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NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.
Why is everyone talking about
energy storage?
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Understanding Large-scale Energy Storage
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Energy Storage: Why It Matters
Key References
DOE/EPRI Electricity Storage Handbook (2015)
Electricity Storage Schlumberger SBC Energy
Institute (2013)
Renewable Electricity Futures Study (2012)
Electric Grid: A Matter of Balance
Supply
Supply Demand
Components Components
Storage Storage
Renewable Electric
Generators Vehicles
Conventional Stationary
Generators End Use
Demand
Hydro
Coal
Nuclear
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Solar Variability
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Flexibility Essential to Maintaining Balance
Supply-Side Demand-Side
Flexibility Flexibility
Storage Storage
RE Demand
Curtailment Response
Flexible
Smart Loads
Generation
Seconds
END USERS
Energy storage for
backup or high-
DISTRIBUTION quality power for
Energy storage to Distribution commercial and
support small Lines industrial users
distributed
generation, energy
management, and to END USERS
help defer system Small scale energy
upgrades storage for residential
and commercial
backup, time-shifting
and micro-generation
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Storage Can Help Smooth the Demand Curve
Seconds-to-Minutes and
Minutes-to-Hours
Storage helps follow the variation
in net load.
Hourly
Storage smooths the load to
avoid activating more
generation.
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Pumped Storage Hydro
Technology Characteristics
Power Capacity: 100 1,000 MW
Discharge Time: 4 12 hours
Response Time: seconds - minutes
Efficiency: 70-85%
Lifetime: >30 years
nrel.gov/docs/fy15osti/62361.pdf
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Pumped Storage Hydro
Pros
Cheapest way to store large
quantities of energy with high
efficiency over a long time
Mature technology
Cons
Lack of suitable sites
Not fitted for distributed generation
Relatively low energy density results
in indirect environmental impact
nrel.gov/docs/fy15osti/62361.pdf
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Thermal Storage
Technology Characteristics
Power Capacity: MW Scale
Discharge Time: hours
Response Time: minutes
Efficiency: 80-90%
Lifetime: 30 years
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Molten Salt Energy Storage
Pros
Commercial
Large scale
Most economically viable storage for
solar
Cons
Niche for concentrating solar power
plant applications
Molten salts can be corrosive
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Electrochemical Storage
Technology Characteristics
Power Capacity: W to MW
Discharge Time: 1 minute 8 hours
Response Time: 10-20 milliseconds
Efficiency: 85-98%
Lifetime: 5-15 years
Cons
Limited lifecycle
Environmental and safety
considerations
Thermal management
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Tesla Gigafactory
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Supercapacitor
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Supercapacitors
Global Operational Capacity: NA
U.S. Operational Capacity: NA
Technology Characteristics
Power Capacity: kW - GW
Discharge Time: milliseconds - minutes
Response Time: 10-20 milliseconds
Efficiency: 80-98%
Lifetime: 4-20 years
Cons
Low energy
Requires power conditioning to
deliver a steady output power
Expensive per unit of energy capacity
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Hydrogen Storage
Global Operational Capacity: ~10s MW
U.S. Operational Capacity: NA
Technology Characteristics
Power Capacity: kW - GW
Discharge Time: hours
Response Time: seconds - minutes
Efficiency: 24-45%
Lifetime: 5-30 years
Cons
Low round-trip efficiency
High capital cost
Safety considerations
Low energy density at ambient
conditions
~21 GW Total
Capacity
~148 GW
Total
~6 GW
159 Projects
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Energy Storage Projects in the Pipeline: Global
36 GW
325 Projects
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Challenges and Barriers Facing
Energy Storage
Challenges for Storage
Storage is not the most economic way to add flexibility to the grid.
Plus, policy/regulatory/market landscape constrains ability to
capture full value.
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Energy Storage Economics Example:
Estimated Storage Cost for
Bulk Energy Storage
Source: https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42455.pdf
For most applications, the current costs of energy storage outweigh the
financial benefits
Arbitrage alone is generally insufficient to support most storage technologies
Regulation and contingency reserves yield the greatest value
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Market and Regulatory Challenges
Ability to participate in ancillary services
o Storage is not always eligible to participate in ancillary services
(markets or bilateral agreements) nor to resource adequacy. This is
particularly true for small capacity storage due to a minimum size
required
Ownership of storage plant
o In several unbundled systems, storage is considered a production asset
and system operators (transmission or distribution) are not allowed to
own storage devices. This is a strong impediment to transmission and
distribution deferral applications that are considered to be among the
most promising revenue streams
Monetization of fast-response assets
o Frequency regulation usually rewards MW withdrawn or injected to
stabilize the grid without taking into account the speed of the
response;
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Storage Applications Valued In Todays Electricity Markets
Valued in Restructured Markets? Yes Partially, or indirectly No
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Renewable Futures Study Scenarios - 2050
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david.mooney@nrel.gov
Key References
DOE/EPRI Electricity Storage Handbook (2015)
Electricity Storage Schlumberger SBC Energy
Institute (2013)
Renewable Electricity Futures Study (2012)
Why is everyone talking about energy storage?
It could be a game changer.
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Backup Slides
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Early Storage Build-Out
Others (~100 MW
total): A few
batteries, SMES,
mostly for local
power quality issues
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U.S. Federal Mandates and Incentives
FERC 755 (October 2011): Pay for Performance for Frequency
Regulation
Entities providing this service will be compensated in a two-part
structure:
First, regulation service providers will receive a capacity payment.
Second, regulation providers will receive a "performance-based" payment.
FERC 1000 (July 2011): Regional Transmission Planning
The order specifies how public utility transmission providers plan for
new transmission projects and allocate those costs.
Reliability transmission upgrades, market efficiency transmission
upgrades and public policy transmission upgrades
FERC 784 (July 2013): Third Party Provision of Ancillary Services
FERC Order 792 (November 2013): Small Generator Interconnection
Procedures
Added energy storage as a power source that is eligible to connect to
the grid, following procedures similar to those for small generator
interconnection.
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Applications of Energy Storage
Application Description Timescale of Operation
Load Leveling/ Purchasing low-cost off-peak energy and selling it Response in minutes to hours. Discharge time of hours.
Arbitrage during periods of high prices.
Firm Capacity Provide reliable capacity to meet peak system Must be able to discharge continuously for several hours or more.
demand.
Operating Reserves Fast responding increase or decrease in Unit must be able to respond in seconds to minutes. Discharge time
Regulation generation (or load) to respond to random, is typically minutes. Service is theoretically net zero energy over
unpredictable variations in demand. extended time periods.
Contingency Fast response increase in generation (or Unit must begin responding immediately and be fully responsive
Spinning decrease load) to respond to a contingency such within 10 minutes. Must be able to hold output for 30 minutes to 2
Reserve as a generator failure. hours depending on the market. Service is infrequently called.[2]
Replacement/ Units brought on-line to replace spinning units. Typical response time requirement of 30-60 minutes depending on
Supplemental market minutes. Discharge time may be several hours.
Ramping/Load Follow longer-term (hourly) changes in electricity Response time in minutes to hours. Discharge time may be
Following demand. minutes to hours.
T&D Replacement Reduce loading on T&D system during peak Response in minutes to hours. Discharge time of hours.
and Deferral times.
Black-Start Units brought online to start system after a Response time requirement is several minutes to over an hour.
system-wide failure (blackout). Discharge time requirement may be several to many hours.[3]
End-Use
Applications Functionally the same as arbitrage, just at the Same as arbitrage.
TOU Rates customer site.
Same as firm capacity.
Demand Charge Functionally the same as firm capacity, just at the
Reduction customer site. Instantaneous response. Discharge time depends on level of
reliability needed by customer.
Backup Power/ Functionally the same as contingency reserve,
UPS/Power Quality just at the customer site.
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Energy Storage in Restructured Markets
Application Valued in Restructured Markets?
Load Leveling/ Arbitrage Yes
Firm Capacity Via scarcity pricing or combined scarcity plus capacity markets.
Suffers from missing money problem.
Regulation Reserves Yes, with potentially increased compensation for fast response
through FERC 755 initiated market reforms
Spinning Reserves Yes
Replacement/Supplemental/N Yes but values are very low
on-Spinning
Primary Frequency Response No. Early stage proposals
/ Inertia
Ramping/Load Following No. Proposed in several markets
Transmission Replacement Only partially via congestion prices
and Deferral
All Distribution Specific No. Will likely remain cost of service through regulated entities
Applications
Renewable Integration Captured through other services.
End-Use Applications Only via rate structure, perhaps combined with aggregated
wholesale services (adds transaction costs)
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Value of Storage in Restructured Markets
Historical Values of Energy Storage in Restructured Electricity Markets
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Current Capacity
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Demonstration Projects via ARRA
From : Energy Storage Activities in the United States Electricity Grid, May 2011
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ARPA-E Projects
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ARPA-E Projects
About $58
million total
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Current Wind and Solar Integration Studies
We have extensively studied the impacts of wind and solar in the
range of 35% penetration on an energy basis.
Increased variability can be accommodated by existing generator
flexibility and other low-cost flexibility such as increased balancing
area cooperation (balancing wind generation and load over larger
areas to share the increased variability.
Spatial diversity smooths aggregated wind output reducing short-
term fluctuations to hour time scales
Almost all the wind can be used (little curtailment)
All the wind acts to reduce fuel use and emissions from existing plant
Additional reserves have a modest impact on the emissions reduction
rate
Storage would be nice, but timing is uncertain
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Energy Storage Technologies: Characteristics
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Energy Storage Technologies: Characteristics
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U.S. Energy Storage R&D Support
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Role of Storage in Integrating Variable Renewables
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