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Work
W = Fdcos
where
F = force (N)
d = displacement (m)
Example
A 2.0 x 102 N force is applied at an
angle of 30.0o to the horizontal to move
a 10.0 kg object at a constant speed for
a distance of 15 m. How much work is
done by this applied force?
Solution
W = Fdcos
W = (2.0 x 102 N)(15 m)(cos30.0o)
W = 2598 J or 2.6 x 103 J
Example
A rope is used to pull a cart up a
ramp as per the diagram below. A force
of 245 N is used to pull the cart a
distance of 2.5 m. How much work is
done?
Solution
W = Fdcos
W = (245 N)(2.5 m)(cos 0o)
W = (245 N)(2.5 m)(1)
W = 612.5 J or 6.1 x 102 J
Example
A 1.00 x 102 kg crate is being
pulled across a horizontal floor by a
force F that makes an angle of 30.0o
above the horizontal. The coefficient of
kinetic friction is 0.200. What should be
the magnitude of F so that the net work
done by it and the kinetic frictional force
is zero?
Solution
This question combines dynamics
with work and energy concepts. Draw a
diagram and write a master equation
that relates to this scenario.
W F + Wf = 0
WF = Fdcos
WF = Fdcos30.0o
WF = Fd(0.866)
WF = 0.866Fd *this will be for master
equation
FN + Fsin - Fg = 0
FN + Fsin30.0o - mg = 0
FN + Fsin30.0o - (1.00 x 102 kg)(10 m/s2)
=0
FN + F(0.500) - 1000 = 0
FN + 0.500F - 1000 = 0
FN = -0.500F + 1000
Ff = uFN
Ff = (0.200)(-0.500F + 1000)
Ff = -0.100F + 200
W F + Wf = 0
0.866Fd + 0.100Fd - 200d = 0
0.866F + 0.100F - 200 = 0
0.966F -200 = 0
0.966F = 200
0.966F = 200
0.966 0.966
F = 207 N
Practice Questions
Try practice questions 1-7, 30, 36-37.
Kinetic Energy
Fd = mad
W = mvf2 - mvi2
KE = mv2
Example
What is the kinetic energy of a
15.00 kg mass moving with a velocity of
3.50 m/s?
Solution
KE = mv2
KE = 0.5(15.00 kg)(3.50 m/s)2
KE = 91.87 J or 9.19 x 101 J
Example
A space probe of mass m = 5.00 x
10 kg is travelling at a velocity of vi =
4
Solution
Since the force F is the only force
acting on the probe, it is the net
external force, and the work it does
causes the kinetic energy of the
spacecraft to change. The work is
positive because F points in the same
direction as the displacement d.
According to the work-energy theorem,
a positive value for W means that the
kinetic energy increases. Since the KE
increases, we expect the final velocity to
be greater than that of the initial
velocity. Our master equation becomes:
W = KEf - KEi
KEf = W + KEi
W = Fd
W = (4.00 x 105 N)(2.50 x 106 m)
W = 1.00 x 1012 J
KEi = mvi2
KEi = 0.5(5.00 x 104 kg)(1.10 x 104 m/s)2
KEi = 3.03 x 1012 J
KEf = W + KEi
KEf = 1.00 x 1012 J + 3.03 x 1012 J
KEf = 4.03 x 1012 J
KEf = mvf2
4.03 x 1012 J = 0.5(5.00 x 104 kg)v2
4.03 x 1012 J = (2.50 x 104 kg)v2
4.03 x 1012 J = (2.50 x 104 kg)v2
2.50 x 104 kg 2.50 x 104 kg
1.612 x 108 = v2
v = 1.27 x 104 m/s
Example
*This example combines dynamics with
work and energy concepts, ie. is
challenging!
The velocity of a curling rock
decreases from 1.35 m/s to 0.98 m/s in
coasting 9.5 m across the surface of the
ice. Find the coefficient of kinetic friction
between the rock and ice.
Solution
The work done in slowing down the
rock is:
W = mvf2 - mvi2
Ff = uFN
Ff = umg
W = -Ffd
W = -umgd
PE = mgh
Example
The CN tower in Toronto is
advertised as being the world's tallest
free standing structure. At 181 stories, it
has a height of 553 m. What is the
gravitational potential energy of a 55.0
kg person who is at the top of the
tower?
Solution
PE = mgh
PE = (55.0 kg)(10 N/kg)(553 m)
PE = 3.04 x 105 J
Example
How much work is done when a 5.0
kg object is moved from a height of 0.54
m to one of 0.97 m?
Solution
W = mghf - mghi
W = (5.0 kg)(10 N/kg)(0.97 m) - (5.0 kg)
(10 N/kg)(0.54 m)
W = 48.5 - 27.0
W = 22 J
Conservation of Mechanical
Energy
E = KE + PE
Example
One of the fastest roller coasters in
the world is the Magnum XL-200 at
Cedar Point Park in Sandusky, Ohio. The
ride includes a vertical drop of 59.4 m.
Assume that the coaster has a speed of
nearly zero as it crests the top of the
hill. Neglect friction and air resistance
and find the speed of the riders at the
bottom of the hill.
Solution
(KEi + PEi) = (KEf + PEf)
mvi2 + mghi = mvf2 + mghf
vi2 + ghi = vf2 + ghf
(0.00 m/s)2 + (10 m/s2)(59.4 m) =
vf2 + (10 m/s2)(0.00 m)
594 = vf2
2(594) = vf2
1188 = vf2
vf = 34.5 m/s
Power
Work is performed when a force
causes a displacement. But there is no
consideration of time in this simple
definition. The work could have been
done quickly or slowly.
P = W/t
where
W = work (J)
t = time (s)
P = W/t
P = Fd/t
Lastly, since velocity is d/t, we can
have:
P = Fd/t
P = Fv
Interesting fact: