the gas is expelled from the pump in
to the discharge line, and the suction line fills with liquid. Normal centrifuga
l pump operation begins.[7]
See also
Axial flow pump
Effects of mach number and shock losses in turbomachines
Net positive suction head (NPSH)
Pump
Seal (mechanical)
Specific speed (Ns or Nss)
Thermodynamic pump testing
Turbine
Turbopump
References
Shepard, Dennis G. (1956). Principles of Turbomachinery. McMillan. ISBN 0-471-85
546-4. LCCN 56002849.
Reti, Ladislao; Di Giorgio Martini, Francesco (Summer 1963). "Francesco di Giorg
io (Armani) Martini's Treatise on Engineering and Its Plagiarists". Technology a
nd Culture. 4 (3): 287 298 (290). doi:10.2307/3100858.
Glich, Johann Friedrich (2010). Centrifugal Pumps (2nd ed.). ISBN 978-3-642-12823
-3.
Baha Abulnaga (2004). Pumping Oilsand Froth (PDF). 21st International Pump Users
Symposium, Baltimore, Maryland. Published by Texas A&M University, Texas, USA.
Moniz, Paresh Girdhar, Octo (2004). Practical centrifugal pumps design, operatio
n and maintenance (1. publ. ed.). Oxford: Newnes. p. 13. ISBN 0750662735. Retrie
ved 3 April 2015.
Larry Bachus, Angle Custodio (2003). Know and understand centrifugal pumps. Else
vier Ltd. ISBN 1856174093.
 "How a self-priming centrifugal pump works". Gorman-Rupp Company. November 2
1, 2005. Retrieved August 3, 2016.
Sources
ASME B73 Standards Committee, Chemical Standard Pumps
External links
Minimum Thermal Flow in Centrifugal Pumps - Chemical Engineering Site
Look up Centrifugal pump in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Centrifugal pumps.
Categories:
PumpsGas compressorsTurbinesHydraulic engineeringPower engineering
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