Power Quality Assessment of Large Motor
Starting and Loading for the Integrated
Steel-Making Cogeneration Facility
Cheng-Ting Hsu, Member, IEEE
Department of Electrical Engineering
Southern Taiwan University of Technology
Tainan, Taiwan
cthsu@mail.stut.edu.tw
AbstractThis paper presents the power quality assessment of
large synchronous motor starting and loading in the integrated
steel-making cogeneration facility. To execute the transient
stability analysis, the proper mathematical models and the
accurate parameters of the cogeneration units, excitation
systems, governor systems, load and static var compensators
(SVC) are investigated in detail. Four study cases with or without
considering the connection of the power grid, the installation of
autotransformer starter and SVC are performed to demonstrate
the dynamic responses of system frequency, voltage and
cogeneration units due to motor starting and loading. Also, the
voltage sag ride-through curve of sensitivity load has been
included and a power quality index (PQI) due to voltage
variation in the assessment period has been proposed to find the
impact of motor starting and loading on the power quality of the
cogeneration system. It is concluded that the system dynamic
responses and PQI values have better performances if the
autotransformer starter is applied with either the regulation of
SVC system or connecting to the bulk power grid.
Keywords- Power Quality; Cogeneration; Motor Starting
I. INTRODUCTION
The cogeneration facility to be studied in this paper is a
large integrated steel-making plant, which will be built in the
near future [1]. It will produce steel with iron-making, steel-
making and rolling for converting raw iron into many kinds of
products. From the economic and security viewpoints, the
energy efficiency and power system reliability can be greatly
improved if the cogeneration units are installed. The process
by-product gases such as coke oven gas, blast furnace gas and
basic oxygen furnace gas are mixed with coal or oil as
multiple fuels to provide boilers to generate steam for the
cogeneration units. The whole project plans to fulfill the plant
expansion through four stages of construction. Although the
cogeneration facility can provide electric power to its own
load demand, the electric power system has to be connected to
the utility so that the backup power can be obtained in case of
outage or maintenance of the cogeneration units. The load
demand of the steel plant may vary dramatically and
irregularly due to the stochastic load characteristics. The rapid
and frequent changes of load such as rolling mills may result
in serious voltage and frequency fluctuations phenomena. In
addition, the large motors starting can draw several times of
their full load current to result in the significant voltage sags
0-7803-9208-6/05/$20.00 (C) 2005 IEEE
Hui-Jen Chuang
Department of Electrical Engineering
Kao-Yuan Institute of Technology
Kaohsiung, Taiwan
hjchuang@cc.kyit.edu.tw
which may cause the magnetic contactors to drop out and
disrupt sensitive equipment [1,2]. This paper discusses a large
synchronous motor starting and loading by executing the
transient stability analysis. To alleviate the motor starting
impact on the cogeneration system, the suitable tap
autotransformer starter can be used to reduce the starting
current and the voltage sag. Also, the static var compensator
(SVC) systems have widely used in the steel plant to reduce
voltage fluctuation by quick response of reactive power
compensation with power electronics devices [3]. It is also
important for the system planners to know the effectiveness of
the power grid on the motor starting and loading. The large
motors are planned to be started and loaded under various
operation scenarios as described previously by executing
transient stability analysis. The dynamic responses of system
frequency, voltage and cogeneration units are examined
carefully for each case study. Besides, a power quality index
based on the root-mean-square (rms) voltage level has been
proposed and applied to evaluate the impact of voltage
variation due to motor starting and loading. By comparing the
dynamic response and power quality index for each case study,
the most suitable operation case is therefore selected and
adopted by the cogeneration facility.
II. VOLTAGE VARIATIONS AND POWER QUALITY INDEX
The IEEE Standard 1159 [4] provides the categories and
typical characteristics of the power system events. Table I and
II give the classification of short term and long term voltage
variation by duration and voltage magnitude. In general,
interruptions are caused by the system faults, while voltage
sags are usually associated with system faults, the heavy
loading and large motor starting. On the other hand, the
voltage magnitude variation between 0.9pu to 1.1pu can be
considered as a voltage fluctuation or flicker which may result
largely from the continuous and rapid variations of load [5].
Any kinds of voltage variations described above may affect
the normal operation of equipment and deteriorate the power
quality. Although interruptions cause the most serious impact
on the load, the occurrence probability of flickers and sags are
much larger than interruptions. Flickers may dim light and
voltage sags can cause the tripping of sensitive equipment
such as adjustable-speed drives, magnetic contactors, etc.
TABLE I. TYPICAL DURATION AND VOLTAGE MAGNITUDE FOR SHORT-TERM
VOLTAGE VARIATION
Duration Voltage
(sec) Magnitude (pu)
Instantaneous Interruption 0.00833-0.5 < 0.1
Sag 0.00833-0.5 0.1-0.9
Swell 0.00833-0.5 1.1-1.8
Momentary Interruption 0.5-3 < 0.1
Sag 0.5-3 0.1-0.9
Swell 0.5-3 1.1-1.4
Temporary Interruption 3-60 < 0.1
Sag 3-60 0.1-0.9
Swell 3-60 1.1-1.2

TABLE II. TYPICAL DURATION AND VOLTAGE MAGNITUDE FOR LONG-TERM

VOLTAGE VARIATION
Duration Voltage
(sec) Magnitude (pu) Fig. 1 The proposed voltage sag ride-through capability curve and PQI
diagram
Interruption > 60 0
Under voltage > 60 0.8-0.9
Over voltage > 60 1.1-1.2 where N is the event numbers occurred in the assessment
period. The PQI values of Xt and EtN can be further expressed
More and more industrial equipments become very as
sensitive to voltage sags [6]. In general, equipment sensitivity
to voltage sags can be presented in the form of ride-through A
Xt = 100 (2)
capability curves. The ride through capability curves proposed B
by the Information Technology Industry Council (ITIC) [7] A
E tN = N 100 (3)
and the semiconductor industry (SEMI-F47) [8] are both BN
considered in this paper. Table III and IV give the duration
and voltage magnitude specified by the ITIC and SEMI-F47. where A is the average rms voltage in the assessment period
The ITIC and the SEMI F47 also define the over voltage and and AN is the minimal voltage magnitude of the N-th event. As
swell regions of ride-through curves. By integrating the ITIC seen from Fig. 1, it is quite obvious that the B and BN are the
curve with the SEMI F47 curve, a wider range of voltage sag voltage deviations from the nominal value to the ride-through
ridethrough capability curve as shown in Fig. 1 has been curve of the equipment. By applying the proposed power
adopted in this paper. The horizontal scale in Fig. 1 is quality definition, the PQI value will be zero if the rms voltage
logarithmic in seconds. Any voltage sag events have the variation can be always maintained at the nominal value as
magnitude and duration below the ride-through curve (the shown in the Fig. 1. In addition, the PQI value is defined as
dotted line in Fig. 1) may result in the tripping of sensitivity 100 if the points of the events are dropped just on the ride-
load. through curve of the equipment.

TABLE III. VOLTAGE SAG DURATION AND VOLTAGE MAGNITUDE FOR THE III. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION AND MODELING
ITIC RIDE-THROUGH CAPABILITY
Duration (sec) < 0.02 0.02-0.7 0.7-10 10-1000 > 1000 Fig. 2 shows the one line diagram of the cogeneration
Voltage not
0.7 0.8 0.9
not system at the phase I construction. The cogeneration system
magnitude (pu) specified specified will be connected to the power grid of Taiwan Power
Company (TPC) through two 161kV circuits. In the
TABLE IV. VOLTAGE SAG DURATION AND VOLTAGE MAGNITUDE FOR THE cogeneration facility, two steam cogeneration units (TG1 and
SEMI F47 RIDE-THROUGH CAPABILITY
Duration (sec) < 0.05 0.05-0.2 0.2-0.5 0.5-1.0 > 1.0
TG2) with 120MW rating capacity each are connected to bus
Voltage not not 1 through the 16/161kV transformers to supply the power
0.5 0.7 0.8 demand of the steel plant. The TRT1 cogeneration unit with a
magnitude (pu) specified specified
rating capacity of 17.8MW uses the high-pressure exhaust gas
Furthermore, any kinds of voltage variations can affect the to produce electricity will be installed and connected to bus
power quality even if points of the events are located above 23. Two 33kV substations at buses 10 and 11 receive electric
the ride-through curve. A power quality index based on the power from the 161kV bus through two 161/33kV on load tap
rms voltage level is therefore proposed to evaluate the impact changer transformers. The total average and peak load demand
of voltage variation on the cogeneration system. In the t- are 135MW and 192MW respectively. Also, a total amount of
second assessment duration, the power quality index (PQIt) 36Mvar shunt capacitor bank is applied at this stage. In the
due to the rms voltage variation is defined as oxygen plant (bus 32), a large synchronous motor with rating
capacity of 16.1MW will be installed to drive the air
compressor. Furthermore, the autotransformer (AT) and the
SVC system are both installed to improve the transient
X 2t + E 2t1 + E 2t 2 + .... + E 2tN response and enhance the power quality of the cogeneration
PQI t = (1)
N +1 system for the large motor starting and loading.

Fig. 2 One-line diagram of the study power system
To simulate the transient behavior of large motor starting
and loading in the cogeneration facility, the modeling of the
apparatus must be derived carefully [9]. First, the transient and
sub-transient impedances of the steam turbine cogeneration
units are considered in the computer simulation so that more
accurate transient stability analysis can be obtained. The
excitation systems of all cogeneration units correspond to
IEEE type 2 and 3 models. Furthermore, the simplified
governor models are applied to represent the dynamic
behavior of the output mechanical power of the turbine.
Detailed parameters of all the cogeneration units, excitation
systems and governor systems can be found in reference [1].
The models of load and SVC system applied in this paper are
given below in a very detailed manner.
A. Load Models
Both of the dynamic and static load models [10,11] are
applied in this paper. A static load model with the combination
of constant power, constant current and constant impedance is
adopted to represent the load behavior on voltage magnitude
and frequency as shown in (4) and (5).
V V
2
P = P0 C1 + C 2 + C 3 [1 + N 1 (f f 0 )]
V0 V0
V V
2
Q = Q 0 C 4 + C 5 + C 6 [1 + N 2 (f f 0 )]
V0 V0
In this study, the constant power load is adopted when the bus
voltage is greater than 0.7pu. When the bus voltage is dropped
below 0.7pu, the constant current load will be considered. The
frequency deviation factor, N1 and N2, are assumed to be value
of 2. On the other hand, a conventional dynamic induction
model as shown in Fig. 3 is applied for the analysis of motor
starting and loading to investigate the dynamic responses of
voltage and frequency by considering the slip and inertia
constant. Table V gives the parameters of the motor to be
studied in per unit with base values of 16.1MVA and 11.5 kV.
Fig. 3 The equivalent model of the induction machines
TABLE V. PARAMETERS OF THE SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
Rs Xs Xm Rr Xr H
0.03 0.1 2.8 0.02 0.1 2.8
B. SVC Model
A SVC system with fixed capacitor-thyristor controlled
reactor type is assumed to be installed at bus 11 of the
cogeneration system via a step up transformer as shown in Fig.
4. The susceptance of the reactor, BL, can be regulated
according to the variation of voltage magnitude at controlled
bus (bus 11) by adjusting the firing angles of the thyristors.
Fig. 5 shows the basic control block diagram of the SVC
system [12]. The measurement variable, Vmea, is taken from
the terminal voltage (Vt) of controlled bus by a potential
transformer with A/D conversion and filtering process. The
control circuit adopts the voltage deviation as input signal to
regulate the reactive power output of the reactor. The gain of
the voltage regulator, KR, is set to be 10 and the time constant,
TR, is usually between 20ms and 150ms. The lead-lag terms
(T1 and T2) are set to be zero in this study. The adjustable
susceptance range of the reactor is set to be between the 0.3
and 0.9, and the susceptance of fixed capacitor is set to be 0.6
on the 100MVA base. Table VI gives the parameters of the
SVC system.
(4)
Fig. 4 A SVC system connected to the bus 11 of the cogeneration facility
(5)
Fig. 5 Control block diagram of the SVC system
TABLE VI. PARAMETERS OF SVC SYSTEM
Tm(sec) KR TR(sec) T1(sec) T2(sec) TLmin(pu) TLmax(pu) BC(pu)
0.008 10 0.05 0 0 -0.9 -0.3 0.6
 IV. TRANSIENT ANALYSIS FOR THE MOTOR STARTING AND
LOADING
To investigate the impact of large motor starting and
loading on the power system of the steel cogeneration facility,
four different operation conditions are considered by
executing the transient stability analysis. Without connecting
to the bulk TPC system, the large synchronous motor in the
oxygen plant may be started with the full voltage, the AT
starter and the regulation of SVC system, which are
represented as case study of A, B and C respectively. For the
case study D, the cogeneration system is connected to the TPC
system and the synchronous motor will be started by using the
AT starter. Since the exciter of the synchronous motor will not
be applied during the motor starting, it is therefore to model Fig. 7 Voltage variations of buses 1, 11, 32 and TG1 for case study A
the synchronous motor as an induction motor as shown in Fig.
3 with the corresponding parameters. Furthermore, the exciter Fig. 8 gives the frequency response of the isolated
cogeneration system. The frequency variation is mainly
will be applied to control the power factor of the synchronous
introduced by the active power consumption of the
machine to near unity when the synchronous speed is reached.
synchronous motor. The frequency drops to the minimal value
Besides, the synchronous motor is assumed to be started with
of 59.5Hz at about 13.4 second and then restores to the value
lightly loading and the load of 11.3MW will be applied after of 59.95Hz. Fig. 9 shows the electrical active and reactive
the motor reaches the synchronous speed. In the cogeneration power outputs, the mechanical power input of the TG1
facility, the TG1 unit is the only power supplier with a 5MW cogeneration unit. The cogeneration units will adjust their
output to provide the load demand at powerhouse plant. power outputs by regulating the excitation system and
Case A governor controller according to the deviations of the bus
voltage and system frequency respectively. It is found that the
In the case A, the cogeneration system is disconnected electrical power responses are very similar to the power
with the TPC and the synchronous motor is starting with the requirement of the synchronous motor. The mechanical power
full voltage. Fig. 6 shows the active and reactive power is regulated by the governor system to match the electrical
consumptions of the synchronous motor. Fig. 7 shows the active power variation of the TG1 cogeneration unit. The
voltage responses of buses 1, 11, 32 and cogeneration unit serious voltage sags in this case study may result in the
TG1 respectively. It is found that the motor can reach its tripping of more sensitive equipments even if the frequency
synchronous speed at about 13.9 second after the motor variation of the isolated system and the power variation of the
starting. The initial active and reactive power consumptions cogeneration unit are both acceptable.
are 9.3MW and 34.4Mvar respectively. The severe voltage
sags at different buses have been introduced due to the large
reactive power demand by the motor. At the instant of motor
starting, it can be seen that the voltages at buses 1, 11, 32 and
TG1 drops to the minimum values of 0.883pu, 0.833pu,
0.659pu and 0.891pu respectively. The voltage levels at many
buses have suddenly increased to exceed the nominal voltage
when the motor has approached the synchronous speed. After
that, the excitation system and 11.3MW load are then applied
at about 40 second. By adjusting the synchronous motor at
unity power factor, the bus voltages are therefore increased
since the reactive power consumption of the synchronous
motor has been reduced to be zero. Fig. 8 System frequency response for case study A

Fig. 6 Active and reactive power variations of the synchronous motor for Fig. 9 Electrical and mechanical power responses of the TG1 generator for
case study A case study A
Case B found that the variations of the electrical and mechanical
powers are reduced more significantly as compared to the case
To alleviate the voltage sags during the motor starting, a A. According to the discussion above, it is concluded that the
conventional voltage step-down method by adjusting the action of adjusting the autotransformer at 60% tap can solve
suitable tap of the autotransformer is considered in this case the problem of large motor starting and loading without
study. The AT starter is to regulate the bus voltage applied to deteriorating the stability of the isolated cogeneration facility.
the motor as 6.9kV with 60% tap position.
Fig. 10 shows the consumption of active and reactive
power profiles of the synchronous motor. It is found that the
motor can reach its synchronous speed at about 32.4 second
after the motor starting. Furthermore, the initial active and
reactive power consumptions are reduced to 4.8MW and
20.4Mvar respectively. Fig. 11 gives the voltage responses of
buses 1, 11, 32 and TG1. At the instant of motor starting, the
voltages at buses 1, 11, 32 and TG1 have been dropped to the
minimum values of 0.966pu, 0.923pu, 0.853pu and 0.95pu
respectively. Most of the time, the voltages at buses 1, 11, 32
and TG1 are kept approximately at 1.02pu, 0.98pu, 0.9pu and
1.0pu respectively. It is observed that the voltages at 161kV
Fig. 12 System frequency response for case study B
and 33kV buses are maintained well due to the quick response
of the TG1 excitation system by increasing its reactive power
output. After that, the nominal voltage of the synchronous
motor is applied at about 35 second. It is the reason why the
power consumption of the motor is suddenly increased and the
voltage magnitude at each bus is decreased abruptly. Finally,
the exciter of the synchronous motor and the load of 11.3MW
are then applied at about 40 second.

Fig. 13 Electrical and mechanical power responses of the TG1 generator for
case study B

Fig. 10 Active and reactive power variations of the synchronous motor for
case study B
Fig. 11 Voltage variations of buses 1, 11, 32 and TG1 for case study B
Fig. 12 illustrates the frequency response of the isolated
cogeneration system for case B. The minimum frequency of
59.75Hz has been observed after applying the 11.3MW load.
Fig. 13 shows the electrical active and reactive power outputs,
the mechanical power input of the TG1 cogeneration unit. It is
Case C
To improve the voltage variation of the cogeneration
system further, the SVC system as shown in Fig. 4 has been
installed at bus 11. In this case, the cogeneration system is still
disconnected with the TPC system and the motor is started
with the AT starter. Fig. 14 shows the voltage responses of
buses 1, 11, 32 and TG1. At the instant of motor starting, the
voltages at buses 1, 11, 32 and TG1 have been dropped to the
minimum values of 0.991pu, 0.953pu, 0.873pu and 0.963pu
respectively. The voltage variation at each bus has been
improved significantly as compared to cases A and B due to
the very quick reaction of reactive power compensation by
SVC system. Fig. 15 shows the electrical active and reactive
power outputs, the mechanical power input of the TG1
cogeneration unit. The variations of the active power and
mechanical power are similar to case B. However, the reactive
power variation of TG1 has been reduced greatly because of
the regulation of the SVC. On the other hand, the power
consumption of the motor and the frequency variation of the
isolated cogeneration system are almost the same as case B.
Case D
In this study, the cogeneration facility is connected with
the TPC and the synchronous motor is starting with the AT
starter. Fig. 16 shows the voltage responses of buses 1, 11, 32
 Fig. 14 Voltage variations of buses 1, 11, 32 and TG1 for case study C
Fig. 15 Electrical and mechanical power responses of the TG1 generator for
case study C
and TG1. At the instant of motor starting, the voltages at buses
1, 11, 32 and TG1 have been dropped to the minimum values
of 0.996pu, 0.981pu, 0.898pu and 0.966pu respectively.
Furthermore, the voltage variation at each bus has been greatly
improved. Fig. 17 shows the frequency response of the
cogeneration system. It can be found that very little frequency
variation has been introduced by the motor starting and
loading. Fig. 18 shows the electrical active and reactive power
outputs, the mechanical power input of the TG1 cogeneration
unit. The electrical and mechanical powers of TG1 have the
smallest variation among all study cases. With the strong
support of bulk TPC system, the power quality of the
cogeneration facility can be improved effectively according to
the dynamic responses of the voltage, frequency and
cogeneration unit.
Fig. 16 Voltage variations of buses 1, 11, 32 and TG1 for case study D
Fig. 17 System frequency response for case study D
Fig. 18 Electrical and mechanical power responses of the TG1 generator for
case study D
V. POWER QUALITY ASSESSMENT DUE TO MOTOR STARTING
AND LOADING
By applying the PQI definition in section II and observing
the results of transient analysis, the PQI values at various
buses during different assessment periods for each case study
can be calculated. Table VII gives the PQI values of bus 11 in
a 20 second assessment period for four cases. The PQI value is
calculated as 69.6 for case A. In this case, there are three
events (Et1~Et3) occurred to result in the lowest voltage
magnitudes of 0.83, 0.9 and 0.986pu with corresponding
duration of 1.067, 12.15 and 0.68 seconds respectively. The
points of three events are all above or just on the proposed
voltage sag ride-through curve as shown in Fig. 19. By using
(6)-(8), the PQI values for the three events are calculated as 85,
100 and 7 respectively. Besides, the PQI value of Xt is
obtained by (9) because the average rms voltage in the 20
second assessment period is 0.954pu. The PQI value of case A
is therefore calculated as 69.6 by applying (10). By the same
way, the PQI values can be calculated as 48.52, 10.84 and
18.61 for the cases B, C and D respectively. Table VIII gives
the PQI values of bus 11 in a 40 second assessment period for
four study cases. The PQI values are 66.36, 38.50, 10.35 and
16.88 for the cases A, B, C and D respectively. The quantity
analysis of power quality at bus 11 has a little improvement in
the 40 second assessment period. It can also be found that the
case C has resulted in the best power quality performance due
to motor starting and loading. Furthermore, the power
qualities at bus 11 are acceptable for all study cases because
the PQI values are all less than the critical value of 100. Table
IX and X give the PQI values of bus 32 for the four study
cases in the 20 and 40 second assessment periods respectively. TABLE VIII. THE PQIt=40s VALUES OF BUS 11 FOR THE FOUR STUDY CASES
It is observed that the power qualities of bus 32 are worse than Occurred Lowest rms
Study Event Duration Events Cases
bus 11 due to the motor starting and loading. Besides, the cases no.
starting time voltage
(sec)
value
PQI PQIt=40s
power qualities are acceptable except case A which has the (sec) (pu) (pu)
PQI values over 100. Et1 0.183 0.830 1.067 - 85
Et2 1.250 0.900 12.150 - 100
TABLE VII. THE PQIt=20s VALUES OF BUS 11 FOR THE FOUR STUDY CASES
A Et3 15.150 0.986 0.680 - 7 66.36
Occurred Lowest rms
Study Event Duration Events Cases Xt=40s 0 - 40 0.982 18.5
starting time voltage value
cases no. (sec) PQI PQIt=20s
(sec) (pu) (pu) Et1 0.183 0.930 30.067 - 65
Et1 0.183 0.830 1.067 - 85 B Et2 35.01 0.960 0.15 - 8.82 38.50
Et2 1.250 0.900 12.150 - 100 Xt=40s 0 - 40 0.988 12
A Et3 15.150 0.986 0.680 - 7 69.60
Et1 0.183 0.953 0.367 - 15.33
Xt=20s 0 - 20 0.954 46 C Et2 35.01 0.976 0.04 - 9.32 10.35
B Et1 0.183 0.930 19.817 - 65 Xt=40s 0 - 40 1.000 0
Xt=20s 0 - 20 0.978 22 48.52 D Et1 0.183 0.981 39.817 - 19.4
C Et1 0.183 0.953 0.367 - 15.3 Xt=40s 0 - 40 0.986 13.9 16.88
Xt=20s 0 - 20 1.000 0 10.84
TABLE IX. THE PQIt=20s VALUES OF BUS 32 FOR THE FOUR STUDY CASES
D Et1 0.183 0.981 19.817 - 19.4
Occurred Lowest rms
Xt=20s 0 - 20 0.982 17.8 18.61 Study Event Duration Events Cases
starting time voltage value
cases no. (sec) PQI PQIt=20s
(sec) (pu) (pu)
Et1 0.183 0.658 0.85 - 171
Et2 1.033 0.700 11.93 - 300
A Et3 12.967 0.800 0.45 - 66.67 159.84
Et4 13.417 0.900 0.20 - 20
Et5 15.150 0.968 4.85 - 16
Xt=20s 0 - 20 0.830 170.2
B Et1 0.183 0.856 1.15 - 72
Xt=20s 0 - 20 0.902 98.5 86.27
C Et1 0.183 0.873 0.03 - 25.34
Xt=20s 0 - 20 0.925 75 55.97
D Et1 0.183 0.898 0.017 - 20.36
Xt=20s 0 - 20 0.905 95 68.70

TABLE X. THE PQIt=40s VALUES OF BUS 32 FOR THE FOUR STUDY CASES
Fig. 19 Points of events in the PQI diagram
Occurred Lowest rms
Study Event Duration Events Cases
starting time voltage value
cases no. (sec) PQI PQIt=40s
A1 0.17 (sec) (pu) (pu)
E t1 = 100 = 100 = 85 (6) Et1 0.183 0.658 0.85 - 171
B1 0.2
Et2 1.033 0.700 11.93 - 300
A2 0.1 A Et3 12.967 0.800 0.45 - 66.67 148.96
Et 2 = 100 = 100 = 100 (7) Et4 13.417 0.900 0.20 - 20
B2 0.1
Et5 15.150 0.968 24.85 - 32
A 0.014 Xt=40s 0 - 40 0.910 89.6
E t 3 = 3 100 = 100 = 7 (8) Et1 0.183 0.856 1.15 - 72
B3 0.2
B Et2 4.3 0.9 28.82 - 100 75.67
A4 0.046 Et3 35.01 0.901 4.99 - 49.5
X t =20s = 100 = 100 = 46 (9) Xt=40s 0 - 40 0.927 72.6
B4 0.1
Et1 0.183 0.873 0.03 - 25.34
C Et2 0.217 0.901 29.2 - 89 63.23
X 2t + E 2t1 + E 2t 2 + E 2t 3
PQI t = 20s = Et3 35.01 0.915 4.99 - 42.5
N +1 Xt=40s 0 - 40 0.949 75
(10)
2 2 2 2
46 + 85 + 100 + 7 Et1 0.183 0.898 0.017 - 20.36
= = 69.6 D Et2 35.01 0.922 4.99 - 39 53.29
3+1
Xt=40s 0 - 40 0.926 74.2
 VI. CONCLUSIONS H. J. Chuang received the B.S. and M.S. degree in Electrical Engineering
from National Taiwan University of Science and Technology in 1990 and
This paper has investigated the impact of large motor 1992 respectively, and Ph. D. degree in Electrical Engineering from National
starting and loading on the phase I configuration of the Sun Yat-Sen University in 2002. He is presently an Associate Professor at
selected integrated steel making cogeneration facility. A large Kao Yuan Institute of Technology, Lu Chu, Taiwan. His research interest is in
synchronous motor with a rating capacity of 16.1MW has the area of load flow and power system analysis of mass rapid system.
been started under four different operation scenarios.
According to the transient stability analysis, the dynamic
responses of system frequency and cogeneration unit are
acceptable for all study cases and significant voltage sag has
been resulted when the motor is started directly. Also, the
power quality quantity of the cogeneration facility for each
operation case has been solved by applying the voltage sag
ride-through capability of sensitivity load and the proposed
power quality index in the 20 and 40 seconds assessment
period. To enhance the power quality of the cogeneration
facility due to motor starting and loading, both of the
autotransformer starter and the SVC system should be applied
when the cogeneration system has been disconnected from the
bulk power grid. On the other hand, the autotransformer starter
provides the significant improvement in power quality when
the cogeneration facility has tied with the utility power
system.
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Starting and Operating for the Isolated Integrated Steel-Making
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1436-1441, Sep./Oct., 2003.
[ 2] R. T. Dyer, D. R. Mccue, S. L. Williams, S. J. Swencki and P. O.
Thoits A Static Var System for Starting and Operating Large
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BIOGRAPHIES
Cheng-Ting Hsu was born in Taiwan in 1963. He received the B.S., M.S,
and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the National Sun Yat-Sen
University, Taiwan in 1986, 1988, and 1995, respectively. From 1990 to
1992, he was with Phoenixtec Power Company Limited as a power
electronics engineer, developing UPS equipment. He is currently a Professor
of Electrical Engineering, Southern Taiwan University of Technology,
Tainan, Taiwan. Dr. Hsu is a member of IEEE.