CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

In this chapter, the researcher discusses some related theories to

support her research. The theories will be used for the underlying requirement

to solve the problems. The researcher searches and finds out some literature

reviews on books, journals, and websites. This literature review will attach

some definitions, descriptions and elaborations as the theoretical description

of the research and the researcher also describes about related previous study.

A. Theoretical Descriptions
1. The Definition of Sociolinguistics

Sociolinguistic study the relationship between language and society. It is

interested in explaining why we speak differently in different social contexts,

and sociolinguistic concerned with identifying the social functions of

language and the ways it is used to convey social meaning (Holmes, 2013:1)

According Wardhaugh sociolinguistics is the study of the social uses of

language, and the most productive studies in the four decades of

sociolinguistic research have emanated from determining the social

evaluation of linguistic variants. These are also the areas most susceptible to

scientific methods such as hypothesis-formation, logical inference, and

statistical testing (Wardhaugh, 2006: p.11)

According to Hudson (1980:4) sociolinguistics as the study of language

in relationto society, implying (intentionally) that socialinguistics is a part of

the study of language. Thus, the value of socialinguistics is the light which it

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throws on the nature of language in general, or on the characteristics of some

particular laguage.

2. Code mixing
a. The Definition of Code mixing

Bilingualism or multilingualism the speaker often make variety in

their language, is the one of the phenomenon called code mixing, code a

system used for communication between two or more parties. Based on

Muysken (2000:1) Code mixing occurs when conversant use both languages

together to the extent that they change from one language to the other in the

course of a single utterance (Wardhaugh, 1998:103).

Code mixing is the random alternation of two languages within a

sentence. Wardhaugh (2006:101) suggests that people are usually required to

select a particular code whenever they choose to speak, and they may also

decide to switch from one code to another or to mix codes even within

sometimes very short utterances and thereby create a new code in a process

known as code-switching. Code-switching (also called code-mixing) can

occur in conversation between speakers turns or within a single speakers

turn. In the latter case it can occur between sentences (inter-sententially) or

within a single sentence (intra-sententially).

b. The Example of Code-mixing

The example of code mixing of this movie has been shown above, for

Instance:
1. Bisa liat Boardingpass nya mas,, takutnya salah landing!
2. Ternyata banyak banget ya yang kenal sama loe,,I mean kaya pas di

food court kemaren.

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3. Gua susah ngapalin nama orang!,, I know mungkin loe lupa nama

panjang gue..
4. Oh yaa,, di kampus lo itu ada tradisi senior jemput junior? Iya

jadi, kaya tourguide gitu,,

From those examples above imply that there are some insertions English

(She italic form) to sentence of Bahasa Indonesia. It is found that there are

variations of the forms of code-mixing used in those examples.

c. Types of Code-mixing

Muysken (2000:7) suggests that there are three main code-mixing

patterns which may be found in bilingual speech communities: insertion,

alternation and congruent lexicalization.

An analysis the definition about types of code mixing from those example

below :

1. Insertion

In the insertion pattern, one language determines the overall

Structure into which constituents from the other language are

inserted.

A B C
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a b c
Chart 2.1

In this situation, a single constituent B (with word b from

the same language) is inverted into a structure defined by language

A, with words afrom that language.

Insertion of material (lexical items or entire constituents)

from one language into a structure of the other language. Insertion

is the constraint in the terms of structural properties of some base

or matrix structure. The process of code mixing is conceived as

something skin to borrowing ant the insertion of an alien lexical or

phrasal category into a given structure. The difference is simply the

size and type of element inserted noun, adjective, verb, and the

like. Here is the examples:

Jangan suka nge-claim orang lainlah." (note that "claim" is the

English word inserted in the Indonesian utterance).

2. Alternation
In the alternation pattern, both languages occur alternately, each

with their own structure.

A B

b language A (with words from

a situation, a constituent from
In this Chart 2.2
the same language) is followed by a constituent from language B
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(with words from that language). The language of the constituent

dominating A and B is unspecified. Alternation between structures

from languages. Alternation is the constraint of mixing in terms of

compatibility or equivalence of the languages involved at the mix

point, and clause. Examples:

Why make Andi sentarse atrs pa que everybody has to move pa

que se salga? (Why make Andi sit in the back so that everybody

has to move for her to get out?)

Teacher : Whats your activities at home?
Kasih : Activities, e saya sekarang kan kost pak.

Disana gak comfort gitu. No time for study, soalnya pulang

sekolah gak bisa istirahat. Banyak kerjaan. Mau tiduran aja ga

bisa. Segen sama yang punya rumah.

Teacher : Everyday?
Kasih : Iya, everyday. Malemnya when I sleepy ya ga

bisa belajar. Planning-nya sih mau pindah gitu. Mungkin next

month, sir.

3. Lexicalization
In the third type of code-mixing, congruent lexicalization, the
grammatical structure is shared by languages A and B, and words

from both languages a and b are inserted more or less randomly.

A/B

a b a b

Chart 2.3
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Congruent lexicalization of material from different lexical

inventories into a shared grammatical structure. It is also the

influence of dialect within language use

Example in Netherlands language.
Gee mi een kiss
(Give me a kiss)

Congruent lexicalization, is most often present in mixing between

dialects and between languages, which are close to each other in

structure.

Negeri Van Oranje

Negeri Van Oranje in English is the land from orange discuss about

beautiful architecture in Netherland, it is one way to interest people in

another country as a tourist to visit in Netherland like education, culture,

culinary, etc. Negeri Van Oranje movie by Endri Pelita was released on 23

December 2015, it has three languages are used in this movie, they are

Bahasa Indonesia, English and Dutch. This movie winning in category the

best behind the scene in Indonesia Box Office Movie Awards 2016 and

nominee in Indonesia Film Festival (IFF) at ACMI Melbourne.

(https://www.aiya.org.au/ 2016/07/indonesian-film-festival-2016-negeri-

van-oranje/ retrieved on 3 April 2017). Negeri Van Oranje movie it is one

of movie by Endri Pelita, he has directed some movie like Air Mata

Terakhir Bunda and Dawai Dua Asmara also Negeri Van Oranje. It has

three elements like knowledge, friendship, and love. This movie tell about

five best-friends who came from a foreign country studied in the

Netherlands. They are all Indonesians, come from different cities and
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backgrounds. In Netherlands, they are all live in different cities such as

Leiden, Utrecht, Wageningen and Den Haag. These five people they

coincidentally meet and thats the beginning of their friendship. As time

goes on, their friendship becomes more complex because the four guys

started to fall in love with the girl but then the girl is in love with the other

one. So its basically about friendship and love, and finding the true

meaning of love and friendship. Not only that they struggled with money

and a lot of things, their friendship was a journey when the conflict as

completely the story and the endding of this film they found their love and

also their got magister. The characters of this movie often mix with Bahasa

Indonesia and English. This movie it is one as a reference and the real

experiance to Indonesian students take their magister in another country,

they learn and adapt from Negeri Van Oranjes plot.

1. Word
Word according to Katamba (1997:11), is a meaningful units of

linguistic that can be used a lonely. In order to classify code mixing as

the main object in this research it is needed to understand the kids of

word classes in English.

Based on Gardenfors (2014:180). In all languages, words can be

grouped in distinct classes with different semantic and syntactic

functions. In English the words have traditionally been classified into

six classes: nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, prepositions,

a. Noun
In informal defi nitions of nouns, it is said that they

refer to things: objects, persons, places, events, substances,

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etc. However, linguists are in general not satisfi ed with this

kind of description, since it is diffi - cult to specify a

complete list of categories. Furthermore, the defi nition

uses abstract nouns to defi ne the very notion of a noun,

which makes it slightly circular.

b. Pronouns
Pronouns can be seen as special cases of nouns. The

difference is that names typically pick out a unique referent.

If the basic communicative function of a Pronouns is to

express a referent and names identify a unique referent,

why then does not everything have a name? It would seem

that if every object had a name, this would eliminate many

ambiguities.
c. Adjectives
The key idea is that adjectives express properties.

This generates the following thesis: Single-domain thesis

for adjectives: The meaning of an adjective can be

represented as a convex region in a single domain. For

many adjectives, the single-domain thesis seems to be

valid, in particular for adjectives that relate to domains that

are acquired early in language learning. Adjectives are also

used for comparing things: Many languages have

comparatives such as taller and smarter that can be used

both as specifi cations (the taller woman) and

predicatively (Victoria is smarter than Oscar). Many

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languages also have superlatives, for example, tallest and

smartest, which again can be used as specifi cations and

predicatively.
d. Verb
Verbs are necessary components in linguistic

descriptions of events. events as complex structures built up

from an agent, an action, a patient, and a result. Agents and

patients are objects with different properties.9 It is assumed

that the agent is able to act, which in the proposed

framework amounts to exerting a force .An action is

modelled as a force vector (or a sequence of force vectors

as in walking). The result of an event is modelled as a

change vector representing the change of properties before

and after the event. When the result vector is just a point,

that is, when the result is no change, then the event is a

state. Single-domain thesis for verbs: The meaning of a

verb (verb root) is a convex region of vectors that depends

only on a single domain. For example, push refers to the

force vector of an event (and thus the force domain), move

refers to changes in the spatial domain of the result vector

and heat refers to changes in the temperature domain.12

The single-domain thesis for verbs is analogous to the

single domain thesis for adjectives. The thesis entails that

there are no verbs that mean walk and burn (multiple

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domains) and there are no verbs that mean crawl or run

(not convex).
e. Prepositions
Adjectives modify a noun by specifying a property

in a domain belonging to the object category that is referred

to. Most prepositions can be grouped into two classes:

locative, indicating where something is, and directional,

indicating where something is going. Locative prepositions

modify a noun (noun phrase) by specifying the location (a

region) in the (visuo-)spatial domain: Give me the bottle

behind the bread! Another function is fulfi lled by

directional prepositions. In a sentence such as Oscar went

to the library, the phrase to the library has the same

function as a result verb: it specifi es the result vector of an

event. Note that in both functions, the preposition is

combined with a noun (or a noun phrase). My proposal is

that locative prepositions are represented by convex sets of

points and directional prepositions by convex sets of paths.

Locational and directional prepositions depend on the

(visuo-)spatial relations. In order to model the meaning of

prepositions I need to make some assumptions about how

to model the spatial domain. Normally, this domain is

represented with the aid of the Cartesian coordinates x, y,

and z, representing width, depth, and height and where

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distances are measured using a Euclidean metric. However,

there is another way of representing space, namely in terms

of polar coordinates that represent points in space in terms

of distance and angles. A new defi nition of between, and

thereby convexity, that differs from standard Euclidean

betweenness can be defi ned in terms of polar coordinates.

For example the set of point of a semicircle convex points

with respect to polar convexity concerning the technical

details). Given this defi nition of convexity, it can be shown

that most locative prepositions, such as inside, outside,

near, far, in front of, and behind, can be represented by

convex set of points. Similarly, a betweenness relation for

paths is easy to define and thereby convexity of sets of

paths. On the basis of such a defi nition, it is easy to show

that the meaning of directional prepositions, for example,

to, from, into, out of, through, along, and across,

correspond to convex sets of paths.

f. Adverbs
adverbs in semantic terms. There are very many

kinds of adverbs, for example adverbs of manner, adverbs

of frequency, adverbs of time, adverbs of place, adverbs of

certainty. To some extent the adverbs form a leftover class:

Adjectives modify nounsadverbs modify everything else.

To give but one example of how adverbs are classified,

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divides them into speech-act modifiers, sentence modifiers,

subject-oriented modifiers, verb phrase modifiers, and a

remainder class. I cannot provide an analysis of all kinds of

adverbs. As a complement to the semantics of verbs

presented above, I will focus on adverbs modifying verbs

(verb phrases).
3. Phrase
A phrase must be a group of words, phrase is lower on the

grammatical hierarchy than clauses. Intuitively this means that phrases

are in some sense smaller than clauses (kroeger,2005p:35).

4. Factors Influencing Code Mixing

The factors that influence code mixing based on weinrich (1963)

can be distingushed in two types , they are attitudinal type and linguistic

type.
B. Related Previous the Study

There are some studies which are related of the study the researcher

conducts here. This study can be supported by an extensive review of the

literature on analysis of code mixing. The strength from the previous study by

Ari Saputro in The Analysis of Indonesian-English Codes Mixing Used in

Marmut Merah Jambu Novel are in the formulations of the study, his research

has weakness where the research just discuss type and form of code mixing

that is commonly use in many research but in this research the researcher

wants to analyze the factors that influence the actors of using code mixing the

kinds of word classes, and phrases that are frequently appeared in the Negeri

van oranje movie by Endri Pelita when the actors mixed their conversation in
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that movie. Besides the researcher also wants to analyze the factors that

influence the actors mixed code in their utterances. The researcher focus detail

in analyze in every code-mixing that used in the Negeri Van Oranje movie that

is the strength from this research.