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infecioase
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Cuprins
Infeciile arborelui respirator............................................................................................................................................................1
Etiologie:.................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
Simptomatologie.......................................................................................................................................................................... 1
Examenul obiectiv....................................................................................................................................................................... 1
Investigaii paraclinice................................................................................................................................................................ 2
Broniectaziile................................................................................................................................................................................. 2
Etiologie:..................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
Simptomatologie......................................................................................................................................................................... 2
Examenul obiectiv:.....................................................................................................................................................................2
Investigaii paraclinice:............................................................................................................................................................... 2
Diagnosticul diferenial............................................................................................................................................................... 2
Evoluie. Complicaii.................................................................................................................................................................. 2
Infeciile parenchimului pulmonar...................................................................................................................................................3
Pneumoniile acute.......................................................................................................................................................................3
Clasificare dup etiologie:...................................................................................................................................................... 3
Patogenic 2 tipuri de pneumonii:............................................................................................................................................3
Pneumonia pneumococic................................................................................................................................................................ 3
Agentul etiologic:........................................................................................................................................................................3
Tabloul clinic.............................................................................................................................................................................. 4
Examenul plmnului: sindrom de condensare neretractil...........................................................................................................4
Inspecie: diminuarea amplitudinii micrilor respiratorii de partea bolnav..........................................................................4
Palpare: accentuarea transmiterii vibrailor vocale n zona afectat........................................................................................4
Percuie: matitate sau submatitate...........................................................................................................................................4
Ascultaie: suflu tubar i raluri crepitante...............................................................................................................................4
Sindrom pleural......................................................................................................................................................................4
Investigaii paraclinice................................................................................................................................................................ 4
Examenul sngelui.................................................................................................................................................................4
Examenul de urin.................................................................................................................................................................. 4
Examenul sputei.....................................................................................................................................................................4
Radiografia toracic............................................................................................................................................................... 4
Evoluie. Complicaii.................................................................................................................................................................. 5
Complicaii.................................................................................................................................................................................. 5
PNEUMONIA STAFILOCOCIC..................................................................................................................................................5
Infecia pulmonar survine pe 2 ci:............................................................................................................................................5
Infecia pulmonar cu S. aureus produce.....................................................................................................................................5
Tabloul clinic.............................................................................................................................................................................. 5
Examenul obiectiv:.....................................................................................................................................................................5
Investigaii paraclinice:............................................................................................................................................................... 6
Evoluie. Complicaii.................................................................................................................................................................. 6
BRONHOPNEUMONIA................................................................................................................................................................. 6
Examenul plmnului:................................................................................................................................................................6
Investigaii paraclinice:............................................................................................................................................................... 6
Examenul radiologic:..................................................................................................................................................................6
PNEUMONIILE VIRALE ATIPICE............................................................................................................................................7
Etiologie:..................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Tabloul clinic.............................................................................................................................................................................. 7
Examenul plmnului:................................................................................................................................................................7
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Investigaii paraclinice:............................................................................................................................................................... 7
Radiografia pulmonar:...............................................................................................................................................................7
Evoluie. Complicaii.................................................................................................................................................................. 7
ABCESUL PULMONAR................................................................................................................................................................7
Etiologie:..................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Exist 3 stadii evolutive:............................................................................................................................................................. 8
1. Faza de focar nchis:..................................................................................................................................................... 8
2. Vomica.......................................................................................................................................................................... 8
3. Faza de focar deschis....................................................................................................................................................8
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Durere retrosternal
caracter de arsur
provocat de tuse i de respiraiile ample
Tuse
seac, iritativ primele 2-3 zile
cu expectoraie mucoas (etiologie viral) sau mucopurulent (etiologie bacterian)
Examenul obiectiv
Broniectaziile
hipocratism digital
raluri subcrepitante, ronflante i sibilante ce se ascult n acelai focar (fixitatea focarului de
ascultaie)
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Investigaii paraclinice:
1. Pneumonii primare:
la persoane anterior sntoase
de tip lobar sau interstiial
foarte rar mbrac aspect de bronhopneumonie
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2. Pneumonii secundare:
survin ca o complicaie a unei boli bronhopulmonare preexistente (broniectazie, cancer
bronhopulmonar, fibroz pulmonar etc)
complicaia unei viroze (gripa, rujeola etc)
staz pulmonar (ICG, ICC), bronhoplegie, aspiraie
pneumonii cu germeni condiionat patogeni (bacterii endogene) sau germeni de spital (bacterii
selectate)
Pneumonia pneumococic
1) Debutul
n plin sntate
frison unic, intens, prelungit (30-40 minute)
febr important (39-40C)
junghi toracic cu sediul la nivelul focarului pneumonic (submamelonar),accentuat de tuse i
respiraie
tuse seac
dispnee polipnee superficial
Obiectiv:
tahicardie
herpes la buze sau nas (10% din cazuri)
roeaa obrazului de partea bolnav semnul Jaccoud
2) Perioada de stare:
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febra n platou sau neregulat
tahicardie n concordan cu febra
oligurie
tusea devine productiv, cu sput caracteristic ruginie i aderent de vas
uneori sputa este hemoptoic sau purulent
Obiectiv:
stare general influenat
tegumente calde, umede, limb uscat
tahicardie, hTA,
tahiaritmii, semne de miocardit formele severe
Examenul plmnului: sindrom de condensare neretractil
Examenul sngelui
Examenul sputei
Postero-anterioar i de profil
Opacitate
omogen, de intensitate subcostal, form triunghiular (vrful la hil)
neretractil (traheea, cordul i diafragmul sunt n poziie normal)
lobar sau segmentar
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Rareori opacitatea este bilateral pneumonie dubl
Revrsat pleural minim/mediu pleurezia parapneumonic 30% din cazuri
Evoluie. Complicaii
PNEUMONIA STAFILOCOCIC
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dispnee
alterarea strii generale
Examenul obiectiv:
sdr inflamator
hemocultura pozitiv n 50% din cazuri
uree, creatinina, ionograma, ex urin
probele hepatice
examenul sputei
Ex radiologic pulmonar
opaciti multiple, rotunde, dimensiuni diverse, margini difuze
opaciti cu nivel (microabcese sau pneumatocele)
chiti aerieni (bule de aer)
revrsat pleural
Evoluie. Complicaii
boal grav
mortalitate peste 15%
empiem pleural
abcese pulmonare
pneumotorax
meningita stafilococic
endocardita acut
Insuficiena respiratorie, oc septic
BRONHOPNEUMONIA
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Examenul plmnului:
Leucocitoz cu neutrofilie
VSH accelerat
hemocultura
Probe renale, hepatice
Ionograma, gazele sanguine
Examenul sputei
Examenul radiologic:
VSH accelerat
numrul de GB este normal sau sczut
examenul sputei: mononucleare, flor microbian absent
medii speciale de cultur pentru M. Pneumoniae
teste serologice
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Radiografia pulmonar:
vindecare
tusea poate persista pn la 2-3 sptamni
infecia bacterian secundar
complicaii hematologice: anemia hemolitic autoimun, trombopenie, CID
miocardita ICG
meningita, meningoencefalita
ABCESUL PULMONAR
supuraie colectat ntr-o cavitate pulmonar neoformat, produs printr-o inflamaie acut
netuberculoas
Etiologie:
bacterii aerobe stafilococi, pneumococi
bacterii anaerobe
cale bronic sau hematogen
Factori favorizani: pacieni tarai (alcoolism, DS, CH etc), frigul, oboseala, tulburrile de
ventilaie pulmonar (obstrucia bronic cancerul bronhopulmonar)
Exist 3 stadii evolutive:
1) faza de focar nchis
2) vomica
3) faza de focar deschis
1. Faza de focar nchis:
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Ex radiologic:
opacitate dens, omogen, cu limite imprecise, intensitate subcostal
2. Vomica
sindrom inflamator
Examenul sputei: PMN alterate, flor microbian bogat, fibre elastice
Examenul radiologic: imagine hidroaeric, cu limit orizontal n toate poziiile
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