SCEM Professional Level
Air Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation
Regulatory Framework
- Code of Practice
Tay Cher Seng
LEED® AP, P.Eng
Air Conditioning
Regulatory Framework
— Reducing Demand
+ ETIV
— Energy Efficiency
+ $8530
+ SS 553 (formerly CP 13)
— Innovation
+ Green MarkUnderstanding ETTV
* OTTV introduced in 1979
+ Requirements = 45 W/m?
* Did not accurately reflect the relative
performance of the different elements in an
envelope system
* Specifically, solar gain was underestimated
Understanding ETTV
+ ETTV introduced in 2004
+ Also RTTV
+ Requirements for both set at 50 W/m?Understanding ETTV
Envelope Thermal Transfer Value (ETTV) Formula
The ETT formulas given as folons
ETTV=12{1-WWRU, +3.(WWRW, +211 NRICF)SO)
where
ev
WR
u
uy
a
sc
rwelpe thennal transfer value (Wi)
windowtosvall ratio (fenestration area | gross area of
etre wal
‘hemal tansmitace of opaque val (Win?°K)
‘thea tansmitanceoffenesaton (Wi *)
ceeeton factor for solar heat gain though enestaton
shating coetioent of fenestration
Understanding ETTV
Computation
-TD eg = 12°C
—At = 3.4°C
—-SF = 211 Wim?SS 530
Energy efficiency standard for building services and equipment
+ Energy Efficiency Standard for Building
Services and Equipment
provides minimum energy efficiency
requirements for:
~ air conditioning equipment
— heat rejection equipment
—water heaters
— electric motor drives
high efficiency lighting
SS 530
Energy efficiency standard for building services and equipment
Air Conditioning Equipment
+ Unitary air conditioners and condensing units
+ Water chilling packagesSS 530
Energy efficiency standard for building services and equipment
Saunt pe Terao Taney
‘iccondlones Ar S10 Kwa <7ORW 3a5c0P
oad
‘condones water So Kwa Sa a= 1055K 5550
05510 soca
SS 530
Energy efficiency standard for building services and equipment
+ Heat Rejection Equipment
Peicmnce eqie al
Rectan eqipment
Con Tove pfoae trate
ls Hands
Centum coning ters
nn Tene pfomae trate
las tan.SS 530
Energy efficiency standard for building services and equipment
Ener
SS 530
ficiency standard for building services and equipmentSS 530
Energy efficiency standard for building services and equipment
+ Water Heaters - Equipment Type
—Electric — resistance & heat pump
—Gas — storage
—Gas — instantaneous
—-Oil- storage
—Oil- instantaneous
—boilers
SS 530
Energy efctenoy standard for building services and equipment
+ Boilers
—Gas-fired
-Oil-+fired
—Oil-fired (residual)SS 530
Energy efficiency standard for building services and equipment
Comparison of Production Cost
SS 530
Energy effciency standard for building services and equipment
Electric Motors
+ Applicable to 1.1 to 90 kW
* Continuous use at least 2900 hrs/yr
* Occasional use <2900 hrs/yrEnergy efficiency
SS 530
standard for building services and equipment
Electric
Motors
Mrmr nr
aber of gales
Motor power (kW
0
a | eee
2 | ee
wo | a2
| 23 | a6
al oad efeioney (8)
Cecasona use
00
905
14
920
SS 530
Energy efficiency standard for building services and equipment
Lighting Power Budget
* Interior lighting
+ Exterior lighting
—Flood lighting < 5% of total interior lighting
load
+ Lighting controlEnergy efficiency
SS 530
standard for building services and equipment
Type of usage Max Lighting Power Density ( Wim2)
Office 15
‘Shops 25
Restaurants 15
Car parks: 5
Corridors. 10
Lobbies 10
Stairs é
SS 530
Energy efficiency standard for building services and equipment
* Design service luminance , lamp
efficacies and the light output ratios of
luminaries shall be in accordance with
SS 531SS 530
Energy efficiency standard for building services and equipment
+ Lighting control
—circuiting /switching or dimming should be
provided so that
* lighting reduced when task is not
performed
* lighting reduced when space is not being
used
* lighting reduced when daylight is adequate
+ exterior lighting controlled by timers or
photo-cells
SS 553
P for mechanical ventilation and air conditioning in buildings
+ Central cooling pumping efficiency
+ Ventilation Fan efficiency
+ Air change requirementsPumping System Design Criteria
CP 13 Clause 7.11.6
a. Piping systems should be designed at a
friction pressure loss rate of no more than
4.0m of water per 100 equivalent metre of
pipe
b. The water transport factor shall not be less
than 30 for chilled water and 40 for the
condensing water circuit, whether open or
closed
Pumping System Design Criteria
CP 13 Clause 7.11.6
c. For constant volume systems, the factor shall
be based on design water flow.
d. For variable pumping systems, the factor shall
be based on 75% of maximum design water
flow.Pumping System Design Criteria
CP 13 Clause 7.11.6
e. Variable speed or stage pumping should be
considered in the design of large systems.
f. Pumping power required for heat recovery
devices shall not be included in the water
transport factor calculation.
Pumping System Design Criteria
CP 13 Clause 7.11.6 (g
+ Water transport factor =
Heat transfer to circulating water / |
pump power inputPumping System Design Criteria
Chilled water circuit
— Pump power = heat transfer / 30 kW
= 0.033 kW/kW
= 0.1172 kWirton
Condenser Water circuit
— Pump power = heat transfer /40 kW.
= 0.025 kW/kW
= 0.0879 kW/rton
Pumping System Design Criteria
SS 553 Clause 10.5.1.1
+ The pump power limitation for chilled water
system shall be 349 kW per m3/s
+ The pump power limitation for condenser
water systems is 301 kW per m%/sPumping System Design Criteria
Chilled Water Circuit
+ If flow rate is 1 m%/s ,
Q=MxC,xAT
Q=1000 kg/s x 4.18 kd/kgK x 5.5 K
Q= 22,990 kW
Q=6,537 rt
* Chilled water pump power limit
= 349 kW per m/s
= 0.0534 kWirt
Pumping System Design Criteria
* Condenser water pump power limit
= 301 kW per m%/s
= 0.046 kWirtPumping System Design Criteria
SS 553 Clause 10.5.1.1
+ Motors exceeding 15 kW shall have controls
and/or devices (such as variable speed
control) that will result in pump motor demand
of no more than 30% of design wattage at
50% of design water flow.
Chiller Plant Energy Use Spectrum
=
kWiton 0.5 06 07 08 09 10 14 1.2
C.O.P. (7.0) (8.9) (5.0) (4.4) (3.9) (3.5) (3.2) (2.9)
AVERAGE ANNUAL CHILLER PLANT EFFICIENCY IN KWITON (C.0.P})
(rou eneray includes cites, rower fans, and condenser & chilled water pumping)SS 530
Energy effciency standard for building services and equipment
+ Heat Rejection Equipment
Caving Tower] SSSC2005 | Pefomarce eee ret
reed enone
Pag fan cooing
Coolng Tower pevcrmanoe shal not be
Fessthan 323 Us AV,
Cental i cna ters
Cui Tver sl tbe
bestia 17s
Cooling Tower Fan
For cooling tower using axial fan,
* Q=MxC, x AT
Q =3.23 kg/s x 4.18 kJ/kgK x 6 K
Q=81kW
Q=23rt
+ SS530 limits 3.23 I/s per kW
= 0.0434 kWirtFan System Design Criteria
CP 13 Clause 7.11.5 (a)
For fan systems which provide a constant air
volume whenever the fans are running, the
power required by the motor for the combined
fan system at design conditions shall not
exceed 0.47 w per m*/h of supply air
Fan System Design Criteria
CP 13 Clause 7.11.5 (b)
For fan systems which are able to vary system
air volume automatically as a function of load,
the power required by the motors for the
combined fan system at design conditions shall
not exceed 0.74 W per m*/h of supply airFan System Design Criteria
SS 553 Clause 9.2.1
+ Applicable to systems having a total fan power
exceeding 4 kW.
SS 553 Clause 9.2.1.1
* Constant Volume : 1.7 kW per m/s
+ Variable Volume : 2.4 kW per m3/s
Fan System Design Criteria
SS 553 Clause 9.2.1.2
+ VAV fans with motor 11kW and greater
— Driven by VSD
—Have controls for fans resulting in motor demand
less than 30% of design wattage at 50% of design
air volume when static pressure set point equals 1/3
of the total design static pressure based on
manufacturer's certified fan dataReceptacle loads
+ Reasonable assumptions for simulation
2 For receptacle loads, Table A below fr ference,
Tobe Recepace Los [Sarees Rea aos
‘Gorputer tense Offers | ASHARE STD
8, Genvratottee Areas 0.11988
12 Lange Conornes eae
&_SoneyCompute roars
Title 24, California’ eneray efficiency standards for residential
and ronresidential buildings.
Energy Modeling
Reference model:
— Building that complies to all minimum requirements.
prescribes in codes and standards
Proposed model:
— Building that being designed for — more than meets.
code requirements, incorporating innovative energy
efficient systemsEnergy Modeling
+ Energy Savings =
energy consumed by reference model
less
energy consumed by proposed model
+ Reference Model = bench mark
Energy Modeling
+ The software must be able to model the
thermal performance of buildings in @ multi-
zone format and calculate the Building's total
energy consumption over 2 continuous 12-
months period.
+ The software must be tested by a recognized
institution in accordance to the Standard
Method of Test for the Evaluation of Buliding
Energy Anaives Computer Programs ae
ANSUASHRAE STD 140 or cther Soke
international equivalent, such as IEA HVAC
BESTEST.Green Mark
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Green Mark wt
Version 3 (yr 2008)
+ New Building Criteria
3)
+ Residential building
+ Non-residential
Version 2 (yr 2007)
+ New Bung Criteria (v2)
+ Ae-corltioned building building
+ Residential buiing + Eisting Criteria
+ Bxsting Criteria (vt) (evision in progress)
Version 1 (yr 2005)
+ New Bung Crterla
+ Existing Buleing CriteriaGreen Mark
wi
9 mandatory requirements
Energy -50 points max cap
Renewable energy - 20 points max cap
Other areas
— Water efficiency
— Environment protection
— Indoor environment protection
— Other green features & innovation
Pre-requisites for Gold+ and Platinum rating
~ Energy modeling
— Min 25% & 30% energy savings respectively
Green Mark Ww
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Part II:V — Other Green Requirements
Ble weal
24Green Mark mw
ACMV Design
-EETV 15 points
—Chiller plant efficiency 20 points
—Air Side efficiency 5 points
—CO2 demand vent 2 points
42 points
tutorial
* SS CP13 allows the ventilation rate to be
reduced to zero when using a variable
speed drive.
— True
— FalseSCEM
Er. Tay Cher Seng
tel: 963-55-800
tos @ equeorp com