Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
with IPM
PEST
MANAGEMENT
NOTES No. 9
and adaptation of
result of the destruction of the group of fungi
Classical biological control
that cause insect diseases, which, to some
Classical biological control is
biopesticides, cultural
extent, keep the populations of this pest in
used against exotic pests
check.
insecticide application
selectively by the way in which they are ap-
natural enemies behind and
plied. A good example of this is stem treat-
as a result their numbers
methods according to
ment of coffee bushes against ants. Most ants
increase rapidly. The coffee
are not a problem, in fact some are extremely
farm scale is an
mealy bug, Planococcus
important predators, but certain species, such
kenyae, was introduced to
essential part of
as Pheidole punctulata , feed on the sugary
Kenya from Uganda in the
waste that mealybugs excrete and so protect
early 1920s, and outbreaks
implementation
them from many of their natural enemies.
of this pest occurred shortly
Thus, ant control is an integral part of mealybug
afterwards. After several
management. Ants can be effectively control-
failed attempts at biological
led by painting a band of insecticide (or a non-
control using a predatory
toxic insect glue), about 10cm wide around the
ladybird beetle from South
lower part of the coffee stem. Ants foraging
Africa and a predatory bug from Italy, a parasitic
from the ground fail to cross this barrier as they
wasp, Anagyrus kivensis, from Uganda was
pick up a lethal dose but predators that live in
released in 1939. This parasitoid achieved good
the leaf canopy and flying insects such as
control of the mealybug by 1949.
parasitic wasps are left almost completely
There are other successes like this, but as the
unharmed.
example also illustrates, history records its share
of failures. A classical biological control pro- Augmentation
gramme requires that the climatic conditions and The final biological control strategy is augmen-
ecology of the agro-ecosystem are suitable for tation. This involves actively boosting the
establishment of the imported species, and that populations of native natural enemies that are
any chemical control used is compatible with the already in the ecosystem, but are unable, for
introductions. Current coffee berry borer (CBB) one reason or another, to prevent the pests
IPM funded by the International Coffee Organiza- from reaching levels that cause economic
tion in Latin America, India and the Caribbean damage. In Colombia, for example, some
aims to combine the introduction of parasitic coffee growers spray Beauveria bassiana , a
wasps from CBBs native range in East Africa with fungus that infects and kills CBB as it bores
the use of biopesticides, effective cultural controls into berries, onto their coffee trees to increase
and selective insectide application, where neces- natural levels of this fungus in the environment.
sary. Participatory farmer training in the choice
and adaptation of these methods according to
farm scale is an essential part of this implementa- Cultural control
tion programme. There are several cultural control methods
developed for specific pests. Much of the
Conservation
recent research on these techniques has been
The second strategy is the conservation of the
in relation to the key pest, coffee berry borer.
natural enemies already present in the environ-
Since CBB survival from one season to the next
ment. In many systems the elimination of natural
is in berries that have either dropped to the
enemies results from using broad spectrum
ground or been left on trees after harvest, one
insecticides. Pesticides should be used only as a
of the most effective ways to control this pest is
last resort when other controls have failed to
to pick up and destroy any ripe, over-ripe or
achieve sufficient control: minimal, efficient and
dry berries either on the ground or on the trees
carefully targeted application is the main strategy
at the end of the season. Picking berries off
for conserving natural enemies. Some insecticides
the ground is very labour intensive, and there-
are intrinsically less harmful to natural enemies
fore to keep berry drop to a minimum, mature
than others; biopesticides such as Bacillus
berries should be harvested promptly, and care
thuringiensis, a bacteria that produces a powerful
taken to avoid dropping the berries. If practi-
but selective insect toxin, are often safer to
cal, the trees should be stripped completely
natural enemies than many synthetic chemicals.
bare of berries as soon as possible after
The effects of pesticides on natural enemies can
harvest. Coffee growers must also be con-
sometimes be much more subtle than direct
vinced of the economic benefit of investing in
mortality. For example, the application of fungi-
Developing IPM Systems
An IPM programme can never be a 2 a practical approach to manipulating the cropping system to manage
prescriptive, off the shelf package. pests on a cost-effective and sustainable basis
A grower must look at all the options 3 willingness on the part of both farmers and researchers to experiment,
available to him or her and make an modify and innovate
informed decision as to which
measures to take. Because each 4 participatory training approaches in coffee extension services
farmer's situation is different, so the 5 promotion of non-chemical methods in coffee management
types of IPM measures they imple-
ment may vary between regions and
often from farm to farm. Many factors
influence the choices farmers make,
for instance, the time and labour
they are willing to expend, how much
money they have available for pest
management, or other priorities,
such as the production of food crops
to feed their families. A successful
coffee IPM programme depends on:
1 farmers sound knowledge of the
agro-ecosystem and how this relates
to pests, weeds and diseases
Discussing pest control methods at a coffee and vegetable Farmer Field School in Kenya.
the extra labour required in order to reduce CBB cooler, humid conditions of a mulched soil.
damage in the next season. However, mulching may increase attack by
The use of clean (pest and disease free) seed leafminer pests, possibly because it provides a
at planting is an important strategy for controlling more favourable environment for the pest when
seedborne diseases, such as coffee wilt disease. it drops to the ground to build its pupal cocoon.
Seed from disease free sources should always be
used. Pruning of coffee trees increases the vigour Pest and disease resistant coffee
of the plant by cutting away unproductive vegeta- varieties
tion and opening up the leaf canopy. This allows The use of resistant varieties is a valuable IPM
more light to penetrate and air to circulate, thus strategy, and cultivars resistant to various pests
reducing the humidity and temperature. These and diseases are now available: for example
conditions are less favourable to many pests and resistance to coffee berry disease was bred into
diseases, for example, coffee berry disease and Ruiru 11 variety, developed in Kenya. Most
Antestia berry-sucking bugs. Kenyan farmers in a varieties resistant to coffee leaf rust disease are
pilot coffee IPM training project observed higher only resistant to one, or a few strains of the
parasitism rates of Antestia bugs in pruned, fungus, but a natural hybrid from Timor is
compared with unpruned, trees. resistant to all major strains of coffee leaf rust.
By growing a healthier, more robust coffee This hybrid has been used in breeding pro-
bush, farmers can increase the plants ability to grammes with Caturra varieties in Brazil and
resist pest or disease attack, or help the plants to Colombia to develop Catimor varieties resist-
compensate for damage. Mulching with a suit- ant to all major strains. These are now used in
able material, such as banana leaves or cut dried many countries to produce locally-adapted rust
resistant cultivars.
In many systems
grass, may help to improve soil conditions by
increasing soil fertility, conserv- Resistance is also considered an important
the elimination of
ing soil moisture, protecting the strategy for coffee wilt disease although previ-
soil from compaction, and ously resistant varieties developed during the
broad spectrum
off water. Mulching can also nique for the production of resistant plants, on
have a direct effect on pest a shorter timescale than growing from seed.
insecticides
populations; it appears that 'Ruiru 11' cultivars may be grafted onto grow-
populations of coffee thrips ers existing root stock to confer coffee leaf rust
which thrive under hot, dry resistance. Arabica coffee stems, which pro-
conditions are reduced in the duce coffee of high quality, can be grafted onto
Key points
Combined biological and cultural controls can successfully replace use of
insecticides in coffee production, reducing use and maintaining yields
Farmer-participatory IPM in coffee can significantly reduce risks to health
and environment in smallholder coffee farming systems
Donors supporting coffee programmes can encourage IPM options and
farmer participatory training and discourage requests for pesticides
root stock of Robusta coffee which is resistant to Selective weeding practices are directed at the
the white stemborer (a serious wood-boring most problematic weed types such as vines,
beetle pest in Africa), to produce a bush that is grasses and tall broad leaved weeds, leaving less
both resistant to the insect pest and yields a high damaging species to provide ground cover, with
quality product. little effect on yields. The problem weeds may be
controlled either by slashing or by spot application
Weed control of a herbicide. This approach has been tested in
A number of weed control strategies are available Nicaragua where training was provided to help
to smallholders. Cultural and mechanical controls farmers recognise the most damaging weed
include weed slashing, using a machete, and the species.
use of a mulch or cover crop which can be
effective for many grass weeds such as couch
and star grass. Hoeing may be used in some
systems, but it may increase soil erosion and is
not recommended where coffee is grown on
slopes. Broad-spectrum herbicides and blanket Resources
application techniques may also promote soil
Publications
erosion by removing ground-cover.
Wrigley G, Coffee, Tropical Agriculture Series , Longman
While weeds may cause serious yield losses in Scientific & Technical (co-published with John Wiley & Sons), New
coffee, removal of all non-crop vegetation can lead York, 1988.
Cambrony HR, Coffee growing', The tropical Agriculturalist
to serious soil degradation through disintegration of
Macmillan, London, 1992.
the soil structure and compaction of the soil, which
in turn leads to poorer drainage, reduces aeration,
Contacts
CABI Bioscience UK Centre (Ascot), Silwood Park, Buckhurst
and increases soil erosion. One option is to grow a Road, Ascot, Berks SL5 7TA, UK. Contact Peter Baker, Tel.
cover crop under the coffee bushes. This gives +44 1491 829169, Fax +44 1491 829123, p.baker@cabi.org
plenty of ground cover, and can be very effective in Coffee Research Network (CORNET), coordinates research in
East African coffee growing countries. Contact Sarah Simons,
smothering out a range of weeds. In South and CABI Bioscience, PO Box 633, Village Market, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel
Central America cover crops are often legumes, +254 2 521450, Fax +254 2 522150, Email s.simons@cabi.org
which have the added bonus of being able to fix Coffee Research Foundation, Joseph Kimenia, PO Box 4,
Ruiru, Kenya. Tel +254 151 54027, Fax +254 151 54133.
nitrogen from the air in the soil though specialised
National Coffee Research Centre, CEN\CAFE, Publicity
bacteria that live on their roots, thus indirectly Department, PO Box 2427, Manizales, Chinchin, Colombia.
increasing the nitrogen content of the soil to the Tel +968 506631 Fax +968 504723.